钙钛矿型多晶薄膜太阳电池(1)

<正>0引言多年来,硅晶片太阳电池一直是光伏太阳电池领域的主流。为进一步降低太阳电池的发电成本,从上世纪70年代起,陆续发展了几种薄膜太阳电池,包括:硅基薄膜电池、碲化镉薄膜电池、铜铟镓硒电池、染料敏化电池和有机薄膜电池等。虽然经过多年的努力,薄膜电池在研发方面取得了重要进展,但都尚未达到预期的目标。或是由于电池效率不够高,研发进展缓慢;或是由于电池组分中含有稀有元素,成本降不下来,将来也恐难满足大规模太阳电     

硅太阳电池稳步走向薄膜化

考察了硅太阳电池在光伏产业中所处的地位,分析了薄膜硅太阳电池的发展趋势。指出硅太阳电池在未来15a仍将保持优势地位,并继续沿着晶硅电池和薄膜硅电池两个方向发展。在此发展过程中,两个发展方向的主流很可能会汇合到一起,共同促使低成本、高效率、高可靠薄膜晶硅电池的诞生和产业化,从而继续保持硅太阳电池的优势地位。     

用于晶硅异质结太阳电池的透明导电薄膜研究进展

提升晶硅异质结（HJT）太阳电池的电流有望进一步提高电池效率,透明导电氧化物薄膜（TCO）是影响HJT太阳电池电流的重要功能层。该文首先介绍了TCO薄膜的自身特性,包括掺杂元素和掺杂比例、制备技术对薄膜特性的影响。同时总结了薄膜特性对HJT太阳电池性能的影响。最后阐述了TCO薄膜应用的最新进展及发展趋势,增加盖帽层或多层TCO薄膜有望改善薄膜整体特性及电池性能。以期指导TCO薄膜特性的优化,从而进一步提高HJT太阳电池效率,加快HJT太阳电池产业化进程。     

不同ZnO/Cu2O异质结电池的光伏性能

采用电化学沉积法,分别制备薄膜/薄膜型(薄膜型)和薄膜/纳米线型(复合型)Cu2O/ZnO异质结太阳电池,并通过光吸收谱和电流-电压谱测试两类太阳电池的性能。研究发现,与薄膜型异质结太阳电池相比,复合型电池具有更高的电池转换效率。通过对两种不同太阳电池的结构表明,增大PN结面积和改善异质结界面性质是提升该类异质结太阳电池性能的重要途径。     

无机纳米粒子和有机聚合物混合太阳电池

IBM 新型薄膜太阳电池 IBM 最近发布了一款新型薄膜太阳电池.这款电池将同类电池所达到的9.6%的能效功率提高到了40%.     

硅薄膜太阳电池制备技术发展概况

薄膜太阳电池是缓解能源危机的新型光伏器件。作为应用最为广泛的硅基薄膜太阳电池,本文主要总结硅薄膜电池的制备工艺和制备方法,讨论了不同陷光结构对太阳电池性能的影响,介绍了最新高效太阳电池的制备方法,并展望硅薄膜太阳电池的发展趋势。     

新产品

<正>IBM新型薄膜太阳电池IBM最近发布了一款新型薄膜太阳电池。这款电池将同类电池所达到的9.6%的能效功率提高到了40%。它的原料成本比传统的太阳电池低。IBM用了9个月时间来研发这款薄膜太阳电池,用铜、锡、锌、硒来代替昂贵的铜铟镓硒化物或碲化镉作     

石墨浆做背接触层的碲化镉薄膜太阳电池及组件的研究

使用掺杂石墨浆作为碲化镉薄膜太阳电池的背接触层.研究了石墨浆的成分、涂覆了石墨浆后的热处理工艺对单元电池器件性能的影响.使用优化工艺制备了大面积集成碲化镉薄膜太阳电池.结果表明:使用石墨浆背接触层,可将单元电池效率从3.8%提高到10.2%;将优化了的石墨浆处理工艺应用到27.0cm×36.7cm的大面积集成碲化镉薄膜太阳电池上,得到了7.4%的转化效率.     

硅基薄膜太阳电池技术的发展

本文综述了硅基薄膜太阳电池技术的发展历程。在分析光伏产品现状基础上指出硅基薄膜太阳电池当前面临的挑战主要是稳定效率较低,面临大幅降价的晶硅电池,其发电成本不具备优势,导致其市场份额不高。详细分析了影响硅基薄膜太阳电池效率的原因,阐述了提高硅基薄膜太阳电池稳定效率的主要技术途径是:发展新型高吸收系数宽带隙和窄带隙光伏材料、采用多结叠层电池结构和光管理设计。     

第三代太阳电池转换效率提高方法

目前在对太阳电池的研究中,如何提高太阳电池光电转换效率是研究重点。而第三代太阳电池在利用第二代太阳电池低成本薄膜技术的基础上可大幅度提高电池的效率。本文主要介绍了第三代薄膜太阳电池的基本概念与工作原理,阐述了提高第三代太阳电池效率的各种方法:增加能级数量、增加激发产生的载流子的数量、载流子热能化之前俘获载流子、热能方法。     

Light trapping in layer-transferred quasi-monocrystalline porous silicon solar cell

Quasi-monocrystalline porous silicon (QMPS) layers have a top surface like crystalline silicon with small voids in the body. Such layers are reported to have significantly higher absorption coefficient compared to crystalline silicon at the wavelength of interest for solar cells. A model has been developed to account for higher absorption coefficient of QMPS layer. The model conforms to the experimental results. The model is then extended to predict absorption coefficient of QMPS layer for different thickness, porosity and void size. Interesting results are obtained, particularly regarding the dependence of absorption coefficient on thickness and void diameter of QMPS layers. Computed values of absorption coefficient and some experimental results relating to electronic properties of QMPS layers are used to investigate the solar cell potential of QMPS layers. Short circuit current density of about 31 mA/cm² is predicted for a QMPS layer of thickness 4 μm having average void radius of about 15 nm assuming effective diffusion length to be 5 μm.     

A TEM study of SiC particles and filaments precipitated in multicrystalline Si for solar cells

The microstructure of SiC particles and SiC filament-type precipitates found in block-cast multicrystalline Si was studied in detail by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM investigations showed that the SiC particles are single crystalline and the SiC filaments are microcrystalline. Both types of precipitates consist of cubic SiC. However, a high density of planar defects was found in the filaments. Very wavy and rough interface between SiC filaments and silicon (Si) was revealed by high-resolution TEM. In addition, SiC filaments do not show a special orientation relationship with respect to the Si matrix. The growth mechanisms of SiC precipitates are discussed. Finally, the influence of SiC inclusions in terms of device performance is considered.     

Characterisation of direct epitaxial silicon thin film solar cells on a low-cost substrate

Direct epitaxial crystalline silicon thin film (CSiTF) solar cells on low-cost silicon sheets from powder (SSP) ribbons have been prepared using rapid thermal chemical vapour deposition (CVD) growth. The characterisation of CSiTF solar cells was investigated by electron and spectrally resolved light beam induced current (EBIC and SR-LBIC, respectively). All EBIC measurements were performed on both the front-side surface as well as on the cross-section of CSiTF solar cells. The electrical recombination was detected by EBIC and compared with their morphologies. The results of EBIC scan show that recombination centres are situated at grain boundaries (GBs); higher the density of grain, higher the recombination activities (higher contrast). Recombination of different intensity (strong and weak) takes place at vertical GBs. Compared with the high recombination at GBs, the contrast in intragrain is low. The dark contrast of the GBs and intragrain defects is clearly reduced near the surface due to the passivation by hydrogen, which indicates that the minority carrier diffusion length decreases gradually with the depth perpendicular to the surface. The diffusion length was determined by SR-LBIC. The results show that the diffusion length distribution is quite inhomogeneous over the whole cell area. A maximum L_eff of about 25 μm and mean values around 15 μm are calculated for the best solar cell.     

Effect of passivation process in upgraded metallurgical grade (UMG)-silicon solar cells

We have investigated the effect of high-pressure pure hydrogen annealing (HPHA) for upgraded metallurgical grade (UMG)-silicon solar cell in order to obtain cost-effective high-efficiency cell using post-metallization anneal at a relatively low temperature. We have observed that high-pressure pure hydrogen annealing effectively passivated the defects and improved the minority carrier lifetime, series resistance and conversion efficiency. It can be attributed to significantly improved hydrogenation in high-pressure pure hydrogen process. This improvement can be explained by the enhanced hydrogenation of silicon solar cell with antireflection layer due to hydrogen re-incorporation. The results of this experiment represent a promising guideline for improving the high-efficiency solar cells by introducing an easy and low cost process of post-hydrogenation in optimized condition.     

The development of sulfonated polyether ether ketone (sPEEK) and titanium silicon oxide (TiSiO4) composite membranes for DMFC applications

This work aims to develop composite membranes based sPEEK polymer matrix with TiSiO₄ for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) applications. The sPEEK having 53% of degree of sulfonation (DS) was preferred to avoid dissolution and high-swelling problems of the polymer matrix at the operating conditions. The various content of TiSiO₄, prepared by the calcination reaction of TiO₂ and SiO₂ nano-powders, was placed into the sPEEK matrix using the solution-casting method. The thermal and physicochemical properties of the composite membranes were characterized. AC impedance spectroscopy and methanol diffusivity measurements were conducted to determine the fuel cell characteristics of the membranes. The composite sPEEK membrane with 2.5 wt% TiSiO₄ performed the highest single-cell DMFC test performance compared with sPEEK and Nafion™ 117 membranes. It can be concluded that the composite sPEEK membranes with TiSiO₄ can be promising and low-cost alternative membranes for DMFC applications.     

Reduction of optical losses in colored solar cells with multilayer antireflection coatings

Solar modules are becoming an everyday presence in several countries. So far, the installation of such modules has been performed without esthetic concerns, typical locations being rooftops or solar power plants. Building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems represent an interesting, alternative approach for increasing the available area for electricity production and potentially for further reducing the cost of solar electricity. In BIPV, the visual impression of a solar module becomes important, including its color. The color of a solar module is determined by the color of the cells in the module, which is given by the antireflection coating (ARC). The ARC is a thin film structure that significantly increases the amount of current produced by and, hence, the efficiency of a solar cell. The deposition of silicon nitride single layer ARCs with a dark blue color is the most common process in the industry today and plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) is mostly used for this purpose. However, access to efficient, but differently colored solar cells are important for the further development of BIPV. In this paper, the impact of varying the color of an ARC upon the optical characteristics and efficiency of a solar cell is investigated. The overall transmittance and reflectance of a set of differently colored single layer ARCs are compared with multilayered silicon nitride ARCs, all made using PECVD. These are again compared with porous silicon ARCs fabricated using an electrochemical process allowing for the rapid and simple manufacture of ARC structures with many tens of layers. In addition to a comparison of the optical characteristics of such solar cells, the effect of using colored ARCs on solar cell efficiency is quantified using the solar cell modeling tool PC1D. This work shows that the use of multilayer ARC structures can allow solar cells with a range of different colors throughout the visual spectrum to retain very high efficiencies.     

Highly efficient poly(fluorene phenylene) copolymer as a new class of binder for high‐capacity silicon anode in lithium‐ion batteries

In this research, a novel approach involving the use of a fluorescent and ductile polymer for the high capacity Li‐ion battery application is reported. Poly(fluorene phenylene) copolymer as a conjugated polymer containing with lateral substituents, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) units, as a latent building unit for conjugation and electrolyte uptake was prepared and characterized. The synthesis process was carried out via Suzuki coupling reaction with Pd‐based catalyst by using separately obtained PEG functionalized dibromobenzene in combination with dioctylfluorene‐diboronic acid bis(1,3‐propanediol) ester. A flexible and conductive polymer was synthesized and utilized as a binder for high performance Si‐anode. The observed full capacity of cycling of silicon particles, ie, at C/3 with the capacity of 605 mAh/g after 1000^th cycle, confirms the good performance without any supplementary conductive additive. The designed and prepared binder polymer with multi‐functionality exhibits better features such as better electronic conductivity, high polarity, good mechanical strength, and adhesion.     

PEDOT:PSS对PEDOT:PSS/Si杂化太阳电池性能影响的研究

聚合物poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate(PEDOT:PSS)是一种具有高电导率和良好透过性的p型半导体材料。PEDOT:PSS/Si杂化太阳电池由于具有较低的工艺温度,且工艺简单而具有一定的前景。在这种杂化太阳电池结构中,PEDOT:PSS的光学、电学性质对器件性能有重要影响。分别从PEDOT:PSS退火工艺、溶液二次掺杂(二甲基亚砜)的含量以及PEDOT:PSS薄膜厚度3个方面对薄膜的光、电特性以及器件性能的影响进行研究,并优化相关工艺。根据这些优化的参数,最终得到6.63%的太阳电池转化效率(太阳电池面积为2.25 cm^2)。     

Analysing consequence of solar irradiance on amorphous silicon solar cell in variable underwater environments

Harvesting underwater Solar energy using photovoltaic (PV) technology leads to an innovative approach to utilize it in monitoring various underwater sensors, devices, or other autonomous systems using modern-day power electronics. Another huge advantage of placing PV cells underwater comes from the fact that the water itself can provide cooling and cleaning for the cells. Such advantages come with many challenges and constraints due to the underwater spectral change and decrease in Solar radiation with an increase in water depth. In this work, an experimental set-up has been realized to create an underwater environment and further characterized in the indoor environment using the Solar simulator. Moreover, the transfer of Solar radiation through water and the performance of amorphous silicon Solar cell underwater up to 0.2 m has been analysed in changing underwater environments. This investigation shows a better understanding of solar radiation underwater and the amorphous silicon solar cell underwater at shallow depths with considering the water depth up to 0.2 m, salinity 3.5%, total dissolved salts, and other impurities affecting the solar radiation and the performance of amorphous silicon Solar cell in underwater conditions. In addition to that, the maximum power output P_max of amorphous silicon Solar cell is 0.0367 W at 0.2 m in the case of DI water. In contrast, in real seawater and artificial seawater with 3.5% salinity, it shows 0.0337 W and 0.0327 W, respectively.     

颗粒硅带多晶硅薄膜太阳电池的研制

以工业硅粉为原料制备出颗粒硅带（SSP），对颗粒硅带表面形态进行了分析。以SSP为衬底，采用快速热化学气相沉积（RTCVD）法生长多晶硅薄膜，并以此制作出效率为2．93％的颗粒硅带多晶硅薄膜太阳电池，这在国内属首先。并报道了对以SSP为衬底的多晶硅薄膜太阳电池的初步研究结果，同时讨论了该类电源的结构、工艺特点和改进措施。