氧化铝的理化性质及其对陶瓷的影响

叙述了陶瓷工业用氧化铝的化学纯度和物理性能，以及杂质含理对陶瓷的影响；列出了国内外用不同方法生产的工业氧化铝和低钠氧化铝的杂质含量分析结果，以及日本几家公司和我国济源厂生产的低钠氧化铝的性能（表）。     

什么是太阳电池

太阳电池是一种能够将光直接转换成电能的半导体器件，它是以光生伏打效应（简称光伏效应）为基础制备的，某些材料（在气体液体和固体）吸收了光能之后具有产生电动势的效应，在固体中，尤其是半导体中光能转换为电能的效率特别高。硅太阳电池是最常用的太阳电池。硅是一种半导体材料，具有４个价电子，当把具有３个价电子的元素作为杂质掺入硅中，就形成了P型半导体。由于掺入的杂质比硅少一个价电子，相当于１个空穴，这种杂质称为受主杂质。在P型半导体中，空穴起导电作用，是多数载流子，与空穴的数量相比，电子是少数载流子。P型半…     

高铝瓷的杂质呈色原因初探

叙述了高铝瓷中存在的微量杂质的呈色原因，揭示了铝瓷红斑的成因探讨了着色陶瓷及其杂质呈色的机理。     

CC25—9.32／1.27／0.18型汽轮机油中杂质产生的机理及处理措施

论述了透平油中杂质对汽轮机调节系统的影响，并结合ＣＣ２５－９．３２／１．２７／０．１８汽轮机的实际情况，分析了秀平油中杂质产生的原因，提出了改善油质的具体措施。     

极性相反杂质在硅锭中的抵偿效应研究

采用Scheil方程和四探针法、霍尔效应技术、紫外-可见光吸收光谱以及XRD技术分别模拟和测试太阳能硅锭的杂质分布、电阻率、载流子浓度、带隙以及晶体结构，结果表明：若硅料中施主杂质原子浓度小于受主杂质的0.39倍，铸造的p型硅锭不会出现极性反转。由于极性相反杂质间的抵偿效应，在硅锭极性反转处形成p-n结区，少子寿命和体电阻率均达到最大值，且硅锭的晶体结构未发生改变，带隙比特征硅锭的带隙降低25.89%，对此段硅锭切片，可省略后续硅片的“磷扩散”过程。利用掺杂剂抵偿技术可制备高效率和低成本的晶硅太阳电池。     

大型超临界汽轮机的辅机

通过对大型超监界机组与大型来临界机组的比较，介绍了发展大型超临界机组的意义。讨论了大型超临界机组运行中锅炉给水及进入汽轮机主蒸汽中所含杂质产生的原因，代有杂质的主蒸汽对汽轮机本体通流部分及机组效率的影响。提出了超临界机组辅机和回热系统设计，运行中应遵循的原则。     

生物质气化气的净化

目前，生物质气化技术已处于推广阶段．不少地方的农民已安装了燃气管道，有的农民已经连续用气达３年之久。但是，要想保证长期稳定地供气，还应对生物质气化气采取净化措施，以除掉其中的杂质。不论是用氧化法制造的生物质气化气，还是用干馏法制造的生物质气化气，其中的杂质是基本相同的，主要是：（１）焦油和灰尘从气化炉或干馏炉出来的气化气中含有较多的木焦油和灰尘，这些物质属于气化气中的杂质，如果不除净，将会沉积在输气管道中和燃气灶具孔中，时间长了就会造成管道堵塞。如果是地下管网，很难确定具体的堵塞位置，给疏通工作…     

基于双路图像采集的变压器油杂质颗粒计数器研究

为提高变压器油杂质颗粒检测的准确度、改善杂质颗粒形状不规则及重叠等对测量结果的影响，在对传统油液颗粒计数器分析的基础上，提出了基于双路图像采集的变压器油杂质颗粒计数方法，利用双镜头结构从相互垂直的两个角度获取颗粒的粒度粒形信息，消除了颗粒重叠对测量结果的影响，并对标准聚苯乙烯颗粒制作的混合粒径样品进行了实测。试验结果表明，基于双路图像采集的液体颗粒计数器能够使计数准确度提高2.1%。     

高浓重水电解过程中杂质氢的动态变化方程与计算方法

电解重水制氘是生产高纯氘的重要方法之一。而氘中氢(氕)含量是评价氘纯度的一个重要指标。因此，为了弄清高浓重水电解过程中杂质氢的变化行为，作者以电解反应与气、液相氢同位素交换反应平衡方程为基础，建立了杂质氢的动态方程。并结合工程应用实际，推导出间断定量加水电解过程中，氢杂质的计算公式、计算步骤以及各参数的计算方法。为研究重水电解及高纯氘的制取奠定了必要的理论基础。     

磷杂质分布优化方法的研究

以优化磷在硅中杂质分布的工艺方案为研究对象,通过扩散机理分析和实验研究的方法,对影响磷杂质分布型的关键因子进行理论探讨与实验验证。研究结果表明:硅中电子浓度与荷电空位是影响磷杂质分布的主要因子,通过扩散工艺调节实现了低表面浓度、浅结的杂质分布,为提高晶硅电池的转化效率和批量生产提供了可能。     

A novel approach for the liquefaction of wood powder: usage of pyrolytic bio‐oil as a reaction medium

In this study, Scots pine wood (Pinus sylvestris L.) powder was liquefied in the presence of pyrolytic bio‐oil as a reaction medium/reagent. Firstly, the bio‐oil was produced via pyrolysis of the same wood species at three different temperatures by using an extruder type pyrolyzer. Then, the wood powders were liquefied at different ratios of the wood to pyrolytic bio‐oil in a sealed pressure‐proof tube. The liquefaction reactions were carried out under pressure ranging between atmospheric and 8.5‐MPa pressures according to the experimental conditions. The effects of the reactant ratios and the process parameters such as reaction time and temperature on the wood conversion percentage were studied. The chemical composition of the pyrolytic bio‐oil and liquefied wood oil were analyzed by means of GC‐MS technique. The higher heating value (HHV) and UV–Vis spectrophotometric analysis of the pyrolytic bio‐oil and liquefied wood oil were also performed. The results showed that the wood powder could easily be liquefied in the pyrolytic bio‐oil at different temperatures under pressure. The highest wood conversion (97.40%) was obtained at 250 °C for 150 min at a wood to bio‐oil ratio of 1:7 with the heavy fraction of the pyrolytic bio‐oil. The amount of wood residue diminished dramatically when the reaction temperature rose at the same wood to bio‐oil ratio. The HHV of the liquefied wood oil was almost similar to that of the pyrolytic bio‐oil. As a result, it could be inferred that the usage of pyrolytic bio‐oil instead of the phenol and acid catalyst was quite efficient in the wood liquefaction process. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Platinum group elements in terrestrial oil shale from the Lunpola Basin,northern Tibet,China

The Lunpola oil shale is the largest oil shale resource in Tibet. Twenty-four samples were collected from this deposition to determine the platinum group element (PGE) characteristics. The total PGE contents in terrestrial oil shale are low (average 2.386 ng/g). The PGEs are enriched in the oil shale samples near the boundary between the oil shale and its underlying strata. The PGE enrichment may be the result of a change of oxic–anoxic conditions. The individual PGEs of oil shale samples from the Lunpola oil shale exhibit similar modes of occurrence, and their distributions are controlled mainly by Fe-bearing minerals (pyrite). The source of PGEs in the Lunpola oil shale is probably related to water chemistry and terrigenous supply.     

The reuse of waste cooking oil and spent bleaching earth to produce biodiesel

Currently, semi-refined and refined vegetable oils are used as a feedstock in biodiesel production. However, criteria such as competition with conventional fossil fuel, economic reasons, shortage supply of food and its social impact on the global scale have somewhat slowed the development of the biodiesel industry. Spent bleaching earth is currently under-utilized by deposition in landfills with no attempt to recover the oil. In this study the waste oil adsorbed on spent bleaching earth, refined soybean oil, and waste cooking oil were evaluated as potential sources of biodiesel production in Iran. Different characteristics of the oil samples, such as fatty acid composition, peroxide, iodine, acid values, etc., were evaluated. A two-step esterification reaction using methanol was conducted to produce biofuel. Subsequently, physicochemical properties of produced biodiesel were analyzed. The oil content in spent bleaching earth was 19.3%, which was lowered to 3.7% using hexane as the solvent. Gas chromatography showed that palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids were predominantly fatty acids, respectively, and the highest content of saturated acids belonged to waste cooking oil (24%). The acidity of 8.3% was obtained for the oil recovered from spent bleaching earth followed by waste cooking oil (3.6%) and refined soybean oil (0.1%). Totally, the specifications of all biodiesel produced were in the range defined by ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. Since about 2000–3000 tones of spent bleaching earth residual oil is annually dumped and the amount of waste cooking oil produced yearly is 500,000 tones, there is a great potential for Iran to produce biodiesel from waste oils.     

A novel biomass lubricant filter and its effect on gasoline engine emissions and fuel economy

With the increasing number of light-duty passenger car, a large amount of waste engine oil was produced yearly which has polluted the environment and wasted fossil resources. Extend engine oil drain interval and reduce its effect on engine emission is of great importance. In this paper, a kind of modified-sawdust engine oil filter was developed and the study focus on its effect on the emission characteristics and fuel consumption rate of spark ignite gasoline engine. This modified-sawdust engine oil filter was also compared with common oil filter. The tests were performed in four-cylinder direct injection gasoline engine at six different typical operating conditions. Various tests were proceed including the exhaust emissions measurement of nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC) as well as the fuel consumption rate measurement. The effect of engine oil change on engine emission and fuel consumption rate were also studied. Impurity element content of waste oil and kinetic viscosity were measured before and after modified oil filter was used. The results show that relative to common oil filter, the modified-sawdust oil filter has 0.4–2.1%, 3.7–7.5%, 1.6–13.3% decrease for CO, HC, NOx emissions, respectively. In addition, it significantly reduces oil consumption, and the three major emission species (CO, HC and NOx) was also reduced when fresh engine oil was adopted. These results indicate that the use of modified-sawdust oil filter is an effective choice to improve gasoline engine emission and fuel economy.     

Effect of moisture content on oil extraction from spent coffee grounds

Spent coffee grounds (SCG) were used in this study for oil extraction. It was observed that oil extraction increased with water content up to 20 wt% for non-polar solvents and up to 40 wt% for polar solvents. At 80 wt% moisture, no oil was observed instead a black gel was formed. Oil extraction was observed to increase with time but it was concluded that increasing extraction time beyond 60 min had no significant benefit for both solvents (ethanol and toluene). The highest amount of oil extracted was observed when using ethanol at 40 wt% moisture and it was around 20%. The saponification values for oil extracted from SCG were observed to be between 175 and 180 but were lower than those obtained for soybean (193). The SCG oil was observed to contain the following fatty acids in this quantity order: palmitic> linoleic acid > stearic acid.     

Effect of oil type on the recovery of coal fines from coal waste slurry by the oil agglomeration process

The coal fines from slurry waste discarded from the Jamadoba coal preparation plant were used for the recovery of significant energy value coal fines. The effect of oil type was investigated using different oils (edible oil and nonedible oil) at constant pulp density (PD) and agglomeration time (AT) and varying oil dosages. (ODs) The results were evaluated based on % organic matter recovery (% OMR) and % ash rejection (% AR).     

Correlation of source rocks and crude oils in Kupal and its near oil fields,SW of Iran

The Kupal oil field is located in the north of Dezful Embayment in southwest of Iran. The purposes of this study were correlations between the Sarvak and Asmari reservoirs oils in the Kupal oil field and determining the source of oil in this field. In order to achieve these objectives, different geochemical methods, including Rock Eval, gas chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and carbon isotope analyses of asphalthene in oils and source rocks, were used. The results of pyrolyzed possible source rocks of the Kupal and its near fields by the Rock Eval apparatus indicated good source rock potential for the Kazhdumi and Pabdeh formations. In addition, Kazhdumi formation in the Haft-Kel oil field indicated gas production potential while the samples of the Gurpi formation were in a non-source rock zone. The Asmari and Bangestan reservoir oils had the same components and geochemical characteristics, except the Sarvak (Bangestan) reservoir oil in the Kupal field contained Oleanane biomarkers, whereas Asmari reservoir oil had no Oleanane biomarker. This fact was attributed to the fault in the southwestern part of the Kupal oil field, which moved the Pabdeh formation (in which its oil contains Oleanane biomarkers) to more depths and near the Sarvak formation. This movement caused the maturation of Pabdeh formation and migration of the produced oil to the Sarvak reservoir.     

Potential hybrid feedstock for biodiesel production in the tropics

Recently, mixture of different oils at various proportions have been used as feedstock for biodiesel production. The primary aim is to improve fuel properties which are strongly influenced by the fatty acid composition of the individual oil that makes up the feedstock mix. The tropics are renowned for abundant oil-bearing crops of which palm kernel oil (PKO) from palm seed and groundnut oil (GNO) are prominent. This present paper investigated biodiesel production from hybrid oil (HO) of PKO (medium carbon chain and highly saturated oil) and GNO (long carbon chain and highly unsaturated oil) at 50/50 (v/v) blending. The principal fatty acids (FAs) in the HO are oleic (35.62%) and lauric acids (24.23%) with 47.80% of saturated FA and 52.26% of unsaturated FA contents. The chemical conversion of the oil to methyl ester (ME) gave 86.56% yield. Fuel properties of hybrid oil methyl ester (the HOME) were determined in accordance with standard test methods and were found to comply with both ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. The oxidative stability, cetane number and kinematic viscosity (KV) of HOME were observed to be improved when compared with those of GNO methyl ester from single parent oil, which could be accredited to the improved FA composition of the HO. The KV (3.69 mm²/s) of HOME obtained in this paper was remarkably low compared with those reported in literature for most biodiesels. This value suggests better flow, atomization, spray and combustion of this fuel. Conclusively, the binary blend of oils can be a viable option to improve the fuel properties of biodiesel feedstock coupled with reduced cost.     

Explaining the price of oil 1971–2014 : The need to use reliable data on oil discovery and to account for ‘mid-point’ peak

This paper explains, in broad terms, the price of oil from 1971 to 2014 and focuses on the large price increases after 1973 and 2004. The explanation for these increases includes the quantity of conventional oil (i.e. oil in fields) discovered, combined with the decline in production of this oil that occurs typically once ‘mid-point’ is passed. Many past explanations of oil price have overlooked these two constraints, and hence provided insufficient explanations of oil price. Reliable data on conventional oil discovery cannot come from public-domain proved (‘1P’) oil reserves, as such data are very misleading. Instead oil industry backdated proved-plus-probable (‘2P’) data must be used. It is recognised that accessing 2P data can be expensive, or difficult. The ‘mid-point’ peak of conventional oil production results from a region's field-size distribution, its fall-off in oil discovery, and the physics of field decline. In terms of the future price of oil, estimates of the global recoverable resource of conventional oil show that the oil price will remain high on average, unless dramatic changes occur in the volume of production and cost of non-conventional oils, or if the overall demand for oil were to decline. The paper concludes with policy recommendations.     

Properties and use of jatropha curcas oil and diesel fuel blends in compression ignition engine

In the present investigation the high viscosity of the jatropha curcas oil which has been considered as a potential alternative fuel for the compression ignition (C.I.) engine was decreased by blending with diesel. The blends of varying proportions of jatropha curcas oil and diesel were prepared, analyzed and compared with diesel fuel. The effect of temperature on the viscosity of biodiesel and jatropha oil was also studied. The performance of the engine using blends and jatropha oil was evaluated in a single cylinder C.I. engine and compared with the performance obtained with diesel. Significant improvement in engine performance was observed compared to vegetable oil alone. The specific fuel consumption and the exhaust gas temperature were reduced due to decrease in viscosity of the vegetable oil. Acceptable thermal efficiencies of the engine were obtained with blends containing up to 50% volume of jatropha oil. From the properties and engine test results it has been established that 40–50% of jatropha oil can be substituted for diesel without any engine modification and preheating of the blends.