300 MW墙式切圆锅炉水冷壁超温的数值模拟与燃烧优化

某300 MW四墙切圆燃烧锅炉在实际运行过程中一直存在着燃烧器区域的火焰刷墙与高温腐蚀现象,导致燃烧器区域水冷壁易超温,严重影响机组的安全运行。通过现场试验与数值模拟,分析了产生以上问题的原因,并针对性地提出了相应的燃烧器改造与优化方案。结果表明：造成水冷壁超温与高温腐蚀的主要原因是燃烧时火焰产生的切圆过大、火焰气流距离侧墙位置太近及喷口角度设计不合理,致使火焰与水冷壁存在着明显的刷墙现象;通过对燃烧器一、二次风以及燃尽风进行偏转角度的优化改造,能够有效减少燃烧器区域水冷壁的火焰刷墙现象,并改善其壁面气氛,从而解决水冷壁的超温与高温腐蚀。     

水冷壁管外壁大面积氧化皮形成原因分析

本文对某电厂样品水冷壁管和样品氧化皮进行了宏观检查、化学成分分析、力学性能检测、金相组织分析、SEM/EDS分析和XRD分析。试验结果和综合分析表明,水冷壁管发生了高温硫腐蚀,外壁形成大面积氧化皮。伴随着冷热循环和烟灰冲刷等综合作用,疏松氧化皮容易脱落。导致高温腐蚀的原因可能为燃烧时烟气中有较多含硫介质,并且处于还原性气氛。     

锅炉水冷壁结焦分析及处理措施

超临界墙式切圆锅炉投用后,不久发生了水冷壁管结焦现象,针对燃烧器布置特点,对一次风燃烧器喷口偏向炉心偏转19°,使假想切园直径变小.使煤粉充分燃烧,解决水冷壁结焦现象.     

旋流对冲燃烧锅炉整炉膛数值模拟与工程应用研究进展与展望

旋流对冲燃烧锅炉中常采用分级送风来实现低NO_x燃烧,会造成炉膛内O₂体积分数减小、还原性气体体积分数增大,极易诱发锅炉水冷壁高温腐蚀现象。为此综述了大型旋流对冲锅炉低NO_x燃烧技术所导致的高温腐蚀现象及贴壁风改造数值模拟研究现状,发现目前大型旋流对冲燃烧锅炉数值模拟中普遍存在使用未考虑灰层的焦炭燃烧模型及在全炉膛数值模拟中过度简化旋流燃烧器结构的问题,导致与工程实际的误差难以进一步降低,需要进一步开展单个旋流燃烧器和整炉膛数的值模拟工作,以探索旋流燃烧器内、外二次风旋流强度、风量等多回流区影响的规律和二次风量在主燃烧器区域和燃尽风区域分配对锅炉燃烧及污染物生成的影响规律。     

锅炉不同配风方式下炉内高温腐蚀影响特性研究与运行防控

切圆燃烧锅炉不同配风方式对锅炉热效率和NO_x排放浓度的研究文献很多,但其对炉内整个燃烧区域高温腐蚀的影响特性的报道较少。以某660 MW超临界机组锅炉为研究对象,通过现场测试,研究了不同配风方式对NO_x排放浓度和炉膛水冷壁高温腐蚀的影响特性,并给予了炉内水冷壁高温腐蚀运行防控方面的指导。额定负荷运行工况下,建议AA托底风风门挡板开大,有利于控制冷渣斗区域水冷壁的高温腐蚀;开大周界风门挡板以及关小紧凑燃尽风(CCOFA)和分离燃尽风(SOFA)风门挡板,将缓解主燃烧器与燃尽风之间区域水冷壁、主燃烧器区域水冷壁和冷渣斗区域水冷壁的高温腐蚀,这将为同类型机组运行提供指导和借鉴。     

华能玉环电厂1000MW超超临界锅炉水冷壁超温分析与应对方案

高参数大容量燃煤锅炉水冷壁超温的主要原因是煤水比失调,水冷壁结焦、火焰偏斜以及水冷壁节流孔圈被金属氧化皮堵塞或异物堵塞造成流经该水冷壁管的给水量减少也是造成水冷壁超温的原因。从运行调整的角度主要采用调整配风、稳定燃烧、降低升降负荷的速率、防止燃烧剧烈变化等多种手段来控制水冷壁超温。     

负荷变化对900 MW超临界锅炉炉内燃烧影响的数值模拟

利用Fluent软件对1台900 MW四角切圆燃烧锅炉在不同负荷下炉内燃烧过程进行了数值模拟,分析了负荷变化对炉内流动和传热的影响规律.结果表明:在高负荷工况下运行时,炉内燃烧充分且稳定,但是炉内火焰更容易冲刷水冷壁,可能发生局部结渣现象;在低负荷工况下运行时,炉内火焰充满度较差,切圆燃烧的稳定性显著下降,炉膛水冷壁灰污表面温度也相应降低,水冷壁表面结渣的倾向弱化,沿高度方向水冷壁吸热不均匀性增大.由于该锅炉的低NOx燃烧器采用了分离燃尽风,使得高温区扩展,火焰中心高度比采用有关标准推荐的方法计算所得结果高4~5 m.     

超超临界锅炉燃烧器区水冷壁组件制造工艺研究

锅炉燃烧器区水冷壁的结构复杂,尤其是超超临界压力锅炉在该区域选用了新的材料,需要进行相关的焊接、工装设计等方面的研究.通过对外高桥项目的锅炉燃烧器区水冷壁制造工艺难点的分析,进行了针对性的工艺研究,从而制订专用工艺方案.通过控制工艺流程中的关键环节,调整工艺参数,保证了产品的制造进度和质量.另外,还就制造实践进行了总结,提出了可改进的方面,可为今后相似结构的燃烧器区水冷壁组件的制造积累经验.     

对冲燃烧锅炉侧墙水冷壁高温腐蚀原因的空气动力研究

空气分级对冲燃烧是电站锅炉的主要燃烧方式之一.实践表明,部分燃用优质烟煤的对冲燃烧锅炉运行中出现了严重的侧墙水冷壁高温腐蚀问题.分析研究了2种不同的主流对冲燃烧布置方案及其燃烧器特点,结合锅炉冷态空气动力场试验、燃烧调整试验,对2种低NOx旋流燃烧器煤粉气流的着火、混合、燃烧过程以及对硫分反应途径的影响进行对比分析,得...     

350 MW对冲燃烧锅炉水冷壁高温腐蚀分析与治理

针对某发电有限公司2×350 MW对冲燃烧锅炉水冷壁高温腐蚀及结焦的问题进行分析,燃烧器烧损导致炉内动力场不均火焰刷墙、硫分含量高、二次风压低、吹灰器蒸汽吹损等是引起高温腐蚀的主要成因.通过贴壁风改造及后续的优化改造后,锅炉两侧墙的主燃烧区水冷壁得到保护,H2S和CO浓度明显降低,水冷壁高温腐蚀情况缓解.优化改造后20...     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Economie d'énergie en trigénération

Trigeneration is defined as the production of three useful forms of energy—heat, cold and power—from a primary source of energy such as natural gas or oil. For instance, trigeneration systems typically produce electrical power via a reciprocating engine or gas turbine and recover a large percentage of the heat energy retained in the lubricating oil, exhaust gas and coolant water systems to maximize the utilization of the primary fuel. The heat produced can be totally or partially used to fuel absorption refrigerators. Therefore, trigeneration systems enjoy an inherently high efficiency and have the potential to significantly reduce the energy-related operation costs of facilities. In this paper, we describe a model of characterization of trigeneration systems trough the condition of primary energy saving and the quality index, compared to the separate production of heat, cold and power. The study highlights the importance of the choice of the separate production reference system on the level of primary energy saving and emissions reduction.     

Mineralogical characterization of the intraseam layers of Lofoi lignite deposits in Florina basin (western Makedonia,northwest Greece)

The mineralogical composition of intraseam layers from Lofoi lignite deposits (northwest Greece) is the subject of the present study. The samples were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. The clay minerals prevail in most samples, with illite-muscovite being the dominant phase, and kaolinite and chlorite being the other major clay components. No smectite was found. Quartz and feldspars, dominate in two cases. The studied materials are characterized as clays to clayey sands, showing significant similarities with the intraseam layers of the adjacent Achlada lignite deposits.     

Innovative methodologies in renewable energy: A review

This paper is concerned with innovative approaches to renewable energy sources computation methodologies, which provide more refined results than the classical alternatives. Such refinements provide additional improvements especially for replacement of fossil energy usages that emit greenhouse gas (GHG) into the atmosphere leading to climate change impact. Current knowledge gap among each renewable energy source calculation is rather missing fundamentals of plausible, rational, and logical explanations for the interpretation of results. In the literature, there are rather complicated and mechanically applicable methodologies, which require input and output measurement data match with missing physical explanations. The view taken in this review paper is to concentrate on quite plausible, logical, rational, and effectively applicable innovative energy calculation methodologies with simplistic fundamentals. For this purpose, a set of renewable energy methodological approaches is revisited with their innovative structures concerning solar, wind, hydro, current, and geothermal energy resources. With the increase in the renewable energy utilizations to combat the undesirable impacts of global warming and climate change, there is a need for better models that will include physical environmental conditions and data properties in the probabilistic, statistical, stochastic, logical, and rational senses leading to refined and more reliable estimations with application examples in the text. Finally, new research directions are also recommended for more refined innovative energy system calculations.     

Constrained Optimization of Heat Transfer from an Extended Surface

Two different zero‐order optimization techniques are used to maximize the rates of heat transfer from a fin assembly of a specified cost and in the shape of several annular fins that are mounted on a central stem. The problem is formulated to account for two‐dimensional steady‐state heat transfer that is limited by several inequality constraints. The dimensionless governing equations are used to identify the relevant decision variables. The number of fins making up the assembly is treated as an input parameter. A digital computer is used to determine the required temperature distributions and to implement the optimization search algorithms. Three different fin materials are assessed—aluminum, copper and carbon steel. Design optimizations of the extended surface assembly were made over a range of operating conditions, encompassing several different convection heat transfer coefficients that are representative of free and forced convection in air, and several different overall temperature differences between the substrate surface and air. A few recommendations based on trends in the predicted results are given. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 43(6): 504–521, 2014; Published online 3 October 2013 in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj ). DOI 10.1002/htj.21093     

Synthesis and electrochemical properties of Li1−xFe0.8Ni0.2O2–LixMnO2 (Mn/(Fe + Ni + Mn) = 0.8) material

A new type of Li_1−xFe_0.8Ni_0.2O₂–Li_xMnO₂ (Mn/(Fe + Ni + Mn) = 0.8) material was synthesized at 350 °C in air atmosphere using a solid-state reaction. The material had an XRD pattern that closely resembled that of the original Li_1−xFeO₂–Li_xMnO₂ (Mn/(Fe + Mn) = 0.8) with much reduced impurity peaks. The Li/Li_1−xFe_0.8Ni_0.2O₂–Li_xMnO₂ cell showed a high initial discharge capacity above 192 mAh g⁻¹, which was higher than that of the parent Li/Li_1−xFeO₂–Li_xMnO₂ (186 mAh g⁻¹). We expected that the increase of initial discharge capacity and the change of shape of discharge curve for the Li/Li_1−xFe_0.8Ni_0.2O₂–Li_xMnO₂ cell is the result from the redox reaction from Ni²⁺ to Ni³⁺ during charge/discharge process. This cell exhibited not only a typical voltage plateau in the 2.8 V region, but also an excellent cycle retention rate (96%) up to 45 cycles.     

CY6D78Ti型柴油机的开发研制

本文介绍了CY6D78Ti型柴油机的开发研制过程及现状,CY6D78Ti型柴油机能满足国内中、重型卡车和豪华客车市场对柴油机动力性、经济性、可靠性的需求。由于该机型的高档配置,保证了其排放达到欧Ⅱ标准,同时为进一步提高性能、降低排放,采用电控及高压共轨等技术手段搭建了平台。