风速时间序列非线性特征分析

针对时间序列风速确定性与随机性相结合的复杂非线性特征,基于相空间重构理论和最大Lyapunov指数对其进行混沌与分形特征分析。首先,以经典Lorenz混沌系统及非混沌完全随机白噪声时间序列为验证算例,通过相空间重构和最大Lyapunov指数法判断以上2种非线性时间序列的混沌特征,分别从定性和定量的角度验证了所提方法的可行性;其次,对美国风能研究中心实测风速数据进行相空间重构,计算其最大Lyapunov指数并估算其可预测时间,最后采用G-P算法分析了实测风速时间序列的饱和关联维数。结果表明:相空间重构理论及最大Lyapunov指数法均可作为判断混沌特征的重要方法,时间序列风速具有明显的混沌分形特征及短期可预测性。     

风速时间序列混沌特征分析及非线性短期预测

针对风能发电及天气预报等领域中一直是难点和重点的风速时间序列预测问题,首先分别通过相图法和最大Lyapunov指数法定性定量确定风速时间序列具有混沌特征;在此基础上,针对风速时间序列混沌特征结合相空间重构理论进行预测,根据C-C算法确定嵌入维数及延迟时间,将混沌理论应用于Volterra自适应模型,建立新的风速预测模型;以Lorenz方程为例验证该预测模型的准确性,并通过预测风速对比实测风速,进行误差分析。结果表明:风速时间序列具有明显的混沌特征;风速时间序列的混沌特征表明其长期预测是不现实的,但其确定性结构表明其具有短期可预测性;以预测Lorenz方程数值解的方式验证了Volterra自适应预测模型的准确性,其预测误差控制在10~(-4)以内;Volterra自适应预测模型可以对实测风速时间序列进行准确的预测,预测误差控制在0.1 m/s内。     

风速时间序列非线性短期预测

针对风速时间序列复杂的非线性特征,根据C-C算法确定重构参数(嵌入维数及延迟时间)并对风速重构相空间,建立径向基函数神经网络(RBF网络)及Volterra自适应预测模型对风速时间序列进行预测,以Lorenz方程数值解为例验证了两种预测方法的可行性。结果表明:RBF神经网络模型和Volterra自适应预测模型都能对实测风速时间序列进行较为准确的预测,预测误差分别在0.3和0.1 m/s内;Volterra自适应预测模型预测结果总体较RBF神经网络模型预测精度更高,且随着预测时间的增大,预测误差呈增大趋势,这与混沌存在初值敏感性的特征相符。     

燃煤流化床燃烧声波混沌特性研究

本文应用混沌理论对燃煤流化床燃烧产生的声波信号进行了研究。研究表明，声波信号能很好地反映流化床燃烧过程的物理本质，它富含流化床燃烧的多变量动力学状态的信息；流化床燃烧系统是一个具有混沌特性的非线性动力系统；根据声波信号构造出来的混沌吸引子在不同煤种、不同流化风速和不同燃烧区域具有明显不同的结构特征，由此可作为不同工况识别的依据     

风力发电系统发电容量时间序列的混沌属性分析

利用非线性动力学的分析方法对并网型风电机组的发电容量时间序列进行分析,以检验其是否存在混沌属性。分析表明,通过对低维非线性动力学建模,风电机组发电容量时间序列表现出了混沌特性,此结果为基于混沌时间序列的风力发电容量预测奠定了基础。     

基于经验模式分解和时间序列分析的风电场风速预测

针对风速时间序列的非线性和非平稳性,该文提出将经验模式分解(Empirical Mode Decomposition,EMD)和时间序列分析方法相结合对风电场风速进行预测,以探寻更为准确有效地风速预测方法.首先,运用EMD对原始风速序列进行预处理,将其自适应地分解成一系列不同尺度的模式分量,这样能够突出原始风速时间序列不同的局部特征信息;然后,分析各分量,根据其变化规律,采用时间序列分析法分别建立相应的模型并进行预测,这样既简化了建立的模型又降低了预测的成本;最后将各分量的预测值叠加得到风速序列的预测值.算例结果表明,该方法大幅提高了风速预测精度.     

漂浮式风力机半潜式平台摇荡运动混沌特征分析

针对漂浮式风力机半潜式平台在复杂海洋环境下的摇荡运动所表现出的复杂非线性特征,建立半潜式平台的NREL 5 MW漂浮式风力机模型,基于辐射/绕射理论并结合有限元方法得到了平台摇荡运动时间序列数据。基于混沌理论,应用功率谱分析、相空间重构及最大Lyapunov指数3种方法从定性和定量的角度,对摇荡运动时间序列数据进行了混沌特征分析。结果表明:平台摇荡运动时间序列数据具有明显的混沌特征,其最大Lyapunov指数不同(在0.05~0.09之间小幅变化);平台摇荡运动时间序列数据具有短期可预测性,且其最大可预测时间不同,最大可预测时间均不超过17 s。     

基于混沌分析和神经网络的风速直接多步预测

针对风速序列的混沌特性,提出了一种将混沌分析和神经网络相结合的短期风速直接多步预测新方法,以提高其预测精度。首先,对风速序列进行混沌特性分析和相空间重构;然后,根据重构相空间的特征参数,结合预测需求,确定Elman网络结构;最后,利用空间欧式距离选取的样本对Elman网络进行训练,建立风速直接多步预测模型。以华北地区某风电场实测风速为例进行仿真测试,结果表明与单步迭代法和直接神经网络法相比,该文方法在进行风速直接多步预测时具有更好的整体误差指标。     

漂浮式风力机Spar平台摇荡运动混沌特征分析

漂浮式风力机Spar平台在非规则环境载荷作用下运动具有很强的随机性和非线性。为分析平台动态响应中的非线性动力学特征,首先建立基于OC3Spar平台的NREL 5 MW风力机整机模型,采用水动力软件AQWA求解Spar平台的运动特性,进一步采用功率谱法、相空间重构以及最大Lyapunov指数法定性、定量两方面判断Spar平台在波、浪、流载荷作用下摇荡运动时间序列的混沌特征。研究表明:Spar平台在低频时运动幅值较大;平台在多重载荷作用下在平衡位置处摇荡运动;平台在纵荡、垂荡及纵摇方向上的运动时间序列具有混沌特征,且3个方向短期可预测时间最大为6.14 s。混沌理论可作为漂浮式风力机平台非线性运动分析的一种新方法。     

改进VMD融合深度学习在滚动轴承故障诊断中的应用

针对滚动轴承早期振动信号微弱且难以提取的问题,结合灰狼算法与变分模态分解（Variational mode decomposition,VMD）提出改进变分模态分解（Improved variational mode decomposition,IVMD）方法分解轴承故障信号,并基于快速谱峭度图（Fast kurtogram,FK）提取特征分量进行信号重构,采用深度学习与混沌理论对各故障轴承重构信号进行非线性分析,完成故障识别。在保留原故障信息整体几何结构的同时降低了特征数据复杂度,增强了故障状态分类能力。基于损伤轴承实验数据验证所提方法的有效性。结果表明：IVMD较VMD能更好地分解故障信号,快速谱峭度图可有效提取特征分量;采用IVMD FK进行信号前处理后,经卷积神经网络（Convolutional neural network,CNN）进行故障分类,准确率高达99.99%,远高于传统故障诊断方法;在强噪声环境下此方法仍可较好地进行故障分类,在-8dB噪声下准确率达到75.75%,具有良好的鲁棒性;同时,结合混沌相图与Lyapunov指数反映故障信号的混沌特性,随卷积层数增加Lyapunov指数逐渐减小,表明深度学习模型和混沌理论可从混沌序列中提取纯净特征信息,准确进行故障识别。     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Decomposition of limestone in a solar reactor

The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m² parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO₂ emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Biohydrogen production by Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants under different conditions: Light, nickel, propane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen

Increasing awareness of environmental problems caused by the current use of fossil fuel-based energy, has led to the search for alternatives. Hydrogen is a good alternative and the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 is naturally able to produce molecular hydrogen, photosynthetically from water and light. However, this H₂ is rapidly consumed by the uptake hydrogenase.This study evaluated the hydrogen production of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants: hupL⁻ (deficient in the uptake hydrogenase), hoxH⁻ (deficient in the bidirectional hydrogenase) and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ (deficient in both hydrogenases) on several experimental conditions, such as gas atmosphere (argon and propane with or without N₂ and/or CO₂ addition), light intensity (54 and 152 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹), light regime (continuous and light/dark cycles 16 h/8 h) and nickel concentrations in the culture medium.In every assay, the hupL⁻ and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ mutants stood out over wild-type cells and the hoxH⁻ mutant. Nevertheless, the hupL⁻ mutant showed the best hydrogen production except in an argon atmosphere under 16 h light/8 h dark cycles at 54 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹ in the light period, with 1 ??M of NiCl₂ supplementation in the culture medium, and under a propane atmosphere.In all strains, higher light intensity leads to higher hydrogen production and if there is a daily 1% of CO₂ addition in the gas atmosphere, hydrogen production could increase 5.8 times, related to the great increase in heterocysts differentiation (5 times more, approximately), whereas nickel supplementation in the culture medium was not shown to increase hydrogen production. The daily incorporation of 1% of CO₂ plus 1% of N₂ did not affect positively hydrogen production rate.     

Economie d'énergie en trigénération

Trigeneration is defined as the production of three useful forms of energy—heat, cold and power—from a primary source of energy such as natural gas or oil. For instance, trigeneration systems typically produce electrical power via a reciprocating engine or gas turbine and recover a large percentage of the heat energy retained in the lubricating oil, exhaust gas and coolant water systems to maximize the utilization of the primary fuel. The heat produced can be totally or partially used to fuel absorption refrigerators. Therefore, trigeneration systems enjoy an inherently high efficiency and have the potential to significantly reduce the energy-related operation costs of facilities. In this paper, we describe a model of characterization of trigeneration systems trough the condition of primary energy saving and the quality index, compared to the separate production of heat, cold and power. The study highlights the importance of the choice of the separate production reference system on the level of primary energy saving and emissions reduction.     

Investigation of the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of La–Fe–B system hydrogen-storage alloys

La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were prepared using a vacuum induction-quenching furnace with a rotating copper wheel. The thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were investigated in this work. The P–C–I curves of the La–Fe–B alloys were measured over a H₂ pressure range of 10⁻³ MPa to 2.0 MPa at temperatures of 313, 328, 343 and 353 K. The P–C–I curves revealed that the maximum hydrogen-storage capacity of the alloys exceeded 1.23 wt% at a pressure of approximately 1.0 MPa and temperature of 313 K. The standard enthalpy of formation ΔH and standard entropy of formation ΔS for the alloys' hydrides, obtained according to the van't Hoff equation, were consistent with their application as anode materials in alkaline media. The alloys also exhibited good absorption/desorption kinetics at room temperature.     

Mineralogical characterization of the intraseam layers of Lofoi lignite deposits in Florina basin (western Makedonia,northwest Greece)

The mineralogical composition of intraseam layers from Lofoi lignite deposits (northwest Greece) is the subject of the present study. The samples were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. The clay minerals prevail in most samples, with illite-muscovite being the dominant phase, and kaolinite and chlorite being the other major clay components. No smectite was found. Quartz and feldspars, dominate in two cases. The studied materials are characterized as clays to clayey sands, showing significant similarities with the intraseam layers of the adjacent Achlada lignite deposits.