混合气体横向冲刷水平管时对流冷凝换热的机理研究

采用修正的膜模型与Nusselt凝结理论相结合的方法，对含湿混合气体以一定速度冲刷水平管外时对流冷凝换热进行研究，在考虑气相边界层分离的情况下讨论了液膜流动和换热的情况，同时研究了气体来流冲刷角度对总体换热的影响。结果表明，冷凝液膜是一个相当薄的膜层，液相导热热阻在整个换热的过程中基本可以忽略。     

水平单管外混合气体对流冷凝换热的理论研究

采用修正的膜模型与Nusselt凝结理论结合的方法,对含湿混合气体自上而下横掠水平管外时的对流冷凝换热机理进行研究,建立了液膜流动和传热模型,进行数值求解并分析了雷诺数、壁面温度及水蒸汽浓度等因素对混合气体冷凝换热的影响。计算结果表明:水管外壁液膜厚度分布很大程度上受气体边界层对液膜剪切力的影响。而局部努谢尔数不同于纯蒸气的的冷凝换热,它受气相热阻的影响很大,其分布状况类似于单相气体管外的对流换热。     

三维双侧水平强化管R245fa凝结换热性能试验

由于制冷剂R11和R123对臭氧层有破坏作用,为完成环保新工质R245fa对R11和R123的替代工作,对R245fa在内螺纹外斜翅片的三维双侧强化管外的凝结换热性能进行试验。数据处理过程中,采用Wilson图解法获得管内水侧对流换热系数及其计算关联式,再利用热阻分离法获得管外凝结换热系数。研究表明:试验中管内对流换热系数高于管外冷凝换热系数,所以管外侧的传热热阻是占据主导地位的传热热阻;相对于光管,R245fa在三维双侧强化管管内换热强化换热倍率为3.58,管外强化换热倍率为2.48;对实验数据进行拟合,得到管外换热系数的变化规律和凝结换热关联式。     

R134a在水平内微翅管管内凝结换热的实验研究

对制冷剂R134a在水平强化换热管管内的凝结换热性能进行了实验研究。实验管为两种内微翅管,分别命名为A管和B管。实验件采用套管结构,强化内管外表面和外管内表面之间(管间)走乙二醇水溶液。实验过程中管内冷凝温度为51℃,管间乙二醇水溶液的流速为3.35 m/s,乙二醇水溶液的进口温度根据制冷剂的质量流速做相应调整,以保证试件出口制冷剂有一定的过冷度。实验结果表明:两种水平强化管的管内冷凝换热系数均随着制冷剂质量流速的增加而增大,在制冷剂质量流速从300 kg/(m2.s)增加到700kg/(m2.s)时,A管的管内冷凝换热系数比B管高1.87%到6.28%,而B管的制冷剂流动阻力比A管高9.56%到11.05%,A管的结构优于B管。     

R410A和R134a在水平强化管内的冷凝换热性能

为研究强化管的冷凝换热性能和强化换热机理,采用实验的方法对R410A在外径6.35和8 mm的光管及内螺纹管(螺旋角为18°和28°)中的冷凝换热性能进行了研究,并与R134a进行对比,实验工况:冷凝温度30和35℃,质量流速400～1 100 kg/(m~2·s)。结果表明:螺纹管冷凝传热系数强化倍率均显著大于内表面扩展倍率;R134a强化因子大于R410A,强化管对粘度、表面张力较大的制冷剂强化效果更显著;8 mm管强化因子大于6 mm,管径较大时,换热提升效果更好;水侧雷诺数为14 000时,8 mm、28°螺纹管在质量流速为500 kg/(m~2·s)时,管内外侧热阻接近,强化效果较好。     

管外冷凝强化换热管的结构及发展趋势

介绍了各种类型的管外冷凝强化换热管,分析了其强化机理及结构特点,并总结得出:管外冷凝强化管的换热系数与管型有关,且各管型的结构参数对强化传热具有重要的作用.对国内外管外冷凝强化技术研究工作进行分析,结果表明,目前管外冷凝强化换热管的研究主要集中于翅片形状、翅片密度、翅片高度等结构参数对换热性能的影响.强化换热管的冷凝传热性能不仅与翅片结构参数有关,而且也与管材的表面特性和导热系数有关.管外冷凝强化换热管的研究重点是开发新型三维结构翅片的双侧强化管并研究其传热关联式,以及研究不锈钢等低成本材料制造的强化管换热管的传热性能和强化结构的优化.     

新型复合防腐表面烟气对流凝结换热实验研究

烟气对流凝结换热强化和换热表面防腐是天然气热能动力设备烟气余热回收利用关键技术。不同防腐表面耐腐蚀性能不同,且换热性能也不同。采用CCD高速摄像仪,对烟气在新型复合防腐表面上的凝结形态和凝结过程进行了可视化观测和换热实验研究,采用对图像边缘提取法,获得凝结液的边缘曲线。研究表明,烟气在新型复合防腐表面上的凝结为珠状凝结,凝结液珠最大粒径为0.2～0.28 mm,与其他表面形成的膜状凝结相比,在实验范围内,珠状凝结换热可提高约7倍。为增强烟气对流凝结换热和开发烟气冷凝余热回收利用技术提供了参考和依据。     

R1234ze(E)与R134a在水平双侧强化管外的凝结换热对比实验

搭建了水平单管降膜蒸发试验台,以第四代制冷剂R1234ze(E)和第三代制冷剂R134a作为工质,在新型水平双侧强化管管外分别进行了改变管内水速、热流密度和冷凝温度条件的凝结换热实验。使用Wilson-Gnielinski图解法计算得到管内表面传热系数h_i,进一步采用热阻分离法分离出两种制冷剂的管外表面传热系数,并分析了管内冷却水水速、冷凝温度和壁面过冷度的变化对其换热性能的影响。实验结果表明:同根实验管下不同制冷剂凝结换热性能的差异与制冷剂物性与强化管结构之间的匹配特性有关,实验管型下,R1234ze(E)的管外凝结换热性能高于R134a。     

管径对错列管束换热器对流冷凝换热特性影响研究

针对烟气横向冲刷错列管束换热方式进行了管径大小对于其纯对流换热以及对流冷凝换热影响规律研究。结果表明:当只有纯对流发生时,在保持换热面积以及入口工况不变情况下,随着管径的减小,出口烟温降低,传热量增加,换热得到明显增强,其强化传热的主要原因是管径减小强化了对流换热系数;当存在冷凝时,管径对总换热系数以及冷凝换热系数同样存在强化作用。     

锅炉尾部烟气对流冷凝换热器结构优选分析

在分析比较了气体纯对流换热强化方式、纯净蒸汽凝结换热强化方式基础上,结合含不凝性气体蒸汽冷凝换热机理及纯净蒸汽凝结换热机理与气体纯对流换热机理的差异,对已有各类换热器结构自身在强化含不凝性气体蒸汽凝结换热程度进行了分析,得出了既能强化锅炉尾部烟气对流冷凝换热又能高效回收凝结水分的错列布置垂直光管管外凝结换热器与带有波纹槽道的板式换热器2种优选结构,进一步给出了根据烟气灰尘浓度高低选取2种冷凝换热器的原则。     

Experimental research and theoretical analysis of anti-fouling characteristics on the surface of Ni-based implanted tube

The surface fouling of different tubes in boiling conditions are studied through experiments, which include Carbon steel tube, stainless steel tube, brass tube, and Ni-based implanted tube. Their anti-fouling characteristics and induction period are analyzed by the theory of surface energy. The experiments show that the boiling time is asymptotic regarding to fouling mass in unit area to Ni-based implanted tube, while it is linear in terms of fouling mass in unit area to other three tubes. Furthermore, the induction period of Ni-based implanted tube is two times of the others'. It is concluded that Ni-based implanted tube has better anti-fouling characteristic and longer induction period, which makes it good surface for anti-fouling purpose.     

Dropwise Condensation Heat Transfer on Plasma-Ion-Implanted Small Horizontal Tube Bundles

Stable dropwise condensation of saturated steam was achieved on stainless-steel tube bundles implanted with nitrogen ions by plasma ion implantation. For the investigation of the condensation heat transfer enhancement by plasma ion implantation, a condenser was constructed in order to measure the heat flow and the overall heat transfer coefficient for the condensation of steam on the outside surface of tube bundles. For a horizontal tube bundle of nine tubes implanted with a nitrogen ion dose of 10¹⁶ cm^{? 2}, the enhancement ratio, which represents the ratio of the overall heat transfer coefficient of the implanted tube bundle to that of the unimplanted one, was found to be 1.12 for a cooling-water Reynolds number of about 21,000. The heat flow and the overall heat transfer coefficient were increased by increasing the steam pressure. The maximum overall heat transfer coefficient of 2.22 kW · m^?2· K^?1 was measured at a steam pressure of 2 bar and a cooling-water Reynolds number of about 2,000. At these conditions, more dropwise condensation was formed on the upper tube rows, while the lowest row received more condensate, which converted the condensation form to filmwise condensation.     

真空状态下等离子注入铜管管束的换热特性

进行了不同真空度下单管的凝结试验，研究了真空状态下等离子注入铜管管束的换热特性，以及其换热系数随Re数的变化情况，并与普通铜管管束的换热性能进行比较。研究表明：两种管束的凝结换热系数和总换热系数都随着真空度的提高而增大，而且真空状态下等离子注入铜管表面较普通铜管有更好的换热性能。在较高真空度（0．05MPa）和较大Re数（34755）下，等离子管束的总换热系数约为普通铜管管束的1．43倍，凝结换热系数约为普通铜管管束的2倍。图6表1参11     

Marangoni condensation of steam–ethanol mixtures on a horizontal tube

For condensation of binary mixtures where the less volatile constituent has the higher surface tension the condensate film is potentially unstable and various “modes” of condensation are seen depending primarily on composition and vapour-to-surface temperature difference. Of particular interest is the so-called “pseudo-dropwise” mode of condensation where the appearance of the condensate closely resembles that of dropwise condensation of a pure fluid on a hydrophobic surface. In recent years the so-called Marangoni condensation problem has been studied experimentally in great detail by Utaka and co-workers [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [11] for condensation of steam–ethanol mixtures on small vertical plane surfaces. It has been found that very small concentrations of ethanol in the liquid phase can give rise to significantly larger heat-transfer coefficients than found with pure steam.In the present investigation the problem has been studied using a horizontal condenser tube. Heat flux and vapour-to-surface temperature difference have been measured for steam–ethanol mixtures over a wide range of composition at atmospheric pressure. The results show the same trends as those found by Utaka for vertical surfaces. Differences in detail can be explained by geometry considerations and strong dependence of heat-transfer coefficient on vapour-to-surface temperature difference and vapour velocity, both of which vary around the perimeter of the horizontal tube.     

基于NURBS理论的射流燃烧汽油机缸盖模具气道的CAD／CAM技术研究

本文以当前国际上ＣＡＤ／ＣＡＭ领域最流行的非均匀有理Ｂ样条（ＮＵＲＢＳ）理论为数学模型，对射流燃烧汽油机缸盖模具的气道进行了曲面造型和曲面拟合；并结合气道曲面的实际，在数控加工中对气道曲面通过轴心线实施了分段剖分，并采用参数线法确定了刀心轨迹，进行刀具轨迹仿真，获得了数控加工气道曲面和型芯的ＮＣ程序。本研究对提高射流燃烧汽油机缸盖的模型的精度和效率，改进汽油机的气道设计均有重要意义。     

Design and simulation of water-cooled dehumidifier for HDH desalination plant

Condensers are widely used in thermal applications to transfer the maximum heat between the working fluids and change the phase of vapor. In basic thermal-based humidification–dehumidification (HDH) desalination, a condenser is used as a water-cooled dehumidifier for improving freshwater production within the minimum area. In this thermal-based HDH system, desalinated water production is the major output. The simulation tool is used to analyze the thermohydraulic performance of a water-cooled dehumidifier. In this thermohydraulic analysis, variables, like, airflow rate, tube diameter, and longitudinal pitch are thoroughly investigated to identify the optimum parameters for improving the performance of the water-cooled dehumidifier. The obtained results indicate that the heat transfer area and performance index are increased when the airflow rate and tube diameter change. But at 8 and 10 mm tube diameter, the surface area and performance index are contradictory in nature while longitudinal pitch varies from 30 to 45 mm. At 12.5 mm tube diameter, surface area and performance index decrease gradually but the certain period of pitch limit performance increases markedly. In addition, the yield of HDH desalination has been investigated. When the mass flow rate changed from 100 to 500 kg/h, it was 0.667–3.32 L/h.     

Filmwise condensation of a pure fluid and a binary mixture in a bundle of enhanced surface tubes

An experimental study has been carried out to investigate the characteristics of condensation in a bundle of horizontal tubes. These tubes have different types of external surfaces: smooth surface (1D), low trapezoidal fins with several fin pitches (2D) and specific fins (3D, C+ tube). The used fluids are either pure refrigerant (HFC 134a) or binary mixture of refrigerants (HFC 134a/HFC23).For the pure fluid and a single tube, the influence of fin spacing has been studied (11, 19, 26, 32 and 40 fins/inch) and a comparison has been made with the Gewa C+ tube. The results were analysed with the Beatty and Katz theory and compared to a specific model, taking into account both gravity and surface tension effects, developed for the Gewa C+ tube.For the bundle and for a pure fluid, the inundation of the lowest tubes has a strong effect on the Gewa C+ tubes performances contrary to the finned tubes. For the mixture the heat transfer coefficient decreases dramatically especially for Gewa C+ tube.     

机车柴油机RWT-I型双向密封防渗漏顶杆护套的研制

简要介绍了一种新型的机车柴油机顶杆护套——RWT-I型顶杆护套。该产品密封带由原来的3处增加到9处,其中5处为动态密封,有效地解决了柴油机顶杆护套漏泄问题。     

定壁温水平传热管外降膜对流显热换热特性理论研究

采用层流模型对定壁温边界条件时水平管外垂降液膜的强制对流显热换热性能进行了数值计算。计算中对管顶部的冲击滞止区和管侧部的自由绕流区分别采用不同的坐标变换方法进行微分方程组筒化。根据滞止区计算结果确定自由烧流区的初始边界条件。计算结果证明管径对平均换热系数的影响不容忽视。定壁温条件时的平均换热系数比定热通量时约高12％到20％左右。     

Experimental study on combined buoyant-thermocapillary flow along with rising liquid film on the surface of a horizontal metallic mesh tube

Temperature distribution and variation with time has been considered in the analysis of the influences of the initial level of immersion of a horizontal metallic mesh tube in the liquid on combined buoyant and thermo-capillary flow. The combined flow occurs along with the rising liquid film flow on the surface of a horizontal metallic mesh tube. Three different levels of immersion of the metallic mesh tube in the liquid have been tested. Experiments of 60 min in duration have been performed using a heating metallic tube with a diameter of 25 mm and a length of 110 mm, sealed outside with a metallic mesh of 178 mm by 178 mm, and distilled water. These reveal two distinct flow patterns. Thermocouples and infrared thermal imager are utilized to measure the temperature. The level of the liquid free surface relative to the lower edge of the tube is measured as angle q. The results show that for a smaller q angle, or a low level of immersion, with a relatively low heating power, it is possible to near fully combine the upwards buoyant flow with the rising liquid film flow. In this case, the liquid is heated only in the vicinity of the tube, while the liquid away from the flow region experiences small changes in temperature and the system approaches steady conditions. For larger q angles, or higher levels of immersion, a different flow pattern is noticed on the liquid free surface and identified as the thermo-capillary (Marangoni) flow. The rising liquid film is also present. The higher levels of immersion cause a high temperature gradient in the liquid free surface region and promote thermal stratification; therefore the system could not approach steady conditions.