城市垃圾在回转窑中热解：热解焦油特性研究

利用自行设计制造的外热式回转窑以ＰＥ塑料、废轮胎和木块为试验物料进行了一系列热解试验。对热解焦油进行了旋分分析,元素分析和ＧＣ－ＭＳ分析。考察了热解终温对焦油产量、焦油族分及Ｃ、Ｈ等元素的含量的影响,并对ＰＥ塑料的热解焦油的化合物组成进行了分析,研究表明,在试验温度范围内,热解终温对试验物料的焦油产量和焦油族分有明显影响;ＰＥ塑料和废轮胎焦油的Ｃ／Ｈ原子比为０．４２－０．８２,具有较好的加工性能,     

城市生活垃圾热解焦对热解焦油的影响

为研究城市生活垃圾热解焦对城市生活垃圾热解焦油的影响,采用固定床对添加不同比例的城市生活垃圾热解焦的城市生活垃圾进行热解实验。实验结果表明:未添加热解焦时,城市生活垃圾热解焦油产率为38.38%;当热解焦添加比例为30%时,焦油产率为31.79%,焦油中的O/C由0.20下降到0.10,焦油热值由30.24 MJ/kg升高到35.81 MJ/kg;当热解焦添加量超过30%时,热解焦对热解焦油品质的改善作用减弱。利用GC-MS对热解焦油分析发现,热解焦添加比例为30%时,热解焦油中醇类和羧酸类分别下降了19.18%和13.73%,酯类和脂肪烃类分别增加了27.69%和5.63%。热解焦明显改善了热解焦油的品质,实现了一定程度的轻质化。     

稻壳连续热解特性研究

在自行研制的生物质连续热解反应装置上进行稻壳连续热解和二次裂解实验研究。随着稻壳热解温度的提高,炭产率降低,气体产率增加,液体产率先增加后减少;随着滞留时间的减少,炭产率、液体产率增加,气体产率减少。稻壳热解气以CO2和CO为主,且二者为竞争关系,热解温度提高,CO2产量降低,CH4、H2、C2H4、C2H6产量增加,CO的产率变化不大;滞留时间对热解气组分影响不大。二次裂解温度提高,裂解气中的H2、CH4、C2H4含量明显增加,二次裂解温度为800℃时,H2产率达到12%。稻壳500℃热解挥发物600℃二次裂解木醋液中醋酸含量高达49.44%,焦油中检测到的物质主要为丙酮和异丙醇。     

生物质热解炭化及其成型提质研究

在不同温度下对木屑进行热解实验,分析热解炭的特性,对热解炭进行压缩成型并分析成型炭的品质特性及燃烧特性。结果表明:随着热解温度的升高,生物炭的热值由最初的22.46增至29.40 MJ/kg,同时生物炭中无机元素含有率降低,含氧官能团逐渐减少,生物炭的疏水性能得到改善。而成型炭块的体积密度、抗压强度均随热解温度的升高先有所降低后又明显升高,成型炭的能量密度也有明显提升。550～650℃下热解木屑,制备得到的生物炭热值较高,碱金属元素含量较低,压缩后成型炭具有较好的燃烧性能,是一种较为理想的成型燃料。     

不同作物秸秆热解及其差异性分析

以水稻、小麦、玉米、棉花、油菜5种农作物秸秆为研究对象,采用管式炉对其进行热解实验,探讨热解产气量的差异性。实验结果表明在5种生物质秸中,油菜秸热解产气率为0.28 L/g,热解产物中的CO和H2气体含量分别为31.6%和26.3%,原料热值与热解燃气中可燃气体的低位热值分别为12345.84 kJ/kg和10.51 MJ/m3,5项值在5种秸秆中均为最高。5种秸秆样品的SEM照片显示其表质层分布和筛管结构形状、大小均不相同;样品的C元素含量、O/C原子比率及颗粒结构的差异会影响其热解产气总量与产物中CO气体含量。     

块状废轮胎固定床热解特性实验研究

国内外对于废旧轮胎热解的研究大多集中在对轮胎小颗粒的探索上,对于破碎成本较低的大块状轮胎的热解较少有人涉及.为了探究块状轮胎的热解特性,文章在外热式固定床热解炉上进行了不同热解温度下块状废轮胎热解特性的实验研究.结果表明:块状废轮胎热解产生的燃气成分主要为CH4,H2以及大分子烃类CnHm,且其燃气产率随热解温度的升高而增加.当热解温度高于550℃时,热解产物CnHm有二次裂解现象,热解产生的燃气具有较高热值;热解温度为600℃时,燃气热值可以达到26 MJ/m3;随着热解温度的提高,热解炭中挥发分含量减少,固定碳含量略有增加,热解温度对热解油及热解气产率影响明显.与小颗粒轮胎相比,块状轮胎热解气中小分子气体CH4,H2等含量相对较少,而大分子烃类含量相对较多.热解产物产率方面,热解炭和热解气的产率更大,焦油产率降低.     

TG-MS联用研究生物质的热解特性

采用TG-MG技术研究稻秆、稻壳和玉米芯的热解特性。采用活化热解区与消极热解区法、热解特性指数法分析了3种生物质的热解特性,质谱分析重点关注热解过程中不凝性气体和焦油产物的形成。结果表明:(1)含木质素较低的秸秆类生物质在消极区的热解不活跃;在同升温速率下,3种生物质的热解难易程度为:玉米秆玉米芯稻秆;(2)含氧气体量大大高于烃类和H2,H2O是所有试样中的主要产物;在相同实验条件下,稻秆热解生成H2O最多,而生成焦油量最少;而玉米秆和玉米芯生成少量H2O和大量焦油;对于不可凝性气体产物,CO和CO2是主要的气体产物,而H2和CH4只占小部分;(3)焦油的主要产物为苯、甲苯和苯酚,除苯在550℃后还有析出外,其余芳香烃产物的析出范围均为300℃~550℃。     

中药生物质原料与药渣热解特性对比研究

以饮料厂副产物中药渣、单成分中药材及其蒸煮残渣作为研究对象,分析因蒸煮作用导致的燃料理化性质差异,通过热重、管式炉等实验手段以及气相色谱仪、气相色谱-质谱联用仪等测试手段研究中药渣的热解气液固产物特性。结果表明:相比于中药材,药渣的挥发分有所提高,Na、K、Mg、Cl、Si等元素含量降低;基本有机官能团变化不大;蒸煮后,药渣的最大失重速率提高且失重峰向高温区移动,热解残余率降低;相同温度下,热解气热值蒸煮前后(15.04～18.57 MJ/m~3)变化较小,但比麦秆热解气热值(10.63～16.23 MJ/m~3)高;蒸煮后,相同温度下药渣的热解液相产率较高(55.72%～61.92%),而焦油中苯酚的相对含量降低;相同温度下,蒸煮会降低药材的固体产率(27.62%～30.76%),但有利于增加药渣热解半焦比表面积,进而有利于热解半焦的气化反应。     

杨木微波热解产气特性实验研究

以杨木为研究对象,利用自行设计的钟罩式生物质微波热解实验装置,研究杨木在不同微波功率下热解的产气特性,探讨微波功率和热解终温对热解过程产气成分、产气率和热值的影响规律,并引入热解气化效率概念。实验结果表明:在不同温度段,杨木微波热解产生的气体各组分体积分数的相对大小有差异,微波功率增加,对CO、CO2和CH4的产生起到一定的促进作用,而对H2的产生影响不明显。随着热解终温的升高,热解产气中CO、CO2、CH4和H2的体积分数均有所增加。提高微波功率和热解终温均可提升热解产气率,增大产气热值峰值,提高热解气化效率。     

生物质废弃物在回转窑内热解研究--Ⅰ.热解条件对热解产物分布的影响

研究了生物质类废弃物在回转窑内的热解特性,讨论了物料种类,热解终温,加热方式,给料粒径和含水率对热解产物分布的影响。物料挥发份和热解终温高,加热快,粒径小,有利于燃气产率的提高以及炭产率的降低,而水分的提高会提高焦油的产率并降低炭的产率。同时,还研究了回转窑内的温升特性和热解气体的瞬态析出特性。     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Economie d'énergie en trigénération

Trigeneration is defined as the production of three useful forms of energy—heat, cold and power—from a primary source of energy such as natural gas or oil. For instance, trigeneration systems typically produce electrical power via a reciprocating engine or gas turbine and recover a large percentage of the heat energy retained in the lubricating oil, exhaust gas and coolant water systems to maximize the utilization of the primary fuel. The heat produced can be totally or partially used to fuel absorption refrigerators. Therefore, trigeneration systems enjoy an inherently high efficiency and have the potential to significantly reduce the energy-related operation costs of facilities. In this paper, we describe a model of characterization of trigeneration systems trough the condition of primary energy saving and the quality index, compared to the separate production of heat, cold and power. The study highlights the importance of the choice of the separate production reference system on the level of primary energy saving and emissions reduction.     

Mineralogical characterization of the intraseam layers of Lofoi lignite deposits in Florina basin (western Makedonia,northwest Greece)

The mineralogical composition of intraseam layers from Lofoi lignite deposits (northwest Greece) is the subject of the present study. The samples were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. The clay minerals prevail in most samples, with illite-muscovite being the dominant phase, and kaolinite and chlorite being the other major clay components. No smectite was found. Quartz and feldspars, dominate in two cases. The studied materials are characterized as clays to clayey sands, showing significant similarities with the intraseam layers of the adjacent Achlada lignite deposits.     

Innovative methodologies in renewable energy: A review

This paper is concerned with innovative approaches to renewable energy sources computation methodologies, which provide more refined results than the classical alternatives. Such refinements provide additional improvements especially for replacement of fossil energy usages that emit greenhouse gas (GHG) into the atmosphere leading to climate change impact. Current knowledge gap among each renewable energy source calculation is rather missing fundamentals of plausible, rational, and logical explanations for the interpretation of results. In the literature, there are rather complicated and mechanically applicable methodologies, which require input and output measurement data match with missing physical explanations. The view taken in this review paper is to concentrate on quite plausible, logical, rational, and effectively applicable innovative energy calculation methodologies with simplistic fundamentals. For this purpose, a set of renewable energy methodological approaches is revisited with their innovative structures concerning solar, wind, hydro, current, and geothermal energy resources. With the increase in the renewable energy utilizations to combat the undesirable impacts of global warming and climate change, there is a need for better models that will include physical environmental conditions and data properties in the probabilistic, statistical, stochastic, logical, and rational senses leading to refined and more reliable estimations with application examples in the text. Finally, new research directions are also recommended for more refined innovative energy system calculations.     

Constrained Optimization of Heat Transfer from an Extended Surface

Two different zero‐order optimization techniques are used to maximize the rates of heat transfer from a fin assembly of a specified cost and in the shape of several annular fins that are mounted on a central stem. The problem is formulated to account for two‐dimensional steady‐state heat transfer that is limited by several inequality constraints. The dimensionless governing equations are used to identify the relevant decision variables. The number of fins making up the assembly is treated as an input parameter. A digital computer is used to determine the required temperature distributions and to implement the optimization search algorithms. Three different fin materials are assessed—aluminum, copper and carbon steel. Design optimizations of the extended surface assembly were made over a range of operating conditions, encompassing several different convection heat transfer coefficients that are representative of free and forced convection in air, and several different overall temperature differences between the substrate surface and air. A few recommendations based on trends in the predicted results are given. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 43(6): 504–521, 2014; Published online 3 October 2013 in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj ). DOI 10.1002/htj.21093     

CY6D78Ti型柴油机的开发研制

本文介绍了CY6D78Ti型柴油机的开发研制过程及现状,CY6D78Ti型柴油机能满足国内中、重型卡车和豪华客车市场对柴油机动力性、经济性、可靠性的需求。由于该机型的高档配置,保证了其排放达到欧Ⅱ标准,同时为进一步提高性能、降低排放,采用电控及高压共轨等技术手段搭建了平台。     

我国车用柴油机的技术现状及发展趋势

本文根据国内外信息和资料，分析了我国目前车用柴油机制造技术方面与国际水平所存在的差距，预测今后若千年内车用柴油机要向节能降耗、应用增压技术、提高可靠性、降低排放、采用电控技术方面发展，以尽快接近和赶上国际先进水平．