微细管束换热器结霜及流动对流换热特性实验研究

利用可视化换热器性能实验台测试了微细管束表面在无换热、大温差、凝露条件下不同风速工况的流动损失与空气侧换热系数。同时探究了超低温工况下,相对湿度和风速对微细管束换热器流动换热特性影响。相对湿度增大,湿空气释放潜热增加,结霜量增大,换热器前后压损增加。高速气流具有剪切作用,风速增大会导致结霜迟滞。     

Thermofluid characteristics of frosted finned-tube heat exchangers

The performance of frosted finned-tube heat exchangers of different fin types is investigated by experiments in this paper. The effects of the air flow rate, the air relative humidity, the refrigerant temperature, and the fin type on the thermofluid characteristics of the heat exchangers are discussed. The time variations of the heat transfer rate, the overall heat transfer coefficient, and the pressure drop of the heat exchangers are presented. The heat transfer rate, the overall heat transfer coefficient, and the pressure drop for heat exchangers with re-direction louver fins are higher than those with flat plate fins and one-sided louver fins are. The amount of frost formation is the highest for heat exchangers with re-direction louver fins.     

膜加湿器热质交换过程的理论分析

膜加湿器是保证质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)正常高效运行的重要组成部分.以燃料电池的板式膜加湿器为研究对象,根据热质交换原理对膜加湿器的传热传质过程进行了理论计算,分析了空气质量流量、膜内加湿侧进口温度和膜内加湿侧进口湿度对传热传质过程的影响.在传热方面:当空气质量流量不同时,随着膜内加湿侧进口温度的变化,膜内的热流量变化趋势不一致;当膜内加湿侧进口相对湿度为95%时,随着空气质量流量的变化,膜内热流量变化不大.在传质方面:当加湿侧进口相对湿度不变时,膜中水传输速率随着空气质量流量的增大而减小;当空气质量流量不变时,膜中水传输速率随着加湿侧进口相对湿度的增大而增大.     

Performance of finned tube heat exchangers operating under frosting conditions

In this paper, the performance of flat plate finned tube heat exchangers operating under frosting conditions was investigated experimentally. Heat exchangers of single and multiple tube row(s) were tested to show the effects of various parameters on heat transfer performance. The parameters include temperature and relative humidity of air, flow rate of air, refrigerant temperature, fin pitch, and row number. The time variations of heat transfer rate, overall heat transfer coefficient, and pressure drop of heat exchangers presented.     

翅片管式蒸发器结霜性能的仿真与实验研究

建立了结霜条件下翅片管蒸发器空气侧流动和换热的分布参数仿真模型,模型考虑了蒸发器结构、霜层厚度以及湿空气状态等参数在气流方向的沿程变化.对冰箱冷冻室蒸发器结霜条件下的动态性能进行了试验研究和数值模拟.结果表明,蒸发器结霜过程中的结霜量、能量传递系数和空气侧压降的计算值和试验值吻合良好,证明模型可以应用于翅片管蒸发器结霜性能的正确预测和优化设计分析.     

Frost distribution characteristics of laminar airflow on cold surface of mini-channels

This study was performed for simulating frosting characteristics that occurred on the surface of plate fins of the outside heat exchanger. Test section with local cooling modules at the central part was made as the rectangular cross sectional passage to imitate the outside heat exchanger. Local frost thickness distributions for test conditions having three experimental parameters (plate wall temperature, air humidity and velocity) were presented. Leading edge effect of the plate was clearly confirmed from the measured frost thickness distributions. The central part of the plate had the highest frost thickness because cooling devices were installed at the center of the plate. Due to different heat and mass transfer characteristics of upstream flow and downstream flow, the frost thickness of upstream area was much higher than that of downstream. The effects of plate surface temperature, humidity and velocity of inlet flow on frost thickness, and sensible and latent heat fluxes were analyzed.     

Pressure drop and heat transfer characteristics of air-rockbed thermal storage systems

Experiments were conducted to determine the pressure drop and heat transfer characteristics of rockbeds with air as the heat transfer medium. Both the pressure drop and the coefficient of volumetric heat transfer between the air and the rockbeds were found to depend upon the rock size and the air flow rate. In addition, the pressure drop also exhibited dependence on the rockbed porosity. The data, however; did not suggest any influence of rockbed porosity and inlet air and initial rockbed temperatures on the volumetric heat transfer coefficient. Relationships are proposed to estimate the pressure drop and volumetric heat transfer coefficients in rockbeds for the range of variables encountered in low temperature storage applications.     

Coupled heat and mass transfer characteristic in packed bed dehumidifier/regenerator using liquid desiccant

The dehumidifier and regenerator are two key components in liquid desiccant air conditioning systems. The heat transfer driving force and the mass transfer driving force influence each other, the air and desiccant outlet temperatures or humidity ratio may exceed the air and desiccant inlet parameters in the dehumidifier/regenerator. The uncoupled heat and mass transfer driving forces, enthalpy difference and relative humidity difference between the air and desiccant are derived based on the available heat and mass transfer model and validated by the experimental and numerical results. The air outlet parameter reachable region is composed of the air inlet isenthalpic line, the desiccant inlet equivalent relative humidity line and the linkage of the air and desiccant inlet statuses. Except the mass flow rate ratio and the heat and mass transfer coefficients, the air and desiccant inlet statuses and flow pattern have great effects on the dehumidifier/regenerator performance. The counter flow configuration expresses the best mass transfer performance in the dehumidifier and the hot desiccant driven regenerator, while the parallel flow configuration performs best in the hot air driven regenerator.     

Dynamic defrosting characteristics of air source heat pump and effects of outdoor air parameters on defrost cycle performance

The reverse-cycle defrosting characteristics of a 11.2 kW split-type air source heat pump (ASHP) were experimentally investigated under the defrosting conditions. Based on the experimental results, the effects of outdoor air parameters on defrosting cycle performance as well as the dynamic defrosting characteristics of the ASHP unit were analyzed. The experimental results indicate that with the increase of the outdoor air relative humidity at a constant air temperature and velocity, the total power consumption, defrosting time and endotherm from indoor room during defrosting period decreased linearly, and they also decreased as the outdoor air temperature increased, but the trends of the curves presented the concave-up. The duration of the defrosting period mainly depends on the wall temperature of outdoor heat exchanger, which is corresponding to the condensing pressure during the defrosting cycle. In this paper, the concept of total coefficient of performance (COP) is used to evaluate the performance of ASHP unit, and as the air temperature increased under the conditions of a fixed air relative humidity and air velocity, the total COP increased linearly, but it decreased linearly as the air relative humidity increased.     

Airside characteristics of heat,mass transfer and pressure drop for heat exchangers of tube-in hydrophilic coating wavy fin under dehumidifying conditions

The airside heat, mass and momentum transfer characteristics of seven wavy fin-and-tube heat exchangers with hydrophilic coating under dehumidifying conditions were experimented. The test inlet air dry bulb temperatures were 20, 27 and 35 ^oC, the inlet relative humidity were 50%, 60%, 70% and 80%, and the air velocity were 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 m s^?1. The test results indicate that both the Colburn j_m factor and the Colburn j_h factor decrease with the increase of fin pitch, and this phenomenon becomes more and more pronounced as Reynolds number decreases. The friction factor is very sensitive to the change of fin pitch, and the friction factor shows a cross-over phenomenon as fin pitch changes. The Colburn j_h factor decreases and the Colburn j_m factor increases when the number of tube rows increases, while the friction performance is insensitive to the change of the number of tube rows. The effects of inlet relative humidity on the heat transfer and friction performance can be omitted, but the Colburn j_m factor decreases with the increase of the inlet relative humidity. The predictive ability of the available state-of-the-art heat transfer and pressure drop correlations was evaluated with the experiment data of the present study. The new heat, mass and momentum transfer correlations were proposed to describe the present test results according to the multiple linear regression technique. The mean deviations of the proposed j_h, j_m and f correlations are 6.3%, 8.9% and 7.9%, respectively. Comparing to published data reduction method, the process line on psychrometric chart of fin-and-tube heat exchanger for partially wet conditions and more accurate overall heat transfer coefficient equation are put forward in this paper.     

Deterioration in heat transfer of endothermal hydrocarbon fuel

Numerical studies under supercritical pressure are carried out to study the heat transfer characteristics in a single-root coolant channel of the active regenerative cooling system of the scramjet engine, using actual physical properties of pentane. The relationships between wall temperature and inlet temperature, mass flow rate, wall heat flux, inlet pressure, as well as center stream temperature are obtained. The results suggest that the heat transfer deterioration occurs when the fuel temperature approaches the pseudo-critical temperature, and the wall temperature increases rapidly and heat transfer coefficient decreases sharply. The decrease of wall heat flux, as well as the increase of mass flow rate and inlet pressure makes the starting point of the heat transfer deterioration and the peak point of the wall temperature move backward. The wall temperature increment induced by heat transfer deterioration decreases, which could reduce the severity of the heat transfer deterioration. The relational expression of the heat transfer deterioration critical heat flux derives from the relationship of the mass flow rate and the inlet pressure.     

Analysis of heat transfer and frost layer formation on a cryogenic tank wall exposed to the humid atmospheric air

In this paper heat transfer characteristics and frost layer formation are investigated numerically on the surface of a cryogenic oxidizer tank for a liquid propulsion rocket, where a frost layer could be a significant factor in maintaining oxidizer temperature within a required range. Frost formation is modeled by considering mass diffusion of water vapor in the air into the frost layer and various heat transfer modes such as natural and forced convection, latent heat, solar radiation of short wavelength, and ambient radiation of long wavelength. Computational results are first compared with the available measurements and show favorable agreement on thickness and effective thermal conductivity of the frost layer. In the case of the cryogenic tank, a series of parametric studies is presented in order to examine the effects of important parameters such as temperature and wind speed of ambient air, air humidity, and tank wall temperature on the frost layer formation and the amount of heat transfer into the tank. It is found that the heat transfer by solar radiation is significant and also that heat transfer strongly depends on air humidity, ambient air temperature, and wind speed but not tank wall temperature.     

Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer and Resistance Characteristics of a Finned Oval-Tube Heat Exchanger With Different Air Inlet Angles

The air inlet flow direction is not orthogonal to the heat exchanger surface in many cases. To study the performance of the heat transfer and pressure drop of a heat exchanger with different air inlet angles, this paper shows the experimental system about a finned oval-tube heat exchanger inclined toward the air incoming flow direction. The heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of four air inlet angles (90°, 60°, 45°, and 30°) are studied separately for the Reynolds number ranging from 1300 to 13000 in this study. The experimental correlations of Nusselt number and resistance coefficient of the air side are acquired. The results show that the overall heat transfer coefficients become smaller and smaller with the decrease of the air inlet angles, while the pressure drops have significant changes. The heat transfer performances of the heat exchanger under the three inclined air inlet angles are worse than that at 90°. Among the three inclined angles, the performance at 45° is the best under identical mass flow rate criterion and at low Reynolds number under identical pressure drop criterion; that at 60° is the best at large Reynolds under identical pressure drop criterion. Finally, some conclusions are attained about the effects of the air inlet angles on the heat transfer and pressure drop performance of the finned oval-tube heat exchanger.     

Application of artificial neural network method for performance prediction of a gas cooler in a CO2 heat pump

The objective of this work is to train an artificial neural network (ANN) to predict the performance of gas cooler in carbon dioxide transcritical air-conditioning system. The designed ANN was trained by performance test data under varying conditions. The deviations between the ANN predicted and measured data are basically less than ±5%. The well-trained ANN is then used to predict the effects of the five input parameters individually. The predicted results show that for the heat transfer and CO₂ pressure drop the most effective factor is the inlet air velocity, then come the inlet CO₂ pressure and temperature. The inlet mass flow rate can enhance heat transfer with a much larger CO₂ pressure drop penalty. The most unfavorable factor is the increase in the inlet air temperature, leading to the deterioration of heat transfer and severely increase in CO₂ pressure drop.     

Theoretical and experimental examination of air conditioner heat exchangers

Heat and mass transfer characteristics of finned-tube heat exchangers under dehumidifying and dry conditions are examined both theoretically and experimentally in the present study. Six types of heat exchangers were tested on an experimental facility. It was determined that there is less than 1 °C of outlet air temperature difference between computer program results and literature for water and R22 as a refrigerant. The outlet air specific humidity difference between them is less than 6.44% for water and 9% for R22. According to the experimental results, louvers on fin cause an increase of airside heat transfer coefficient of about 50% or 100%.     

基于CFD技术的太阳能污泥干燥室内热湿环境研究

基于传热传质理论,建立一种太阳能污泥干燥室内热湿耦合传递的数学模型。综合考虑空气流动以及对流和辐射传热,利用CFD软件Fluent的k~ε湍流模型、组分输运模型及辐射模型,初步分析了在太阳辐射条件下不同干燥室结构、排风形式以及通风量对太阳能污泥干燥室内干燥区域的温度、相对湿度以及速度分布的影响。模拟结果表明:干燥室内温、湿度模拟值与实测值吻合较好,平均相对误差分别为3.55%和5.39%。对比分析不同结构下干燥室内的流场分布,两出口排风形式的太阳能污泥干燥室可以形成良好的干燥微环境。当两出口排风风速≥5 m/s时,室内干燥区域温度高于室外环境温度,同时相对湿度低于室外环境相对湿度,且增大出流风速,在干燥区域内空气扰流强度增强,有利于干燥室内污泥水分的蒸发。     

An experimental investigation on frosting characteristics of a microchannel outdoor heat exchanger in an air conditioning heat pump system for electric vehicles

To increase the driving range of electric vehicles in cold climate, air conditioning heat pump (ACHP) system is supposed to be the most effective solution. Working near 0°C with high humidity, the microchannel outdoor heat exchanger (OHX) in system would experience badly frosting process, like traditional residential heat pump system. It would lead to a significant reduction of system performance without defrosting in time. In this article, experimental investigation has been implemented on the frosting process of ACHP system of electric vehicles which is with a microchannel OHX. The phenomenon of frosting distribution was observed, the frosted part on surface shows uneven with various flows paths. The typical frosting characteristics of an outdoor microchannel heat exchanger were also obtained. In a self-designed three-heat exchanger ACHP system, the inlet and outlet refrigerant temperature of OHX as well as the outlet air temperature of system decrease with increasing frosting coverage rate. The frosting phenomenon was analyzed with variation of ambient temperature and humidity. System influence by frosting was also studied with under different ambient conditions. When OHX begins to frost, the heating capacity reduction of system under different ambient conditions were both increased but the differences in the coefficient of performance (COP) variations under different ambient conditions were small as frosting progressed.     

双排管外空气流动和传热性能的数值研究

矩形翅片椭圆管,即双排管是直接空冷凝汽器的一种基本换热元件.研究了双排管外空气侧的流动和传热性能.在不同迎面风速下,对双排管空气侧进行了三维数值模拟,并对速度场、温度场进行了分析.拟合出双排管阻力和平均传热系数随迎面风速变化的计算公式.     

Experimental Study of Condensation in a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger in the Presence of a Noncondensable Gas

In this paper, an experimental study of the condensation of water vapor from a binary mixture of air and low‐grade steam has been depicted. The study is based upon diffusion heat transfer in the presence of high concentration of noncondensable gas. To simplify the study, experimental analysis is supported by empirical solutions. The experimental setup is custom designed for testing a new shell and tube type heat exchanger supplied by the manufacturer. Air–vapor mixture at 80 °C (max) and 20.2% relative humidity enters the heat exchanger at a mass flow rate of 480 kg/h and condenses 27 kg/h vapor using cooling water at an inlet temperature of 7 °C to 10 °C and mass flow rate of 3500 kg/h. By using the experimental data of constant inlet air mass fraction, mixture gas velocity, and different volumetric flow rate of the cold fluid, the local heat transfer coefficients are obtained. The main objective of this work is to establish an approximate value for surface area and overall heat transfer coefficient of a horizontal shell and tube condenser used in process space. Under designed working conditions, the condenser is found to work efficiently with 90% vapor condensation by mass.     

Frost behavior on a fin considering the heat conduction of heat exchanger fins

A mathematical model is proposed for predicting frost behavior on a heat exchanger fin under frosting conditions, taking into account fin heat conduction. The change in the three-dimensional airside airflow caused by frost growth is reflected in this model. The numerical estimates of frost thickness are consistent with experimental data, with an error of less than 10%. Due to fin heat conduction, frost thickness decreases exponentially toward the fin tip, while considerable frost growth occurs near the fin base. When a constant fin surface temperature is assumed, the predicted frost thickness was larger by more than 200% at maximum, and the heat flux by more than 10% on average, compared to results obtained with fin heat conduction taken into account. Therefore, fin heat conduction could be an essential factor in accurately predicting frost behavior. To improve prediction accuracy under the assumption of constant fin surface temperature, the equivalent temperature (for predicting frost behavior) is defined to be the temperature at which the heat transfer rate neglecting fin heat conduction is the same as the heat transfer rate with fin heat conduction taken into consideration. Finally, a correlation for predicting the equivalent temperature is suggested.