Mean Flow and Thermal Characteristics of a Turbulent Dual Jet Consisting of a Plane Wall Jet and a Parallel Offset Jet

The standard high-Reynolds number two-equation k ? ? model is used to study the flow and thermal characteristics of a dual jet consisting of a plain wall turbulent jet and a parallel turbulent offset jet (hereafter, dual jet). The flow and thermal characteristics are presented in the form of streamlines, mean velocity vector, turbulent kinetic energy, dissipation of turbulent energy, Reynolds stresses, and isothermal contour plots. The variation in local heat flux and local Nusselt number on the bottom wall is also presented. The finite-volume-method-based SIMPLE algorithm is utilized for understanding the complex nature of flow arising due to a dual jet. The convective flux is discretized using the power-law upwind scheme, while the diffusive term is discretized using the central difference scheme. To study the effect of offset ratio, which is defined as the ratio of height of the jet from the horizontal wall to the width of the jet (nozzle), it is varied between 3 and 15 at an interval of 2. It is noted that the presence of a wall jet in addition to the parallel offset jet has a significant effect on flow and thermal characteristics.     

HEAT TRANSFER OF SOLID–LIQUID PHASE-CHANGE MATERIAL SUSPENSIONS IN CIRCULAR PIPES: EFFECTS OF WALL CONDUCTION

This article considers the problem of conjugate heat transfer in circular pipes with finite heated length to examine the effects of wall conduction on the heat transfer characteristics of solid–liquid phase-change material suspension flow. A mixture continuum approach is adopted in the formulation of the energy equation, with an approximate enthalpy model describing the phase-change process in the phase-change material particles. From numerical simulations via the finite-volume approach, it was found that the conduction heat transfer propagating along the pipe wall results in significant preheating of the suspension flow in the nondirectly heated region upstream of the heated section, where melting of the particles may occur and therefore the contribution of the latent heat transfer to convection heat dissipation over the heated section is markedly attenuated. Contributions of the sensible and latent heat transfer to the total heat transfer rate of the suspension flow over the heated section were delineated quantitatively for various sets of the relevant dimensionless parameters, including the particle volumetric concentration, the modified Stefan number, the Peclet number of suspending fluid, the wall thickness ratio, and the wall-to-fluid thermal conductivity ratio.     

Visualization of mixed convective vortex rolls in an impinging jet flow of air through a cylindrical chamber

In this study a combined buoyancy and inertia driven vortex flow in an air jet impinging onto a heated circular plate confined in a cylindrical chamber simulating that in a vertical single-wafer rapid thermal processor for semiconductor manufacturing is investigated experimentally by flow visualization. A copper plate is used here to simulate the wafer for its better uniformity of the surface temperature and air is used to replace the inert gases. We concentrate on how the inlet gas flow rate, temperature difference between the wafer and air jet, and chamber pressure affect the vortex flow. The results show that typically the flow in the chamber is in the form of two-roll structure characterized by a circular vortex roll around the air jet along with another circular roll near the side wall of the chamber. Both rolls are somewhat deformed. The rolls are generated by the reflection of the jet from the wafer and by the deflection of the wall boundary layer flow along the wafer surface by the upward buoyancy due to the heated wafer. At low buoyancy and inertia the vortex rolls are steady and axisymmetric. At increasing buoyancy associated with the higher temperature difference and chamber pressure, the inner roll becomes slightly smaller and the outer roll becomes correspondingly bigger. Moreover, at a higher gas flow rate the inner roll is substantially bigger. Based on the present data, a correlation equation is provided to predict the location where the two rolls contact each other, providing the approximate size of the rolls. Moreover, at high buoyancy and inertia the flow becomes time dependent and does not evolve to a steady state.     

高温差下卷吸作用对冲击射流换热影响数值研究

基于V2F湍流模型计算研究了卷吸作用对高温差下圆管冲击射流换热的影响,首先通过计算结果与实验值的对比验证模型方法的有效性,然后分析了基于绝热壁面温度计算的努赛尔数和射流有效度随射流和环境的温差以及雷诺数的变化,并研究了取不同定性温度对计算结果的影响。计算结果表明,高温差下定性温度取为射流温度时,基于绝热壁面温度计算的努赛尔数与射流和环境之间的温差近似无关,有效度也与雷诺数无关,但有效度随射流和环境的温差变化较大。因此,在温差较低时,依据射流和环境温度相同时的换热工况得到射流和环境温度不同时的换热工况是可行的,但温差越大,由该方法带来的误差也越大。     

Effect of Various Thermal Boundary Conditions on Natural Convection in a Trapezoidal Cavity with Linearly Heated Side Wall(s)

A penalty finite-element-based study has been carried out for natural-convection flow in a trapezoidal cavity with uniformly heated bottom wall and linearly heated and/or cooled vertical wall(s) in the presence of an insulated top wall. For linearly heated side walls, symmetry in flow patterns is observed, whereas secondary circulation is observed for the linearly heated left wall and cooled right wall. The local Nusselt number indicates reversal of heat flow at the side walls or the left wall. The average Nusselt number versus Rayleigh number illustrates that the overall heat transfer rate at the bottom wall is larger for the linearly heated left wall and cooled right wall.     

Jet impingement cooling of a horizontal surface in a confined porous medium: Mixed convection regime

In the present article the jet impingement cooling of heated portion of a horizontal surface immersed in a fluid saturated porous media is considered for investigation numerically. The jet direction is considered to be perpendicular from the top to the horizontal heated element; therefore, the external flow and the buoyancy driven flow are in opposite directions. The governing parameters in the present problem are Rayleigh number, Péclet number, jet width and the distance between the jet and the heated portion normalized to the length of the heated element. The results are presented in the mixed convection regime with wide ranges of the governing parameters with the limitation of the Darcy model. It is found for high values of Péclet number that increasing either Rayleigh number or jet width lead to increase the average Nusselt number. Narrowing the distance between the jet and the heated portion could increase the average Nusselt number as well.No steady-state solution can be found in some cases; when the external jet flow and the flow due to buoyancy are in conflict for domination. The results from the unsteady governing equations in these cases show oscillation of the average Nusselt number along the heated element with the time without reaching steady state.     

Combustion of single coal particles in a jet

Fluidized bed combustion has attracted much interest in recent years, but there is very little data on the behavior of coal particles at these new conditions. Coal of much larger diameter (1–10 mm), much lower furnace temperatures (~850 °C), and different fluid mechanical conditions exist compared to pulverized coal furnaces. This paper presents experimental data on the behavior and combustion rates of individual coal particles aerodynamically suspended in a heated jet, to stimulate flow conditions in a fluidized bed.Tests of bituminous, sub-bituminous and lignite coals from 2 to 12 mm at jet temperatures of 705 and 816 °C in air and air diluted with equal parts of nitrogen were conducted. The ignition delay time varied from 2 to 44 sec. The devolatilization time extended up to 80 sec and was dependent mainly on particle size. The total burn time was independent of coal type and temperature, and varied as the square of the size and inversally with the oxygen concentration. The total turn time varied from 25 to 740 sec independently of coal type. The square law for the char burning rate was investigated.     

CHF determination for high-heat flux phase change cooling system incorporating both micro-channel flow and jet impingement

This paper explores the subcooled nucleate boiling and critical heat flux (CHF) characteristics of a hybrid cooling module that combines the cooling attributes of micro-channel flow and jet impingement. A test module was constructed and tested using HFE-7100 as working fluid. Increasing the coolant’s flow rate and/or subcooling shifted both the onset of boiling (ONB) and CHF to higher heat fluxes and higher wall temperatures. The hybrid module yielded heat fluxes as high as 1127 W/cm², which is the highest value ever achieved for a dielectric coolant at near atmospheric pressure. It is shown the hybrid cooling configuration involves complex interactions between circular jets and micro-channel flow, and unusual spatial variations of void fraction and liquid velocity. These variations are ascertained using the Developing Homogeneous Layer Model (DHLM) in which the micro-channel flow is described as consisting of a homogeneous two-phase layer along the heated wall and a bulk liquid layer. CHF is determined by a superpositioning technique that consists of dividing the heated wall into two portions, one dominated by jet impingement and the other micro-channel flow. This technique is shown to be highly effective at predicting the CHF data for the hybrid cooling configuration.     

Two-phase cooling characteristics of a saturated free falling circular jet of HFE7100 on a heated disk: Effect of jet length

Direct jet impingement boiling heat transfer operating at low flow rates is of great interest for the localized moderate heat fluxes from the targets with delicate mechanical structure, where the aggressive techniques such as high-speed jets are not suitable. Boiling heat transfer from an upward facing disk targeted by a falling jet was studied experimentally at different volumetric flow rates and various jet lengths. The working fluid was chosen to be the dielectric liquid HFE7100 and the heated spot was an 8-mm diameter disk. Using previous CHF correlations in their original form, valid at very low volumetric flow rates, results in large disagreements since it was found that variation in the jet length changes the boiling characteristics. It is demonstrated that although the circular hydraulic jump formation within the heater diameter may suppress the heat transfer under certain conditions, moving the jet closer to the target may significantly improve the boiling curves at the critical heat flux (CHF) regime. At low flow rates, the CHF increases as the jet length decreases while for moderate and high flow rates the boiling curves show approximately a universal behavior for different jet lengths. For such low flow rates, the effect of jet length on boiling curves was shown to be related to the variation of the cross section of the falling jet and the formation of hydraulic jump at radial distances smaller than the heater diameter. The current CHF results for different jet lengths are correlated by including the effect of jet length in the previous correlation proposed by Sharan and Lienhard.     

前置碱雾发生器内气液固多相流动的测量研究

根据两相流相似模化原理建立了前置碱雾发生器烟气脱硫颗粒图像测速技术多相流动实验台,运用颗粒图像测速(PIV)技术对前置碱雾发生器内气液固三相流动进行测量,得到不同工况条件下喷雾射流与固体颗粒的流动结构和流场信息.结果表明:由于雾化液滴射流的卷吸作用,大部分固体颗粒被卷吸进雾化锥内,在喷嘴出口一定区域固体颗粒与雾化液滴具有较大的速度差,在雾化锥内固体颗粒与雾化液滴发生剧烈的碰撞形成浆液,此为形成碱雾的主要区域.合理设计边壁风量有利于抑制甚至防止雾化液滴以及碰撞形成的浆滴可能的粘壁现象.     

Preliminary experimental study of a bio-inspired,phase-change particle capillary heat exchanger

In this study a new cooling concept using encapsulated phase-change particles flowing with water in a parallel-plate mini-channel is presented. This novel concept is inspired by the gas exchange process in alveolar capillaries, where red blood cells (RBCs) flow with blood plasma, yielding very high gas transfer efficiency. Another important characteristic of alveolar capillary blood flow, which is related to the high efficiency of the lungs, is the snug fitting of the RBCs into the capillaries. Hence, preliminary results of experimental tests using particles with diameter similar to the flow channel spacing flowing with water through a heated parallel-plate channel test module are presented and analyzed. The particles are octadecane paraffin (C₁₈H₃₈), a phase-change material, encapsulated in a thin melamine shell. The temperature distribution along the heated surface of the channel is measured for various water flow rates, with and without particles, and with different number of particles. Results are reported in terms of the channel heated surface average temperature and the average heat transfer coefficient, showing a sensible increase (over 20%) in the latter as compared to a clear (of particles) flow. There is strong evidence the increase in heat transfer efficiency to result from a combination of the extra mixing flow effect caused by the presence of particles in the flow and the phase-change effect caused by the EPCM inside the particles.     

Heat transfer characteristics of submerged jet impingement boiling of saturated FC-72

Global heat transfer characteristics of submerged jet impingement boiling of a highly wetting dielectric fluid (FC-72) on a heated copper surface are presented. The effect of variation of the jet exit Reynolds number (Re) on boiling incipience, fully developed nucleate boiling, and critical heat flux (CHF) are documented. The jet exit Re is varied by variations of the jet exit velocity and the jet nozzle diameter for a fixed surface diameter. High-speed visualization is used to supplement trends observed in the heat transfer data. Scenarios of low and high incipience wall superheat are identified, corresponding to partially or fully developed nucleate boiling condition upon initiation of boiling. For the high incipience wall superheat scenario, the time of spread of boiling activity over the heated surface during temperature overshoot is found to be inversely proportional to the wall superheat temperature at boiling incipience. The incipient boiling wall superheat temperature is found to be uncorrelated with jet Re and jet diameter. A cumulative probability distribution function is used to characterize the onset of boiling with wall superheat temperature. At a fixed Re, CHF increases with increasing jet velocity and with decreasing jet diameter, indicating that the jet kinetic energy is a key parameter in CHF enhancement. The CHF data are compared with available jet impingement CHF correlations from literature on free surface and confined jets. The free surface jet CHF correlation by Monde and Katto (1978) [1] is seen to best capture the experimental data trends for Re greater than 4000.     

Insights into the local heat transfer of a submerged impinging jet: Influence of local flow acceleration and vortex-wall interaction

The present study of low Reynolds number submerged impinging jets, re-examines the cause of peaks in the radial distribution of the Nusselt number by way of a direct numerical simulation. Two peaks, commonly named the inner and the outer, were particularly studied. The laminar flow behavior within a Reynolds number range of 392 ? Re ?  1804 as well as different velocity inlet profiles (parabolic, 7th power, uniform) were examined under axisymmetric conditions. The inner peak was found to be associated to the radial distribution of the radial flow acceleration, which is strongly influenced by the velocity profile of the incoming jet. Based on an energy balance, a critical inflow velocity near the wall for the presence of the inner peak was derived analytically. The uniform velocity profile generates strong radial acceleration, which leads to the required inflow and the occurrence of the inner peak. The outer peak was found to be related to the appearance of large scale vortices and their interaction with the heated wall. However, in order to generate such large scale vortices a fluctuating inlet velocity was required. Both peaks, existing under laminar flow conditions, were found not to be related to turbulence, as is widely assumed in literature.     

"Bump燃烧室"内新概念稀扩散燃烧混合气形成机理的研究

基于自行研制的实验装置,用片状激光诱导荧光法(PLIF)对普通商用柴油喷雾的撞壁混合过程进行了实验研究,并用CFD数值分析软件对其进行了模拟计算,二者结果基本吻合．平板和实际燃烧室的实验及计算结果均表明,撞壁射流在遇到限流沿(Bump)后会剥离壁面,形成二次空间射流,扩大撞壁射流与空气的空间混合体积及混合速率,出现与周围空气迅速混合的“闪混”现象,减少壁面燃油堆积量．计算结果还表明,Bump的存在改变了缸内气流运动的流场结构,Bump附近旋向相反的“双涡结构”极大地增强了二次空间射流对周围空气的卷吸,促进了燃油与空气的混合,是Bump燃烧室内稀混合气形成及稀扩散燃烧的关键所在．     

Influence of sleeve tube on the flow and heat transfer behavior at a T-junction

The flow structure of a sleeved jet into a main crossflow was experimentally investigated employing particle imaging velocimetry technology and numerically simulated using a CFD code. The jet-to-crossflow velocity ratio, VR, was ranged from 0.5 to 8. Three basic flow patterns were marked, namely attaching jet, lift-off jet and impinging jet as VR gradually increased. The flow in the main duct was characterized by a stream of discharge from the annular space at the rear part of the sleeve near the jet exit, which primarily came from the upstream crossflow. This annulus discharge isolated the leeward wall from the jet fluid and also caused weak local heat transfer in the large momentum deficiency region, and hence could supply an effective protection of the leeward wall from the thermal shock caused by a very cold jet injection.     

One-dimensional analysis of supersonic two-stage HVOF process

The one-dimensional calculation of the gas/particle flows of a supersonic two-stage high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spray process was performed. The internal gas flow was solved by numerically integrating the equations of the quasi-one-dimensional flow including the effects of pipe friction and heat transfer. As for the supersonic jet flow, semi-empirical equations were used to obtain the gas velocity and temperature along the center line. The velocity and temperature of the particle were obtained by an one-way coupling method. The material of the spray particle selected in this study is ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). The temperature distributions in the spherical UHMWPE particles of 50 and 150μm accelerated and heated by the supersonic gas flow was clarified.     

The Use of Thermal Lattice Boltzmann Numerical Scheme for Particle-Laden Channel Flow with a Cavity

In this article, particle-laden flow in a channel with heated cavity has been investigated. Calculations were performed using a point force scheme for particle dynamics, while the process of fluid renewal was modeled using the double-population thermal lattice Boltzmann method. Point-particle formulation accounts for the finite-size dispersed phase and the forces acting on the particles were modeled through drag force correlations. Two-way interactions of solid-fluid calculation were considered by adding an external force term for feedback that forced particles in the evolution of fluid distribution function. The method was first validated with steady state flow in a channel with cavity in the presence and absence of a heat source. It was then applied to mixed convection flow laden with particles at various Grashof numbers. The particle dispersion characteristics were examined in detail, where the particle removal rate from cavity upon cavity aspect ratio was emphasized. The effect of the Reynolds number on particle distribution was further investigated numerically by varying the speed of inlet flow into the channel.     

Single-phase and two-phase cooling with an array of rectangular jets

Experiments were performed to explore the effects of jet width, impingement velocity, and inlet subcooling on the cooling performance of an array of three confined rectangular FC-72 and ethanol jets impacting a 3.0 cm × 3.0 cm heated surface. The single-phase heat transfer coefficient increased with increasing jet velocity and/or jet width. A correlation for single-phase cooling was constructed by dividing the flow into impingement zones and confinement channel flow regions that are dominated by wall jet flow. Increases in jet velocity, jet width, and/or subcooling broadened the single-phase region preceding the commencement of boiling and enhanced critical heat flux (CHF). A new correlation was developed which fits the CHF data with good accuracy. Overall, better cooling performance was realized for a given flow rate by decreasing jet width. Pressure drop was for the most part quite modest, even for the smallest jet width and highest velocity tested. Overall, these results prove the present cooling scheme is highly effective at maintaining fairly isothermal surface conditions, with spatial variations of less than 1.2 and 2.6 °C for the single-phase and boiling regions, respectively. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the present jet-impingement scheme for thermal management of next generation electronics devices and systems.     

一台小型电热锅炉电热管损坏原因分析

通过对回水管的射流计算，分析了小型电热锅炉电热管损坏的原因：电热管的损坏是由于回水直接对电热管作用而引起的疲劳破坏。确定回水管的位置时，应避免回水直接冲射在电加热管上。回水管出口与电加热管的距离应大于射流波及的距离，如在结构上实现有困难，可在回水管出口加设档板。     

Mixed Thermocapillary and Forced Convection Heat Transfer Around a Hemispherical Bubble in a Miniature Channel—A 3D Numerical Study

It has been established that for certain conditions, such as microgravity boiling, thermocapillary Marangoni flow has associated with it a significant enhancement of heat transfer. Typically, this phenomenon was investigated for the idealized case of an isolated and stationary bubble resting atop a heated solid that is immersed in a semi-infinite quiescent fluid or within a two-dimensional cavity. This article presents a three-dimensional numerical study that investigates the influence of thermal Marangoni convection on the fluid dynamics and heat transfer around a bubble during laminar flow of water in a minichannel. This mixed thermocapillary and forced convection problem is investigated for channel liquid inlet velocity of 0.01 m/s to 0.03 m/s and Marangoni numbers in the range of 10 to 300 under microgravity conditions. Three-dimensional effects become particularly important on the side and rear regions of the bubble. The thermocapillary forces accelerate the flow along almost the entire bubble interface. The hot core fluid from the heated bottom wall region is forced inward and propelled upward into the thermocapillary jet above the bubble. It can be quantified that the influence of thermocapillary flow on heat transfer enhancement shows an average increase by 40% at the downstream of the bubble and by 60% at the front and rear regions. This heat transfer enhancement depends mainly on the temperature differential as the driving potential for thermocapillary flow and bulk liquid velocity.