试论铁路运输企业能源管理——对铁路运输节能降耗减少支出的探讨

<正> 能源是国民经济发展的重要物质基础,它作为铁路运输生产的动力,如何对其进行合理使用与有效管理,以达到减少运输支出,降低运营成本,提高经济效益的目的,已是铁路运输企业在深化改革和全面实行经济承包,由单纯生产型向生产经营型转变过程中需要研究探讨的重要课题。本文试从大连铁路分局的能源使用状况入手,对铁路运输企业的能源管理做一点探讨。     

热电企业必须节能降耗才能生存发展——加强管理 挖潜技改 节能降耗 提高效益

一、绍兴热电行业的现状：1．绍兴热电已达100万kW装机容量：绍兴6MW以上的热电企业从2003年19家51．3万kW，发展到现在26家82．75万kW，到年底总装机97台100．7万kW，锅炉134台，出力8745t／h，其中35t／h链条炉54台、65t／h链条炉28台、75t／h流化床炉29台、130t／h流化床炉21台。背压机39台、3MW9台、6MW34台、12MW12台、15b1W15台、25b1W2台。年耗原煤580万吨，     

以节能技术进步和科学管理为手段实现企业节能降耗增效

本文总结了能源管理和节能技术的推广应用工作，提出了今后节能目标，肯定了加大投资力度，加快技术进步形成新的规模经济，将使企业具有更大竞争力。     

做好企业能源统计工作 促进节能降耗工作开展

企业能源统计工作，是企业能源管理工作的一项重要内容，是企业编制用能计划，开展节能降耗的主要依据，是监督企业能源流通的重要手段。本文就我厂如何做好企业能源统计工作简述如下。l建立企业能源统计体系，认真做好能源统计基础工作我厂根据生产经营中能源运动状况，设计建立了企业能源统计体系。它由能源统计组织体系、能源统计工作体系、能源统计指标体系三部份组成。1．l能源统计组织体系。要搞好企业能源统计工作，完整、准确、全面、及时地反映企业能源运动状况。建立健全企业能源统计工作的组织领导是重要的基础保证。根据工厂的…     

企业建立和保持能源管理体系有效运行的方法

能源管理体系是在借鉴质量管理体系、环境管理体系等体系模式基础上,根据能源利用的特点,为各类企业能源管理提供一种优化模式,目的是通过建立、实施一整套系统完整的能源管理程序、规范,指导和促进企业最大限度的降低能源消耗,提高能源利用效率。文中结合实际,对潍坊亚星化学股份有限公司能源管理体系建立和保持有效运行的方法以及取得的成效进行了介绍。     

建立产品能耗考核体系促进企业节能降耗

建立产品能耗考核体系促进企业节能降耗锦西化工总厂动力能源处洪云苏艳梅１建立产品能耗考核体系的必要性（１）企业的一切活动都离不开对能源的消耗，能源趋紧及价格上涨是制约企业发展的主要因素。在这种情况下，企业内部如不能对能源的消耗进行科学、严格地管理，势必...     

运用合同能源管理机制 推动政府机构节能降耗

节约资源是我国的基本国策，国家实施节约与开发并举、把节约放在首位的能源发展战略。加强政府机构节能降耗工作，不仅有助于节约能源资源，更重要的是通过政府机构的实际节能行动，推动全社会节约工作的顺利开展。     

加强能源计量管理 促进企业节能减排

企业的节能降耗工作必须从两方面作出努力：一方面要进行以节能为重点的技术改造，提高能源利用效率，另一方面要求我们坚持以节能为中心的全面能源管理，建立和健全一套科学管理制度与方法。能源管理水平应随着生产现代化的发展而不断提高。要求运用科学的方法和先进的技术手段进行管理。从而取得能源利用的更合理更有效的结果。     

抓好能源计量节能降耗增效益

从完善计量检测设备、强化数据管理和投入技改资金等方面抓好能源计量,为企业节能降耗增创效益.     

加强需求侧管理降低油田电能损耗

扼要说明了实施DSM的意义 ,并根据中原油田供配电系统的现状及存在的主要问题 ,提出了切实可行降低线损的DSM技术方案。通过实施达到了节能降耗之目的 ,取得了显著的经济效益。     

浅析小型热电企业的降本增效

1999年下半年起 ,江苏省热电企业陷入了电价下调、电量受限、供热不足的困境 ,生存和发展受到严重威胁。小型热电企业如何突出重围 ,走上健康发展的道路 ,这是所有小热电企业共同面对而又必须解决的问题。我公司从投入、产出两个方面做了一些探讨和实践     

China's numerical management system for reducing national energy intensity

In China, the national target for energy intensity reduction, when integrated with target disaggregation and information feedback systems, constitutes a numerical management system, which is a hallmark of modern governance. This paper points out the technical weaknesses of China's current numerical management system. In the process of target disaggregation, the national target cannot be fully disaggregated to local governments, sectors and enterprises without omissions. At the same time, governments at lower levels face pressure for reducing energy intensity that exceeds their respective jurisdictions. In the process of information feedback, information failure is inevitable due to statistical inaccuracy. Furthermore, the monitoring system is unable to correct all errors, and data verification plays a limited role in the examination system. To address these problems, we recommend that the government: use total energy consumption as the primary indicator of energy management; reform the accounting and reporting of energy statistics toward greater consistency, timeliness and transparency; clearly define the responsibility of the higher levels of government.     

Process integration for energy and water saving,increasing efficiency and reducing environmental impact

This article provides an introduction to the current Special Issue of the journal of Applied Thermal Engineering, which contains eight carefully selected articles from the 12th Conference Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction – PRES’09. This issue builds upon the multi-year co-operation between the PRES conference planners and the journal. The articles cover important subjects of increased energy and resource efficiency in industrial production and emission reduction. The first paper is based on the conference plenary presentation and is providing an overview of the historical developments in the Process Integration (PI) area and the apparently significant contribution of the PRES series of conferences. This is followed by a second group of two papers dedicated to important PI topics – retrofit of Heat Exchanger Networks and simultaneous minimisation of water and energy consumption. The third group contains three contributions dedicated to energy savings via the application of PI in specific industrial sectors. The final fourth group of two papers is dedicated to the implementation of energy conversion technologies. Those papers are discussing environmental impact of waste-to-energy processes and heat exchanger improvements.     

Role of exergy in increasing efficiency and sustainability and reducing environmental impact

The use of exergy is described as a measure for identifying and explaining the benefits of sustainable energy and technologies, so the benefits can be clearly understood and appreciated by experts and non-experts alike, and the utilization of sustainable energy and technologies can be increased. Exergy can be used to assess and improve energy systems, and can help better understand the benefits of utilizing green energy by providing more useful and meaningful information than energy provides. Exergy clearly identifies efficiency improvements and reductions in thermodynamic losses attributable to more sustainable technologies. A new sustainability index is developed as a measure of how exergy efficiency affects sustainable development. Exergy can also identify better than energy the environmental benefits and economics of energy technologies. The results suggest that exergy should be utilized by engineers and scientists, as well as decision and policy makers, involved in green energy and technologies in tandem with other objectives and constraints.     

Potential economic and social benefits of promoting energy efficiency measures in Nigeria

The paper discusses with lucid examples the potential economic and social benefits of promoting energy efficiency measures at the industrial, institutional, and domestic levels in Nigeria. It draws attention to the development of energy efficiency market as a means to meet the ever increasing demand for energy services in Nigeria. Energy saving opportunities and high investment returns in the replacement of incandescent lamps with compact fluorescent lamps and light-emitting diodes are highlighted. The need for appliance standardization and exploitation of the synergy between energy efficiency and renewable energy systems was pointed out. Equally highlighted are some of the perceived barriers to energy efficiency initiatives in Nigeria. The urgent need for public awareness creation, institutional strengthening, and partnership with international agencies for sustainable energy efficiency promotion measures in Nigeria is stressed.     

Functional ceramics for reducing friction in metal-metal system of tribopairs

The paper reports the preliminary results of laboratory-industrial tests of active ceramic additives (ACAs) to lubricant in metal-metal friction pairs in order to elucidate the extent of the decrease in the friction coefficient and the restoration of electromechanical equipment, as well as the extension of its service life and energy saving.     

The production of scientific knowledge on renewable energies: Worldwide trends,dynamics and challenges and implications for management

The present study investigates renewable energy analyzing the last twenty years of worldwide scientific production and the dynamics of interest around relevant policies in this direction. Based on a review on the role of knowledge development in technology transitions, we coupled bibliometric and expert debate approaches to provide decision makers with a sound analysis of thematic and regional trends in the field. Results show that the level of activity of researchers in the field of solar energy is somewhat contrasted only by biomass and wind energy. Despite countries being embedded in a global virtual network, geographical differences still arise: while North America and Europe show isomorphism of national communities and a high diversification of vertical foci, emerging research communities (e.g. BRICS countries) reflect market strategies (e.g. China) and the natural environment (e.g. Brazil) with a higher directionality of researches.Our findings provide an overall picture on world-wide development of competences as a relevant variable which policy makers should ideally consider in detail when setting integrated research, industrial and energy policies and strategies.     

Potential benefits of cool roofs on commercial buildings: conserving energy, saving money, and reducing emission of greenhouse gases and air pollutants

Cool roofs—roofs that stay cool in the sun by minimizing solar absorption and maximizing thermal emission—lessen the flow of heat from the roof into the building, reducing the need for space cooling energy in conditioned buildings. Cool roofs may also increase the need for heating energy in cold climates. For a commercial building, the decrease in annual cooling load is typically much greater than the increase in annual heating load. This study combines building energy simulations, local energy prices, local electricity emission factors, and local estimates of building density to characterize local, state average, and national average cooling energy savings, heating energy penalties, energy cost savings, and emission reductions per unit conditioned roof area. The annual heating and cooling energy uses of four commercial building prototypes—new office (1980+), old office (pre-1980), new retail (1980+), and old retail (pre-1980)—were simulated in 236 US cities. Substituting a weathered cool white roof (solar reflectance 0.55) for a weathered conventional gray roof (solar reflectance 0.20) yielded annually a cooling energy saving per unit conditioned roof area ranging from 3.30 kWh/m² in Alaska to 7.69 kWh/m² in Arizona (5.02 kWh/m² nationwide); a heating energy penalty ranging from 0.003 therm/m² in Hawaii to 0.14 therm/m² in Wyoming (0.065 therm/m² nationwide); and an energy cost saving ranging from 0.126/m < sup > 2 < /sup > in West Virginia to0.126/m² in West Virginia to 1.14/m² in Arizona ($0.356/m² nationwide). It also offered annually a CO₂ reduction ranging from 1.07 kg/m² in Alaska to 4.97 kg/m² in Hawaii (3.02 kg/m² nationwide); an NO_x reduction ranging from 1.70 g/m² in New York to 11.7 g/m² in Hawaii (4.81 g/m² nationwide); an SO₂ reduction ranging from 1.79 g/m² in California to 26.1 g/m² in Alabama (12.4 g/m² nationwide); and an Hg reduction ranging from 1.08 μg/m² in Alaska to 105 μg/m² in Alabama (61.2 μg/m² nationwide). Retrofitting 80% of the 2.58 billion square meters of commercial building conditioned roof area in the USA would yield an annual cooling energy saving of 10.4 TWh; an annual heating energy penalty of 133 million therms; and an annual energy cost saving of $0.356/m² nationwide). It also offered annually a CO₂ reduction ranging from 1.07 kg/m² in Alaska to 4.97 kg/m² in Hawaii (3.02 kg/m² nationwide); an NO_x reduction ranging from 1.70 g/m² in New York to 11.7 g/m² in Hawaii (4.81 g/m² nationwide); an SO₂ reduction ranging from 1.79 g/m² in California to 26.1 g/m² in Alabama (12.4 g/m² nationwide); and an Hg reduction ranging from 1.08 μg/m² in Alaska to 105 μg/m² in Alabama (61.2 μg/m² nationwide). Retrofitting 80% of the 2.58 billion square meters of commercial building conditioned roof area in the USA would yield an annual cooling energy saving of 10.4 TWh; an annual heating energy penalty of 133 million therms; and an annual energy cost saving of 735 million. It would also offer an annual CO₂ reduction of 6.23 Mt, offsetting the annual CO₂ emissions of 1.20 million typical cars or 25.4 typical peak power plants; an annual NO_x reduction of 9.93 kt, offsetting the annual NO_x emissions of 0.57 million cars or 65.7 peak power plants; an annual SO₂ reduction of 25.6 kt, offsetting the annual SO₂ emissions of 815 peak power plants; and an annual Hg reduction of 126 kg.