农村饮水水价测算方法研究

针对农村饮水安全水价与城镇水价计算方法的本质区别,以山东省农村饮水安全为例,采用模糊数学理论对水资源价值进行了评价,并对山东省农村饮水安全水价进行了测算。分析结果表明,水价测算适合农村居民承受能力,为山东省农村饮水安全工程水价管理提供了依据。     

模糊综合评价模型在农村饮水安全评价中的应用

以农村饮水安全状况为目标,以水质、水量和供水3方面为准则,以饮用氟超标的人口比例等12个因素为指标,建立了河南省农村饮水安全指标体系.基于模糊综合评价理论,结合层次分析法和改进熵权法确定各指标权重,构建了模糊综合评价模型,并在结果展示中结合地理信息系统,综合分析和评价了河南省农村饮水安全状况.结果表明,河南省农村饮水水质安全状况处于较不安全水平,水量处于较安全水平,供水和综合处于基本安全水平,基本能体现河南省农村饮水安全的实际状况.     

农村饮水安全评价的相对熵变权重模型

为使农村饮水安全评价工作定量化,建立了农村饮水安全指标体系、单指标安全指数和综合安全指数及其安全等级标准,把指标的权重结构解析为安全属性权重和安全等级权重,并用基于遗传算法的模糊层次分析法计算,根据最小相对信息熵原理把属性权重和等级权重综合为组合权重,建立了农村饮水安全评价的相对熵变权重模型(DWIERECW)。结果表明:研究区域现状的综合安全指数为0.59,属较不安全等级。2010年的综合安全指数将为0.74,处于稍安全等级,2020年的综合安全指数将为0.94,处于安全等级。用DWIERECW可充分挖掘指标中的安全属性信息和安全等级信息,方法具有通用性,有一定的推广应用价值。     

基于熵组合赋权和灰色聚类模型的农村饮水安全工程可持续运行管理绩效考核评价研究

在灰色系统理论基础上建立了农村饮水安全工程可持续运行管理绩效考核灰色聚类评价模型,从组织管理、工程管理、安全管理、经济管理、群众满意度、可持续发展能力六方面建立绩效考核评价指标体系,指标权重采用熵组合赋权法进行计算,克服了传统层次分析法计算权重的主观性,并将该模型应用于贵州省道真县农村饮水安全工程可持续运行管理绩效考核评价中。结果表明,各一级指标权重大小排序依次为组织管理、安全管理、可持续发展能力、工程管理、群众满意度、经济管理,道真县2015年农村饮水安全工程可持续运行管理绩效考核水平为合格,与实际情况相符,可见基于熵组合赋权和灰色聚类模型科学、实用。     

湖南省饮水安全综合评价研究

针对湖南省饮水资源特征及现状,从水量、水质、供水三方面提出一个4层14指标的饮水安全综合评价指标体系；分别采用层次分析法、基于AHP的模糊集综合评价法、突变评价法,对湖南省各地市饮水安全进行综合评价；运用突变理论与聚类分析方法将全省饮水安全状况分为6个区,并分析各区突出的饮水问题.计算结果表明,郴州市饮水状况处于非常安全状态,益阳市、永州市及怀化市的饮水状况处于安全状态,湘潭市饮水状况处于不安全状态,其他地市(州)饮水状况处于基本安全状态；三种方法的对比分析表明,突变评价法计算简单、客观性强、结果较合理,能够反映不同地区饮水安全状态的差异性.     

模糊差优选模型在水环境安全评价中的应用

对模糊优选模型进行改进,得到了模糊差优选模型.采用差矩阵方法将各个方案的隶属度同基准方案隶属度进行比较,从而得到各个方案相对于基准方案的相对进步度.将模糊差优选模型应用于水环境安全评价中,得到了比较好的结果.     

模糊综合评价法在热电厂安全评价中的运用

根据热电厂实际情况,运用二级模糊综合评价法进行安全评价,评价结果表明热电厂在安全生产管理、劳动安全及工作环境方面做得相对较好,而在生产设备管理方面相对较差.根据最大隶属度原则,热电厂整体安全程度属于好的水平.应用加权平均得到热电厂最终的分值为91.3分.评价结果客观的反映了热电厂的安全管理情况,为热电厂决策层提供了科学的管理依据,同时也为不同电厂间安全状况的比较提供了一种较为实用的评价方法.     

浅谈农民饮用水存在的问题及其防治措施

改革开放以来,农村的经济水平有了很大的提高,但同时,却给农村的用水环境带来了相当程度的污染。因此,如何解决好农村饮水安全问题,逐渐成为了当今社会普遍关注的一个焦点。由农村水资源污染的现状展开,来论述农民饮水安全问题及防治措施。     

考虑指标相依性的水质评价研究

在水质指标之间相依性研究中,采用模糊可变集合理论计算各指标的相对隶属度,并利用非对称Archimedean Copula函数联结归一化后的相对隶属度得到总相对隶属度,再进行归一化,最后由级别特征公式计算评价结果.对实例采用M3、M4、M5、M6四种非对称Archimedean Copula函数进行联结,并将最终评价结果与模糊可变集合理论的评价结果进行对比.结果表明,评价结果一致.     

大坝安全监测系统综合评价(Ⅲ)评价方法

针对目前大坝安全监测系统综合评价主要以定性分析为主的不足,在监测系统综合评价指标体系建立和评价等级划分的基础上,提出了定量评价指标和定性评价指标隶属度的计算方法,给出了各评价指标的权重建议值;采用模糊综合评价方法,研究了大坝安全监测系统综合评价方法,并给出了一个工程实例.实例表明:模糊综合评价方法为监测系统的合理评价提...     

基于可变模糊评价法的乌审召地区地下水水质评价

针对水质评价的多目标性、模糊多变性及不确定性问题,以内蒙古鄂尔多斯市乌审旗乌审召地区的地下水水质为例,分别采用三种定权法的可变模糊评价法对其地下水水质进行评价,并与模糊集合法、熵权集对分析法、熵权属性识别法的评价结果进行比较。结果表明,基于不同定权法的可变模糊评价法的评价结果与研究区实际情况较符合,可见可变模糊评价法评价结果可信度强、可行性高。     

综合决策模型在饮水安全应急预案评估中的应用

针对饮水安全应急预案评估中各因素对预案评价结果影响程度不同的问题,以湖州市饮水安全为例,基于经典的优化理论、技术与方法,将人的经验知识量化原理与模糊数学相结合构建了综合决策模型,通过二元对比排序一致性定理及规则,给出决策集对于优越性的排序。实例结果表明,该方案能综合考虑各种因素的影响,且评价结果客观准确。     

Solar earth-water stills

Solar earth-water stills are investigated as a method of producing drinking water in an arid region. The technique involves vaporisation of the moisture in the soil and subsequent condensation. About 11. of drinking water per square meter of soil has been obtained from these stills in a 24 hr period during during the summer in the Fars province of Iran. The amount of water obtained however, drops off rapidly each day.     

Optimization of static or quasi-static photovoltaic installations

In this paper, we present a computer calculation method which permits the determination of the elevation angle with respect to the equator for each position adopted by a quasi-static collector, the determination of the dates for the seasonal changes in elevation, and also the calculation of the minimum collector area to be installed to achieve the maximum agreement between the curves of energy needed and collected with no seasonal accumulation. This procedure has been used in three typical rural application: A rural home, a dairy farm with mechanical milking and milk refrigeration, and a watering sprinkler system for 1 Ha of prairie land, all located in the Córdoba province of Spain.     

基于属性区间识别理论的水资源可持续利用评价

对水资源可持续利用评价区间等级标准信息引入均化系数转化为标准的属性识别模型,根据等级属性值的变权系数实现指标的客观赋权获得各个评价样本的评价等级和评价分数.以黑龙江省14个地区为例进行计算,结果表明,与模糊识别和群决策识别结果相比,该模型可行有效,评价结果可靠.     

景德镇市饮用水源保护对策研究

为摸清景德镇市水环境质量,找准水环境存在的突出问题,提出科学、可行的防治对策,保障群众饮用水安全,作者作了专题调研.     

Biofuel production and implications for land use,food production and environment in India

There is a large interest in biofuels in India as a substitute to petroleum-based fuels, with a purpose of enhancing energy security and promoting rural development. India has announced an ambitious target of substituting 20% of fossil fuel consumption by biodiesel and bioethanol by 2017. India has announced a national biofuel policy and launched a large program to promote biofuel production, particularly on wastelands: its implications need to be studied intensively considering the fact that India is a large developing country with high population density and large rural population depending upon land for their livelihood. Another factor is that Indian economy is experiencing high growth rate, which may lead to enhanced demand for food, livestock products, timber, paper, etc., with implications for land use. Studies have shown that area under agriculture and forest has nearly stabilized over the past 2–3 decades. This paper presents an assessment of the implications of projected large-scale biofuel production on land available for food production, water, biodiversity, rural development and GHG emissions. The assessment will be largely focused on first generation biofuel crops, since the Indian program is currently dominated by these crops. Technological and policy options required for promoting sustainable biofuel production will be discussed.     

A comparison of diesel,biodiesel and solar PV-based water pumping systems in the context of rural Nepal

Nepal is heavily dependent on the traditional energy sources and imported fossil fuel, which has an adverse impact on the environment and economy. Renewable energy technologies promoted in the country are regarded as a means of satisfying rural energy needs of the country for operating different rural end-uses. In this context, this article is prepared to investigate energy alternatives to pump drinking water in one of the remote rural village of Nepal, which has no means of running water source. Analyses in this article are based on the formulation of three technical scenarios of water pumping using petro-diesel, jatropha-based biodiesel and solar photovoltaic pumps. The technical system design consists of system sizing of prime mover (engine, solar panel and pumps) and estimation of reservoir capacity, which are based on the annual aggregate water demand modelling. With these investigations, detailed financial modelling is carried out in a spreadsheet to compare the alternatives on the basis of the economic parameters; net present value, equivalent annualised cost and levelised cost of water pumping. Analysis is carried out considering different influential parameters; water head, discharge, incentives on the investments, which have effects on the cost of pumped water. Likewise, in case of biodiesel-based system, different yield rate of jatropha plants is also considered in estimating the cost of producing biodiesel. It is found that for operating a biodiesel-based pumping system for the study area, the levelised cost of pumping 1 L of water is higher than that of a solar pump and even higher when compared with diesel, if the seed yield per plant is less than 2 kg and without subsidy on the investment cost of cultivation and processing. With the productivity of 2.5 kg/plant, a biodiesel-based system is more attractive than that of the diesel-based pump, but still remains more expensive than that of solar pump. From the technical perspective (reliability and easiness in operation) and economic evaluation of the technical alternatives, solar pumping system is found to be the most viable solution to pump drinking water in the project area.