A unity power factor front-end rectifier with hysteresis current control

A three-phase front-end rectifier capable of sustaining sinusoidal input currents in phase with their corresponding input phase voltages, and performing a wide dc link voltage regulation, is analyzed and presented in this paper. It makes use of three bidirectional switches between the rectifier ac side and dc link. An output power estimator, a dc link voltage regulator and a hysteresis current controller are applied in the proposed control algorithm to obtain and track the reference currents. This control algorithm, based on hysteresis current control technique, can enable the proposed rectifier-inverter ac motor drive to function within a wide output power range and large input inductance variations, yielding low current harmonics and unity power factor. Theoretical results of its analysis are verified initially through digital simulation, and confirmed by using an experimental prototype.     

Magnetically Confined Kinetic-Energy Storage Ring using Attractive Levitation

A design concept is presented for a magnetically confined kinetic-energy storage ring (MCKESR) using attractive levitation. Key features of the design include passive ring orbital stability by the method of alternating gradients, a continuous ring to minimize major loading fluctuations, and an external dump chamber that preserves the stationary components in case of loss of confinement. The rotating ring acts as a rotor of a synchronous motor/generator, with permanent magnets mounted on the ring interacting with copper coils that are connected to a cycloconverter to provide power input/output. For a MCKESR device capable of providing diurnal load leveling to utilities, material costs appear reasonable.     

Calculation of neutral voltage shift in LCI driven induction motors

Load commutated inverter (LCI) drives are being used for adjustable speed control of induction motors and synchronous motors. It has been found that the motors and transformers connected to these drives are subjected to higher than normal voltage stresses to ground and premature failures of motors have been reported. This has been shown to be due to a voltage difference between the source side neutral voltage and the motor neutral voltage. This voltage is known as the neutral shift. This neutral shift voltage is added to the normal line to neutral or phase voltage causing a much higher than normal line or terminal to ground voltage stress in the ungrounded side of any DC linked AC converter. Voltages as high as 3.3 pu normal phase voltage may be seen for certain types of inverters. A method of determining the neutral shift voltage is presented. Results of a computer simulation of an LCI circuit and test results are presented to verify this analysis     

Suppression of converter introduced harmonic currents using aforced-commutated cycloconverter

A method of current harmonic suppression through application of a modified forced-commutated cycloconverter is described. The cycloconverter is operated using current-error control with hysteresis. Advantage is taken of the multiple source voltage switching choices available with the cycloconverter to produce corrective harmonic current injection that tracks the command with minimum error. A numerical simulation of the filter is made with a three-phase, six-pulse rectifier load. The results are presented in the forms of both harmonic residual components and Fourier spectra     

含不平衡负载的微电网中三相微源逆变器的VSG控制策略

在离网模式下,微电网中虚拟同步发电机的输出电压易受不平衡负载影响。针对此问题,文章基于一阶全通滤波器(All-Pass Filter,APF)的电压电流正、负序分离方法,利用正序功率和正序电流建立了改进VSG控制模型,改善了VSG输出电压参考。采用比例积分(Proportional Integral,PI)+准比例谐振(Quasi Proportional Resonant,QPR)电压调节器对VSG输出负序电压分量进行控制,论证了PI+QPR调节器抑制负序电压分量的优良性能。最后,仿真结果验证了该控制策略的有效性,该方法有效地改善了三相微源逆变器输出电压的对称性。     

A novel vector control hysteresis current controller for inductionmotor drives

In this paper, a novel vector control hysteresis current controller for induction motor drives is proposed. Coordination of three phase switches is made in the d-q phase plane. In addition to the current error, information of the current error derivative is further employed so that one can take full advantage of adding the zero voltage vector for reducing the switching frequency. A simple hardware implementation is also proposed such that merits of the conventional hysteresis current controller can still be kept. The theoretical basis and some simulation and experimental results are also covered in this context     

Online and Offline Rotary Regression Analysis of Torque Estimator for Switched Reluctance Motor Drives

A new torque estimator for switched reluctance motor (SRM) drives based on 2-D rotary regression analysis is presented in this paper. The proposed torque estimator is composed of a bicubic regressive polynomial as a function of rotor position and input current. The regressive coefficients can be computed offline or online from the torque characteristics acquired either experimentally or from numerical computation. Furthermore, a torque estimation method by taking mutual coupling into consideration is proposed. It can be seen that the estimated and experimentally obtained self-coupling and mutual-coupling torque characteristics are in good agreement with each other. In addition, the dynamic torque waveforms with and without the mutual coupling, estimated by the proposed estimator, are found to be virtually the same as those obtained from the bicubic spline interpolation for SRM drives with single-pulse voltage, hysteresis current chopping, as well as with voltage pulse width modulation control. The success of all the case studies being reported is a good validation of the usefulness and accuracy of the proposed real-time torque estimator that, as described in this paper, can be used to quickly estimate the instantaneous output torque of SRM drives.     

Performance improvement of a PEMFC system controlling the cathode outlet air flow

This paper presents a stationary and dynamic study of the advantages of using a regulating valve for the cathode outlet flow in combination with the compressor motor voltage as manipulated variables in a fuel cell system. At a given load current, the cathode input and output flowrate determine the cathode pressure and stoichiometry, and consequently determine the oxygen partial pressure, the generated voltage and the compressor power consumption. In order to maintain a high efficiency during operation, the cathode output regulating valve has to be adjusted to the operating conditions, specially marked by the current drawn from the stack. Besides, the appropriate valve manipulation produces an improvement in the transient response of the system. The influence of this input variable is exploited by implementing a predictive control strategy based on dynamic matrix control (DMC), using the compressor voltage and the cathode output regulating valve as manipulated variables. The objectives of this control strategy are to regulate both the fuel cell voltage and oxygen excess ratio in the cathode, and thus, to improve the system performance. All the simulation results have been obtained using the MATLAB-Simulink environment.     

Calculation of the overlap angle in slip energy recovery drivesusing a d,q/abc model

A closed-form expression for estimating the overlap angle in a slip energy recovery system is presented. The prediction of the overlap angle is important in the case of doubly-fed induction motor drives, because of its influence on speed and torque. A closed-form expression is derived using a hybrid model of the induction motor and a dynamic model of the rotor rectifier. The ripple content of the DC link current and the inverter input voltage are neglected. The results predicted by the closed-form expression are verified experimentally     

基于RBF神经网络的直流微电网均流控制策略

针对直流微电网功率分配问题,利用径向基神经网络(RBF)建立了直流变换器的动态等效模型,提出了一种改进的功率分配控制策略。以直流微电网模型为基础,以采集的本地单元变换器电压、电流值为输入,以其他单元变换器的输出电压、电流值为输出作为训练数据。在无需通讯的情况下,利用神经网络只需要本单元信息便可准确预测其它并联单元输出,并应用到本地控制器当中,从而改善功率分配和电能质量。文章利用Matlab/Simulink建立的对比仿真模型,证明了该控制策略在多种情况下都具有很好的控制效果。     

电力系统模拟试验系统的物理现象分析

鉴于电力技术的高速发展对物理模拟试验系统提出了更多新的要求,提出了新型电力系统模拟试验系统,分析了系统的各部分主要功能,并基于对模型系统与原型系统一致性的理论分析,以典型的单机—无穷大系统为例,分析了该系统在试验过程中出现的物理现象和参数变化过程。结果表明,线路发生两相故障时,故障超前相和落后相电流的大小关系取决于故障前发电机向系统输送的负荷大小;保持发电机电势不变,增加有功功率输出,当线路阻抗大于发电机同步电抗时发电机处于迟相运行,反之则处于进相运行。     

Speed control of a three-phase induction motor based on robust optimal preview control theory

A synthesized method for speed control of a three-phase induction motor (IM) based on optimal preview control system theory is implemented in this article. An IM model comprises three-input variables and three-output variables that coincide with the synchronous reference frame that is implemented using the vector method. The input variables of this model are the stator angular frequency and the two components of the stator space voltage vector, whereas the output variables are the rotor angular speed and the two components of the stator space flux linkage. The objective of the synthesized control system is to achieve motor speed control, field orientation control, and constant flux control. A novel error system is derived and introduced into the control law to increase the robustness of the system. The preview feed-forward controller, which includes the desired and disturbance signals, is used to improve the transient response of the system. A space vector pulse-width modulation (PWM) control technique for voltage source-fed IM is prepared for microprocessor-based control. Spectral analysis of the output voltage is evaluated to predict the effect of the proposed space vector modulation technique on the dynamic performance of the IM. The optimal preview controlled system is implemented, and its applicability and robustness are demonstrated by computer simulation and experimental results.     

Adaptive Dead-Time Compensation Strategy for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Drive

This paper presents an adaptive dead-time compensation strategy to obtain fundamental phase voltage for inverter-fed vector-controlled permanent magnet synchronous motor drives. A phase dead-time compensation voltage (DTCV) to compensate the disturbance voltage due to undesirable characteristics of inverter, such as dead time, turn on/off time of switching devices, and on-voltages of switching devices and diode, is transformed into q-axis DTCV in the rotor reference frame. The relationship between q-axis DTCV and a dead-time compensation time (DTCT) is investigated. DTCT is identified online by using q-axis disturbance voltage, which is estimated by a disturbance observer. The amplitude of phase DTCV is adaptively determined according to the identified DTCT. The accuracy of identified DTCT is experimentally confirmed by calculating the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) between calculated active power and measured one. MAPE for adaptive DTCT is within 5% at any operating point and is less than that for the fixed DTCT.     

Compensation of magnetic saturation in maximum torque to current vector controlled synchronous reluctance motor drives

This paper investigates the influence of magnetic saturation in maximum torque to current vector controlled synchronous reluctance motor drives. A theoretical analysis is presented where a maximum torque to current condition that takes into account and compensates the effect of magnetic saturation in the synchronous reluctance motor drive performance is derived. The proposed controller does not affect the dynamic performance of the drive and is easily implemented, since an experimental procedure is used to determine its parameter. Therefore, the knowledge of the exact motor model is not required. Several experimental results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed controlled scheme.     

A Hybrid Converter System for High-Performance Large Induction Motor Drives

A hybrid converter system employing a combination of a load-commutated inverter (LCI), a dc–dc buck converter, and a voltage-source inverter (VSI) is proposed for the large induction motor drives. The VSI ensures the safe commutation of the LCI with active commutation angle control over all speed regions. By replacing capacitor banks and a forced dc-commutation circuit, this system can eliminate all drawbacks related to these circuits in the conventional LCI-based induction motor drives. Sinusoidal motor current and voltage waveforms are achieved with the VSI providing the reactive and harmonic power to the motor, resulting in high-performance drives. The buck converter enables both the VSI and the LCI to be fed from the single-diode rectifier. As a result, the dc-link inductor size can be reduced and the LCI is operated without the controlled rectifier. In addition, faster dynamic response can be obtained through the VSI and the buck converter operation. Finally, the buck converter performs the dc-link current control to ensure minimum VSI rating. The feasibility of the proposed hybrid circuit for the high-power drive systems is verified by computer simulation for a 500-hp induction motor. Experimental results are also included for a 1-hp induction motor laboratory setup controlled by the proposed hybrid system.     

Real-time AC voltage control and power-following of a combined proton exchange membrane fuel cell,and ultracapacitor bank with nonlinear loads

The nonlinear loads create a wide range of current harmonics in the system. Such loads can make distortions on the output voltage profile, influence on the fuel cell (FC) performance, and endanger safe operation of the FC unit. In this paper, new strategies for power-following and AC voltage control have been developed. The proposed system consists of the ultracapacitor (UC) bank and proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) supplying nonlinear AC loads. The power tracking strategy is based on the Fourier analysis of total load demand. The Fourier analysis is used as an effective tool to eliminate destructive effect of current harmonics on the PEMFC output current. To supply the nonlinear AC loads under sinusoidal voltage with the fast response, a dynamic model for the inverter control loop is also presented. This model is used to enhance the input reference tracking and reject input/output disturbances. The simulation outcomes confirm the desirable PEMFC performance against nonlinear load disturbances. In addition, the output AC voltage is kept sinusoidal and has low deviations under nonlinear load variations.     

基于DSP的光伏并网逆变系统的设计

介绍了基于DSP的光伏并网逆变系统的设计。系统采用TMS320F2407作为主控芯片,通过最大功率跟踪,使太阳电池动态工作在最大功率点上。运用电流预估计原理使输出性能得到提高,通过软件锁相使输出电流同步跟踪电网电压相位,并具有电网掉电识别、过流、欠压和监控等功能,保证了光伏并网发电的安全运行,并具有远程通讯功能。     

基于自适应控制的变流器长电缆驱动引起的过电压抑制策略研究

建立长电缆传输等效电路模型,探究电机端过电压产生机理,提出基于自适应控制的过电压抑制策略,消除系统阻抗参数变化的干扰,校正变流器输出电压,抑制电机端过电压。根据直驱永磁风力发电系统参数仿真分析,结果表明自适应抑制策略可有效地抑制电机端过电压,缩短电压超调振荡时间,对系统阻抗参数变化干扰有很强的鲁棒性,可提高变流器长电缆驱动系统的可靠性。     

基于PIR的并网逆变器低频次谐波抑制策略研究

针对电网电压畸变造成并网电流低频次谐波含量较高的问题,提出一种基于比例积分-准谐振（PIR）与电流谐波检测环相结合和控制策略抑制电流谐波。首先分析并网逆变器原理,建立电流内环数学模型。基于内模原理,引入电网电压全前馈消除电网电压对网侧电流和影响,其次分析电流谐波检测与抑制原理,采用电流特定次谐波检测环对逆变器侧电流提取谐波分量,并采用闭环控制抑制电流谐波,利用伯德图对准谐振控制器参数进行设定。最后建立Matlab/Simulink仿真模型并搭建dSPACE-DS1104半实物仿真平台,分析仿真与实验结果来验证所提控制策略和有效性与可行性。     

Laboratory implementation of a neural network trajectory controllerfor a DC motor

The laboratory implementation of a neural network controller for high performance DC drives is described. The objective is to control the rotor speed and/or position to follow an arbitrarily selected trajectory at all times. The control strategy is based on indirect model reference adaptive control (MRAC). The motor characteristics are explicitly identified through a multilayer perceptron type neural network. The output of the trained neural network is used to drive the motor in order to achieve a desired time trajectory of the controlled variable. The neural network controller is assembled in a commercially available PC-based real-time control system shell, using software subroutines. An H-bridge, DC/DC voltage converter is interfaced with the computer to generate the specified terminal voltage sequences for driving the motor. All software and hardware components are off the shelf. The versatility of the motor/controller arrangement is displayed through real-time plots of the controlled states