蓄热式燃烧技术在新兴铸管一轧加热炉上的应用实践

简述了高温空气燃烧(HTAC)技术在提高工业炉窑效益、节能和环保等方面的优越性。采用高温空气燃烧技术，利用放散的低热值燃料(高炉煤气)和蓄热式烧嘴对新兴铸管一轧加热炉进行了全面的技术改造，获得了加热质量优良，大幅度节能降耗的良好效果。     

酒钢高效蓄热式加热炉的设计与应用

通过介绍酒钢2^#高线蓄热式加热炉的设计特点及应用效果等情况，表明高效蓄热式燃烧技术应用在加热炉上是一项高效、节能和环保的先进技术。     

高温空气燃烧技术的节能环保效益

介绍高温空气燃烧技术的发展历程和该技术在节能、环保方面的特征.以目前冶金行业部分应用高温空气燃烧技术企业的实际效果为依据,指出在我国应用该项技术具有巨大的节能和环保效益.     

工业窑炉用高效低压煤气烧嘴的设计与应用

重点介绍了工业窑炉用的一种新型低压煤气烧嘴的设计原理和使用效果；叙述了应用近代流体力学的新理论对烧嘴进行动态分析，使其达到高效、节能的目的。     

国家专利节能环保设备蒸汽回收压缩机—带自增压环的加压装置

四川绵阳星恒节能环保有限公司(四川梓潼节能设备厂)是我国较早生产节能环保设备的专业厂家，已有17年的历史。拥有自主知识产权的专利节能设备“蒸汽回收机——带自增压环的加压装置”、“锅炉高效湿式除尘机”，被国家科委列为全国优秀节能新产品和重点推广项目产品，己在全国300余例广泛应用，收到了明显的节能效益和社会效益。两段专利产品，是您可以信赖的新型节能环保设备。本专利从未对外转让。     

扬州市加快发展节能环保产业的思考

摘要：2013年8月，国务院出台了加快发展节能环保产业的意见，进一步确立了节能环保产业的发展战略和经济支柱地位。作为地方经济如何把握机遇与国家发展战略接轨，更好地结合本地实际推动节能环保产业快速健康发展，需要对本地的产业现状进行审视，对发展重点进行决择，对发展策略进行明确。本文将结合扬州近年来节能环保产业的发展现状，指出产业发展所存在的问题，探讨产业未来的发展重点，提出有针对性的政策建议，助力扬州节能环保产业加快发展。     

2^#加热炉技术改造及其效果

本文介绍了２＾＃加热炉经过技术改造，达到节能的目的，使企业获得好的经济效益。     

新型自身预热烧嘴研制

自身预热烧嘴是一个把烧嘴、换热器和排烟系统有机的组合为一体的新型燃烧装置，具有节能、消除污染及提高产品质量等作用。节能效果尤其显著，可达３０％以上，是目前热处理行业值得使用的新产品。     

国家发改委节能信息传播中心发布案例研究86——空气源热泵热水机组的应用

案例研究目的 通过对无锡金海花园酒店应用空气源热泵热水机组来替代燃煤锅炉节能项目的研究，从环保、节能、经济效益及市场潜力等方面分析其推广应用的可行性。     

宝山中小学大力营造节能环保氛围

节能宣传周以来，宝山区中小学通过积极开展“节能、减材、环保”为内容的学校主题教育和社会实践活动，营造节能、减材、环保的校园文化。不少学校利用升旗仪式、晨会、班会、红领巾广播等时间向全校师生进行节能、减材、环保的知识宣传。此外，各学校开展节能倡议、节能小调查、听节能报告等活动，让学生了解有关环保的知识。学校还组织学生开展了换一次节能灯、拒一次性筷子、节一滴水、省一度电、蓄一元钱、留一张纸等活动，     

Effects of Moisture and Hydrogen Content on the Heating Value of Fuels

Abstract

In this work, effects of moisture and hydrogen contents on lower heating value (LHV) of fuels were investigated. The LHV at constant pressure measures the enthalpy change of combustion with and without water condensed, respectively. Moisture in biomass generally decreases its heating value. Moisture in biomass is stored in spaces within the dead cells and within the cell walls. Higher heating value (HHV) of a fuel decreases with increasing of its moisture content. The LHV of a fuel increases with increasing of its hydrogen content. The LHV of a fuel depends on its oxygen content and the LHV of a fuel decreases with increasing of its oxygen content. The LHV of a fuel increases with increasing the hydrogen content due to cause combustion water. Moisture in a fuel generally decreases its HHV. The LHV of a fuel increases with increasing the sulfur content due to cause SO_x gases absorbed by water.     

Recent progress in nitrogen-doped carbon and its composites as electrocatalysts for fuel cell applications

The emergence of fuel cell technology has created a new tool for the generation of clean, high efficiency alternative energy for humans. The research and development of new catalysts to replace the expensive and rare platinum (Pt) to reduce the overall cost of fuel cells is ongoing in this area. Nitrogen-doped carbon and its composites possess great potential for fuel cell catalyst applications especially at the oxygen reduction cathode. It is proposed that the reaction mechanisms of nitrogen-doped carbon catalysts for oxygen reduction involve adsorption of oxygen at the partially polarised carbon atoms adjacent to the nitrogen dopants, different from the mechanism at platinum catalysts, which utilise d-bands filling at oxygen adsorption sites. Nitrogen doping in both carbon nanostructures and its composites with active metals or ceramics are reviewed. Nitrogen-doped carbon without composite metals, displays high catalytic activity in alkaline fuel cells and exhibits significant activity in proton exchange membrane fuel cells and direct methanol fuel cells. Pt-based catalysts with nitrogen-doped carbon supports show enhanced catalytic activity towards oxygen reduction, attributed to the enhanced anchoring of Pt to the support that results in better dispersion and stability of the electrodes. For nitrogen-doped carbon composites with non-noble metals (Fe, Co, etc), enhanced activity is seen in both proton exchange and alkaline fuel cells. There are many ongoing debates about the nature of nitrogen-carbon bond in catalysis. Pyrrole- and pyridinic-type nitrogen generally considered to be responsible for the catalytic sites in acidic and alkaline media, respectively. In recent years, significant efforts have been made towards increasing the stability of nitrogen-doped carbon catalysts in acidic media through the formation of composites with ceramic or metal oxide materials. This article reviews the progress in the area of this new class of catalysts and their composites for greater enhancement of oxygen reduction activity and stability in various fuel cell applications.     

Study on the influence of segmented fuel cell by grooving method and its application in oxygen starvation diagnosis

The oxygen starvation in fuel cells is an important reason for the deterioration of durability. The segmented fuel cell is a method to study the gas distribution inside the fuel cell. In order to study the influence of the grooving method on segmented fuel cell and its application in oxygen starvation diagnosis, a five-serpentine-channel three-dimensional two-phase simulation model is established by FLUENT. Through steady-state simulation, the effect of grooving method on fuel cell performance is studied. The overall performance (polarization curve) of the fuel cell drops slightly, but the current density distribution on the anode graphite plate changes greatly due to the grooves. The “current concentration” phenomenon is proposed based on the current density distribution. Through dynamic simulation, the oxygen starvation under current load mode and voltage load mode is simulated, and the “starvation coefficient” is defined as an oxygen starvation diagnostic index. In the current load mode, the “starvation coefficient” never exceed 15%, because when the oxygen starvation is severe, the simulation cannot converge or even cannot maintain, which corresponds to the voltage reversal in reality. However, in the voltage load mode, the “starvation coefficient” can reach up to 100%. The conclusions have important guiding significance for the judgment of the internal reaction uniformity of the segmented fuel cell by grooving method and provide a theoretical basis for judging whether a fuel cell is out of oxygen by segmented fuel cell.     

Fabrication of hydrogen electrode supported cell for utilized regenerative solid oxide fuel cell application

A utilized regenerative solid oxide fuel cell (URSOFC) provides the dual function of performing energy storage and power generation, all in one unit. When functioning as an energy storage device, the URSOFC acts like a solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC) in water electrolysis mode; whereby the electric energy is stored as (electrolyzied) hydrogen and oxygen gases. While hydrogen is useful as a transportation fuel and in other industrial applications, the URSOFC also acts as a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) in power generation mode to produce electricity when needed. The URSOFC would be a competitive technology in the upcoming hydrogen economy on the basis of its low cost, simple structure, and high efficiency. This paper reports on the design and manufacturing of its anode support cell using commercially available materials. Also reported are the resulting performance, both in electrolysis and fuel cell modes, as a function of its operating parameters such as temperature and current density. We found that the URSOFC performance improved with increasing temperature and its fuel cell mode had a better performance than its electrolysis mode due to a limited humidity inlet causing concentration polarization. In addition, there were great improvements in performance for both the SOFC and SOEC modes after the first test and could be attributed to an increase in porosity within the oxygen electrode, which was beneficial for the oxygen reaction.     

质子交换膜燃料电池的应用研究

质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）与其它燃料电池一样，是利用氧化、还原反应产生电子流的装置。它以氢为燃料、以氧为氧化剂，把化学能直接转化为电能。由于该电池以氢气为燃料，生成的产物是水，对环境造成的污染少。在化石燃料日益短缺及环境污染日益严峻的条件下，燃料电池倍受关注。而近几年发展起来的质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）由于其无污染、发电效率高等特点正受到各国各部门的重视。主要评述了PEMFC的主要用途、工作原理及其实现商业化所面临的几个主要问题。     

单原子催化剂在氢燃料电池阴极氧还原反应中的研究进展

氢燃料电池是一种高效、环境友好以及零碳排放的能量转化技术,然而高成本的贵金属催化剂阻碍了其规模化应用。单原子催化剂因具有高原子利用率、高催化活性和选择性、低成本等优点,对氧分子表现出优异的催化还原性能,在氢燃料电池中具有广阔的应用前景。如何设计合成高效和低成本的单原子催化剂成为该领域的研究热点。重点综述贵金属单原子催化剂和非贵金属单原子催化剂在氢燃料电池阴极氧还原反应中的研究进展,总结提出增强单原子催化剂氧还原性能的调控策略,包括配位结构、局域环境、双原子对、缺陷位点以及暴露活性位点等调控机制,为从原子尺度设计高效氧还原催化剂提供了思路借鉴,并对氢燃料电池氧还原单原子催化剂的发展机遇与挑战进行了展望。     

Multi-objective optimization of gradient porosity of gas diffusion layer and operation parameters in PEMFC based on recombination optimization compromise strategy

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is one of the most promising power energy sources in the world, and its mechanism research has become the main starting point to improve the comprehensive performance of fuel cells. The gas diffusion layer (GDL) of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell has a significant impact on the overall performance of the cell as an important component in supporting the catalytic layer, collecting the current, conducting the gas and discharging the reaction product water. In this paper, a three-dimensional two-phase isothermal fuel cell model is established based on COMSOL, the gradient porosity of the GDL, thickness of the GDL, operating voltage and working pressure of proton exchange membrane fuel cell are analyzed, the consistency problem of fuel cell performance improvement and life extension that is easily overlooked in numerous studies is found. On this basis, a neural network proxy model is constructed through a large amount of data, and a multi-objective genetic optimization algorithm based on the compromise strategy of recombination optimization is proposed to optimize the uniformity of fuel cell power and oxygen molar concentration distribution, which improves the performance of the fuel cell by 1.45% compared with the power increase when it is not optimized. At the same time, the uniformity of oxygen distribution is improved 10.28%, which makes the oxygen distribution more uniform, prolongs the life of the fuel cell, and fills the gap in the optimization direction of the comprehensive performance of the fuel cell.     

Electrocatalytic activity and durability study of carbon supported Pt nanodendrites in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

In this paper, Pt nanodendrites are synthesized, and their use as an oxygen reduction catalyst in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells is examined. When the Pt nanoparticles are shape-controlled in a dendritic form, the Pt nanoparticles exhibit a high mass activity that is nearly twice as high as the commercial Pt/C catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction. This high activity is only achieved when the Pt nanodendrites are supported on carbon. The unsupported Pt nanodendrites exhibit very poor catalytic activity due to the limited accessibility of the active sites in the catalyst layer of the fuel cells. Based on the durability study of Pt nanodendrites, however, the dendritic structure is not stable during repeated potential cycling test and its structure collapse is the primary reason for the performance loss in the fuel cells.     

Design and implementation of LQR/LQG strategies for oxygen stoichiometry control in PEM fuel cells based systems

This paper presents the oxygen stoichiometry control problem of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells and introduces a solution through an optimal control methodology. Based on the study of a non-linear dynamical model of a laboratory PEM fuel cell system and its associated components (air compressor, humidifiers, line heaters, valves, etc.), a control strategy for the oxygen stoichiometry regulation in the cathode line is designed and tested. From a linearised model of the system, an LQR/LQG controller is designed to give a solution to the stated control problem. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed controllers design.     

Oxygen-carrier selection and thermal analysis of the chemical-looping process for hydrogen production

The three-reactor chemical-looping process (TRCL) for the production of hydrogen from natural gas is quite attractive for both CO₂ capture and hydrogen production. The TRCL process consists of a fuel reactor, a steam reactor and an air reactor. In the fuel reactor, natural gas is oxidized to CO₂ and H₂O by the lattice oxygen of the oxygen carrier. In the steam reactor, the steam is reduced to hydrogen through oxidation of the reduced oxygen carrier. In the air reactor, the oxygen carrier is fully oxidized by air. In this process, the oxygen carrier is recirculated among the three reactors, which avoids direct contact between fuel, steam and air. In this study, various candidate materials were proposed for the oxygen carrier and support, and a thermal analysis of the process was performed. The oxygen carrier for the process must have the ability to split water into hydrogen in its reduced state, which is a different chemical property from that of the chemical-looping combustion medium. The selection of the oxygen carrier and support require careful consideration of their physical and chemical properties. Fe₂O₃, WO₃ and CeO₂ were selected as oxygen carriers. Thermal analysis indicated an expected hydrogen production of 2.64 mol H₂ per mol CH₄ under thermoneutral process conditions. The results indicated that hydrogen production was affected mainly by the steam-conversion rate. The solid-circulation rate and temperature drop in the fuel reactor were calculated for the selected oxygen carriers with different metal oxide contents and solid-conversion rates.