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1.
为了明确城市固体废弃物中的塑料组分燃烧时生成的多环芳烃的特性,以及相应的抑制措施,在小型三段流化床上进行了混合塑料的燃烧试验,研究了不同燃烧温度时,以及相同一次风下二次风配比比例不同时多环芳烃的生成特性。并就混合塑料添加煤和不添加煤燃烧时多环芳烃的生成水平进行了比较。结果显示,混合塑料燃烧时,多环芳烃排放总量要比单组分燃烧多环芳烃量加权平均后的水平低;添加煤燃烧时,排放水平比不添加煤有明显的下降,在加20%的煤的时候排放水平最低;一次风量相同时,加适当比例(约0.20时)的二次风,可以取得抑制塑料垃圾生成多环芳烃的最佳效果。图12表1参8  相似文献   

2.
富氧气氛下循环流化床煤燃烧试验研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
在O2/CO2气氛和O2/N2气氛下,对氧浓度为21%~35%的循环流化床进行了煤燃烧的试验研究,比较了不同气氛下的煤燃烧特性和炉内温度分布以及NOx、NO2的排放规律和脱硫效率.试验显示富氧气氛下煤能够稳定燃烧,循环回路通畅;给煤量一定,随着试验气氛中氧含量的增加,燃烧效率逐渐增高.O2/CO2气氛下的燃烧效率略低于相同氧含量的O2/N2气氛下的燃烧效率;随着试验气氛中氧含量的增加,NOx排放量增加,SO2排放量略有减小,石灰石脱硫效率略有提高.  相似文献   

3.
医疗垃圾焚烧炉回转窑转速与灰渣二恶英排放的关系   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
通过某回转窑-流化床医疗垃圾焚烧炉的燃烧实验,采集了不同回转窑转速条件下的飞灰和底渣样品,测定了其中的二恶英含量,并研究了回转窑转速与灰渣二恶英排放的关联特性.研究发现,随回转窑转速增加,灰渣的二恶英毒性排放总量增加;当转速为0.82 r/min时,飞灰中二恶英总量和毒性当量排放分别为41.05 ng/g和7.58 ng(I-TEQ)/g;流化床底渣样品中的二恶英含量比飞灰小很多.研究还发现,随着焚烧炉尾部烟气中NO<,x>和H<,2>O含量的增加,飞灰中二恶英总量呈现减少的趋势;随着烟气中O<,2>浓度的增加,飞灰中二恶英总量也随之增加,因此,通过关联性较好的常规气体成分(污染物)浓度的检测,可以在一定程度上预测燃烧_T况的好坏及飞灰中二恶英排放的程度.  相似文献   

4.
流化床煤燃烧氟析出与控制的试验研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
分析了流化床煤燃烧氟析出特性,并进行了流化床石灰石燃烧固氟试验.考察了床温和石灰石的添加量和粒度对固氟效果的影响.结果表明,流化床煤燃烧氟化物排放率在53%~78%,明显低于煤粉炉煤燃烧氟化物排放强度.流化床燃烧时,石灰石的固氟效果明显,床温对固氟效果的影响不大,石灰石的添加量和粒度对固氟效果有显著的影响.试验采用0.2-1.0mm粒度的石灰石固氟效果最佳,在添加量Ca/F比为60—70的条件下,脱氟率达到66.7%~70.0%.在燃煤过程添加石灰石具有固氟固硫的双重作用.  相似文献   

5.
在非均匀布风的流化床燃烧系统中进行了半焦中添加PVC/NaCl的混烧试验,研究了Cl元素对燃烧中CO氧化的影响以及混烧时SOx等污染物的生成规律.试验结果表明,半焦与PVC/NaCl混烧在技术上可行,添加Cl元素抑制CO氧化,加入PVC增加SO2排放,而加入NaCl则减少SO2排放.  相似文献   

6.
富氧燃烧技术不仅能使分离收集CO2和处理SO2容易进行,还能减少NOX排放,是一种能够综合控制燃煤污染物排放的新型洁净燃烧技术。进行了O2/CO2气氛和O2/N2气氛下的循环流化床煤燃烧试验.重点分析了煤燃烧生成的污染物NOX、SO2的排放规律及石灰石脱硫效率,进行了循环流化床富氧燃烧系统的平衡分析并得到了相关试验的证实.为循环流化床富氧燃烧技术的工业应用做了基础和重要的准备。图9表2参9  相似文献   

7.
为了探究氢气微型燃气轮机的燃烧特性,用数值模拟方法分析了6种不同当量比工况下的燃烧室内流场特性、压力损失、燃烧效率、NOx排放和速度分布等参数。结果表明:当量比对回流区的范围影响不大,压力损失和出口速度随当量比增加逐渐增大,出口温度分布系数(OTDF)、排气温度和NOx排放随当量比的增加先增大后减小;径向速度的分布关于燃烧室中心轴线对称;当量比小于1时,燃烧效率在99.9%以上;当量比大于1时,燃烧效率随当量比增加而降低;当量比为1时,排气温度达到2 500 K,NOx排放达到最大值,偏离化学当量比燃烧有利于抑制NOx的生成。  相似文献   

8.
旨在为商业运行循环流化床锅炉混烧石油焦与煤提供指导及优化方案,首次在金陵石化220t/h商业运行循环流化床锅炉上进行了石油焦与煤混合燃烧脱硫性能试验研究.研究了燃烧过程中,密相区床温、Ca/s摩尔比、石油焦/煤热量比等参数对烟气中SO2排放浓度的影响规律。研究表明,密相区床温是影响脱硫的一个重要因素,在本试验温度范围内,随着床温升高,脱硫效率下降很快.床温有一最佳温度,其SO2排放浓度最低。随Ca/S摩尔比增大,SO2排放浓度降低。石油焦/煤热量比对脱硫没有明显的影响。表3、图7、参考文献9。  相似文献   

9.
煤气化-无烟燃烧锅炉作为一种新型锅炉,采用“多孔分层错列射流式”二次风,将空气分级燃烧及低氧燃烧技术有机地结合在一起.通过“0.1t/h煤无烟燃烧热态试验台”上的研究表明,该锅炉有效地抑制YNOx的排放,同传统燃烧方式相比可降低30%以上,满足现行国家环保标准中对燃油、燃气锅炉的排放要求,即低于400mg/m^3。  相似文献   

10.
为解决国华印尼电厂燃用印尼褐煤的干燥,及干燥后衍生的湿煤末(煤泥)的回用问题,在0.5m×0.5m异重循环流化床中试试验炉上燃用印尼褐煤湿煤末制备的煤泥浆,并进行污染物排放和燃烧效率分析,为褐煤湿煤末(煤泥)的回用提供中试试验数据支撑.结果表明:印尼褐煤湿煤末(煤泥)浆液在循环流化床锅炉中能稳定燃烧,燃烧效率达到98%以上,燃烧过程中无需添加其他燃料,焚烧污染物排放均能达到《GB13223-2011》火电厂大气污染物排放标准.  相似文献   

11.
Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.  相似文献   

12.
正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.  相似文献   

13.
Performance assessment of some ice TES systems   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.  相似文献   

14.
Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NOx emissions. High NOx emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NOx and CO2 emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.  相似文献   

15.
16.
The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.  相似文献   

17.
The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m2 parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO2 emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.  相似文献   

18.
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H2 yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H2 production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m?2 s?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H2 yield was 255 μmol mg?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H2 yield included decreased O2 content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H2ase activity and starch content of the combined system.  相似文献   

19.
Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H2 kg−1 VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min−1 successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H2 kg−1 VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.  相似文献   

20.
The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σred = σ1 β + (1 − β)σi, where: σ1-maximal principal stress, σi-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.  相似文献   

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