Supercooling behaviour and non-isothermal crystallization processes of aqueous suspensions of carbon nanotubes

采用添加碳纳米管形成悬浮液的方法可以有效地提高基液的导热系数,碳纳米管的存在还将对悬浮液的固液相变行为产生可观的影响.利用差示扫描量热仪对低浓度碳纳米管水悬浮液的过冷度进行了非等温结晶实验测试,对比分析了不同浓度(质量分数最高为1%)的悬浮液在不同降温速率情况下过冷度的变化规律.实验结果表明,由于碳纳米管的存在,悬浮液的过冷度较之纯水有所降低.随着浓度的提高,悬浮液的过冷度呈逐步下降的趋势.在最高浓度1%时,悬浮液的过冷度较之纯水下降了约7 ℃.此外,悬浮液的过冷度随着降温速率的增大略有升高,其中浓度为0.01%的悬浮液在降温速率为10 ℃/min时较2 ℃/min时增大了约4 ℃.采用碳纳米管悬浮液作为蓄冷工质对整个非等温结晶过程并未体现出加速的效果,但能在较慢的降温速率下有效地降低水的过冷度.     

Dynamic crystallization characteristics of the working process of small type ice slurry maker

动态冰蓄冷是储能领域中广受制冷界重视的潜热储冷技术,基于平板刮削方式设计并搭建了小型动态制备冰浆实验装置,通过测试制冰溶液的动态结晶降温曲线、不同结晶时刻的含冰率和冰晶当量直径,分析了结晶时间、载冷剂温度、添加剂种类与浓度、刮削速度等因素对冰浆制备过程动态结晶特性的影响。结果表明：刮削速度低于200 r/min,溶液结晶过冷度随刮削速度的增大而增大,冰浆的含冰率以及冰晶粒径均随结晶时间的增加而增大,在冰晶粒径较大时刮削作用引起冰晶颗粒聚并、破碎,导致冰晶粒径增大减缓甚至减小;随添加剂浓度的增大,冰浆含冰率增大速率与冰晶粒径增大量均有所减小,且强极性无机化合物对冰晶生长的抑制效果好于乙二醇等醇类化合物。     

水合盐相变储能材料的增稠剂优选研究

在水合盐中添加钠基膨润土、羧甲基纤维素钠、可溶性淀粉、海藻酸钠、聚丙烯酰胺等增稠剂,通过进行步冷实验及差示扫描量热法分别研究上述增稠剂对水合盐相变材料相分离现象、相变潜热、过冷度、循环能力、相变温度、响应温差的影响规律,优选该水合盐的最适增稠剂与最佳添加比例,为水合盐增稠剂的选择提供参考。实验结果表明:在加入质量分数为1%的海藻酸钠后,Na_2HPO_4·12H_2O在消除相分离现象的同时具有较大的相变潜热,过冷度从未添加时的9.4℃下降至4.7℃,在20个0—60—0℃的热循环后相变潜热维持在208J/g,平均响应温差比未加入时提升30%,相变温度升高4.60℃,能有效改善其性能。     

六水硝酸镁-硝酸锂共晶盐/膨胀石墨复合相变材料的制备及性能强化

采用熔融共混法在六水硝酸镁中掺入不同质量分数的硝酸锂成功制备了六水硝酸镁-硝酸锂共晶相变材料.六水硝酸镁-硝酸锂共晶盐的共晶点在质量比85:15附近.利用差示扫描量热仪得到了共晶相变材料的相变温度为72.46℃,相变潜热为193.7 kJ/kg,通过步冷曲线测得共晶盐的放热平台明显且过冷度小于1.5℃,X射线衍射测试表...     

污泥掺混木屑水解残渣为载体的复合相变材料循环热性能研究

本文以污泥水热解残渣资源化为目标,采用真空吸附法将污泥/木屑水热解的残渣吸附三水乙酸钠制备复合相变储热材料。对水热解残渣进行BET和粒径分析的表征,通过同步热分析仪、XRD及水浴中熔化-凝固多循环对复合储热材料的储热能力、相变温度、热循环稳定性等性能参数进行分析。实验结果表明,本文制备的复合相变储热材料无需添加增稠剂或悬浮剂等助剂,借助污泥残渣本身特有的均匀粒径和细微粒度特性以及木屑挥发分析出对残渣的造孔重整,作为载体可有效改善常规水合物作为储热材料的相变过冷度和相分离问题。封装尺度对储热材料的相变潜热和稳定性影响较小,100次循环后的潜热实际值与理论计算值（219.8kJ/kg）相差仅为-0.5%~0.4%,化学组分也没有变化,可见该复合储热材料既具有优良的热稳定性也具有可靠的化学稳定性。     

氧化石墨烯脉动热管传热性能实验研究

通过实验研究以氧化石墨烯分散液为工质的脉动热管的传热性能。实验采用1mg/m L的氧化石墨烯分散液,所得结果与以去离子水为工质的脉动热管传热性能进行比较发现:氧化石墨烯对以去离子水为工质的脉动热管传热性能具有强化作用,但是和脉动热管的加热功率密切相关。在加热功率低于20 W时,氧化石墨烯对脉动热管的强化作用较弱;当加热功率在30~60 W时,氧化石墨烯对脉动热管的强化作用较强,在3.71%~11.33%之间,且强化作用随加热功率的增大呈逐渐增强趋势;但随着功率继续增大,氧化石墨烯的强化作用逐渐减弱,当加热功率达到80 W后,热管传热性能减弱,原因可能是氧化石墨烯颗粒出现了沉降现象。     

三水合乙酸钠复合相变材料的循环特性研究

三水合乙酸钠单位体积潜热约为同熔点下石蜡的2倍,但是具有严重的相分离和高过冷度,限制了其使用.本工作设计了一种使用半导体热电制冷片的循环测试装置,大幅缩短了循环实验周期,以用来研究三水合乙酸钠的循环特性.在过冷度稳定性探究中,通过添加十二水合磷酸氢二钠和纳米氧化铝为成核剂,以及羧甲基纤维素钠为增稠剂,进行了 0～500次循环测试.实验结果表明该复合材料在高循环后仍然可以有效的自发成核,并保持相对稳定的过冷度.在潜热稳定性探究中,通过三水合乙酸钠相图分析发现无水乙酸钠在水中的低溶解度是使其相分离的主要原因.为了降低复合相变材料潜热损失,通过增大十二水磷酸氢二钠含量以适当降低无水乙酸钠与结合水比例.结果表明,在500次循环后复合相变材料平均过冷度约为5～8℃,相变潜热与初始时大致相等,能够保持稳定.本研究为三水合乙酸钠的应用提供了参考,同时半导体热电制冷片的循环测试装置也可以用于其他相变材料循环特性研究.     

十水硫酸钠/膨胀蛭石薄膜复合相变材料的制备及性能分析北大核心CSCD

利用膨胀蛭石(EV)丰富的孔隙结构,采取真空吸附法和薄膜真空封装技术制备了一种十水硫酸钠/膨胀蛭石薄膜复合相变材料(简称薄膜相变材料)。用扫描电子显微技术(SEM)、X射线衍射技术(XRD)、自制温度参比相变潜热测试箱等表征测试手段,分析了薄膜相变材料的过冷和相分离等问题。结果表明,十水硫酸钠中掺入50%EV时,EV内部孔隙负载力达到饱和;在EV和硼砂共同作用下,经步冷曲线测得薄膜相变材料的过冷度为0.5℃;经薄膜真空封装后,十水硫酸钠均匀负载于EV层状结构内部,50%EV掺量的薄膜相变材料相变潜热在105 J/g以上,经300次相变循环后材料相变潜热趋于稳定,在500次相变循环后材料相变潜热保持在90 J/g以上,潜热留存率83.45%,循环性能优于常压封装下同种材料。薄膜真空封装技术获得膨胀蛭石对十水硫酸钠的良好负载效果,相变材料能够有效抑制十水硫酸钠的过冷和相分离等问题,具有较高的相变循环寿命。     

氨基础乙醇-水二元混合物相变蓄冷特性的动力学研究

采用等温DSC法对氨基乙醇—水二元混合物的蓄冷凝固特性进行了动力学分析,获得了该材料的结晶反应级数、反应速率常数、活化能等参数,并研究了添加剂对动力学参数的影响。结果表明,添加铝粉是提高该材料结晶反应速率的有效方法之一。     

水基氧化石墨烯纳米流体表面张力实验研究

以去离子水为基液,以氧化石墨烯纳米粒子为添加剂,制备成水基氧化石墨烯纳米流体,研究纳米流体在不同浓度、温度以及不同纳米粒子粒径下的表面张力,表面张力采用吊环法进行测量。实验结果表明,纳米流体的表面张力随着浓度增大而增大,但相对于去离子水,最大浓度(0.1wt%)的纳米流体表面张力仅增加了2.9%;纳米流体的表面张力随着温度的升高而降低,但降低的幅度小于去离子水随温度的降低幅度;纳米流体的表面张力随着纳米粒子粒径的减小而降低。本文的研究结果可为吸收式制冷循环吸收液的研究提供参考。     

Supercooling salt hydrates: Stored enthalpy as a function of temperature

Thermal energy can be stored in supercooled liquids where the material is in thermal equilibrium with its surroundings. The stored latent heat of fusion is released by triggering the crystallization of the supercooled substance. In this study, enthalpy–temperature curves including the effect of supercooling are measured for some well known supercooling salt hydrates (disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate, sodium acetate trihydrate and STL-47). A series of properties relevant for supercooling energy storage applications are identified, including the optimal working temperature range for the materials, temperature increase during crystallization as a function of degree of supercooling, available enthalpy at different temperatures, and fraction of enthalpy lost in the initial supercooling phase. The enthalpy–temperature curves are measured by a simple and inexpensive method.     

MICROSOLIDIFICATION PROCESS IN MULTICOMPONENT SYSTEM

In conventional solidification of multicomponent mixtures, a mushy zone appears between the pure solid and liquid regions and promotes stable solidification by accepting the rejected solute regionally. From the standpoint that the fineness of inhomogeneity influences the mechanical properties in material processing, the linking of macro heat transfer and microsolidification in the mushy zone was studied. First, the crystal growth and its accompanying concentration field near the advancing front of the mushy zone were observed precisely by using the light absorption method. It was clarified that the mushy zone consisted of the leading front in which the frame structure formed with an accompanying concentration boundary layer and a growing region where the solidification proceeds by fattening of the crystals. Second, the mechanism of side-branch evolution was studied in conjunction with interfacial instability due to constitutional supercooling and curvature supercooling around the primary arm surface. Summarizing these results, the microsolidification process is discussed quantitatively in relation to macro heat transfer.     

Effect of strontium-to-calcium ratio on the structure,crystallization behavior and functional properties of diopside-based glasses

The role of Sr/Ca ratio, which was varied from 3/6 to 9/0, on the structure, crystallization behavior and properties of diopside-based glass and glass-ceramic sealants targeted to solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) applications was evaluated. The structural changes undergone by glass-powder compacts during isothermal heat treatment at 850 °C for 1–1000 h were investigated using XRD (X-ray diffraction) analysis, including quantitative Rietveld refinement, and MAS-NMR (magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance) techniques. The tendency towards crystallization was retarded with increasing Sr/Ca ratio. Diopside-based phases, strontium akermanite and magnesium silicate were developed under various heat-treatment conditions. MAS-NMR analysis of glasses heat treated for 1000 h revealed that with increasing Sr/Ca ratio, Q¹ and Q⁴ structural units were formed at the expenses of Q² units. The good thermal stability and chemical compatibility of the new glass-ceramic compositions coupled with their mechanical reliability and high electrical resistivity make them attractive for further experimentation as sealants for SOFCs.     

Self-similar solidification of an alloy from a cooled boundary

The self-similar solidification process of an alloy from a cooled boundary is studied on the basis of two models with a planar front and mushy layer. Approximate and exact analytical solutions of the process, which demonstrate unusual dynamics near the point of constitutional supercooling, are found. The rate of solidification and front position of the solid/mush boundary (parabolic growth rate constant) are expressed in an explicit form in the case of slow dynamics of this boundary. The theory under consideration is in a good agreement with experimental and numerical studies carried out by Huppert and Worster for ice growing from aqueous salt solutions.     

Synthesis of MoS2 nanoparticle deposited graphene/mesoporous MnOx nanocomposite for high performance super capacitor application

The present study deal with the fabrication of low cost nanocomposite based electrodes based on Nickel foam binder free substrate for supercapacitor applications. The composition of nanocomposite is molybdenum sulphide nanoparticle/graphene coated on mesoporous manganese oxide. The first step is to involve the preparation of mesoporous manganese oxide by non-ionic surfactant assisted method. In the second stage is to deposit the reduced graphene on mesoporous manganese oxide in the presence of ultrasonic irradiation followed by addition of known quantity of commercial MoS₂ nanopowder (particle size below 90 nm). The manganese oxide based nanocomposite is showing porous architecture with graphene sheet formation together with MoS₂ nanoparticle deposition. N₂ adsorption-desorption Isotherm curves for MoS₂ nanoparticle (NP) modified graphene oxide/meso-MnO₂ and pure meso-MnO₂ displayed type IV isotherm with improved surface area values. The reduced graphene oxide (graphene) and MoS₂ exist in the form of glassy flaky morphology as well as tubular/needle shapes are obtained after the deposition process in the final nanocomposite. The orderly arranged and anchored nano-sized mesoporous manganese oxide nanocomposites are showed increased specific capacitance (up to 527, 727 and 1160 F/g) and continuous cyclic stability.     

Phase change performance of sodium acetate trihydrate with AlN nanoparticles and CMC

Sodium acetate trihydrate (SAT), which has high energy storage density and high thermal conductivity, is an important phase change material (PCM) for thermal storage. But it suffers from serious supercooling and phase segregation during the solidification process, and therefore its application requires the use of effective nucleating and thickening agents. In this study, AlN nanoparticles were proposed as the nucleating agent and carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC) was selected as the thickener for SAT. The phase change temperature and the latent heat of SAT with the addition of AlN nanoparticles and CMC were measured. The results show that AlN nanoparticles can prevent supercooling of SAT significantly. For SAT with 5 wt% AlN nanoparticles and 4 wt% CMC, no supercooling phenomenon occurs, and its phase change temperature and latent heat are 52.5 °C and 227.54 kJ/kg, respectively. AlN nanoparticles and CMC additives also can improve the dehydration temperature according to the results of TG-DTA. Size distribution of AlN nanoparticles was measured by means of light scattering method. The size range is 95-300 nm, which is confirmed by environmental scanning electron microscope. The radial needle-like crystals growth process was also observed and recorded by an optical microscope.     

Experimental Research on the Effect of 2‐Ethylhexanol on Water Boiling Heat Transfer at Subatmospheric Pressure

The addition of small amounts of surfactant to water can enhance boiling heat transfer substantially. In this experiment, 2‐ethylhexanol is used as the surfactant, and the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the 2‐ethylhexanol aqueous solution is determined to be 1000 mg/L. The boiling heat transfer coefficients of the solutions in different concentrations on a horizontal copper rod surface at subatmospheric pressures (1.8 kPa to 3.3 kPa) are calculated according to the experiment results. The results indicate the following: when the concentration is 500 mg/L (lower than the CMC), the boiling heat transfer can be enhanced by up to 22%; when the concentration is 1000 mg/L (equal to the CMC), enhancement is up to about 60%; when the concentration is 2000 mg/L (two times the CMC), boiling heat transfer is diminished by about 60%. To a certain extent, this experiment will guide the enhancement of evaporator heat transfer in water vapor compression refrigeration and heat pump systems.     

Pt/3D-graphene/FTO electrodes: Electrochemical preparation and their enhanced electrocatalytic activity

We report a facile, low-cost and green route to fabricate platinum nanoparticle (Pt NP) decorated three-dimensional (3D) graphene assembled on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrodes (Pt/3D-G/FTO) with enhanced electrocatalytic activity. The fabrication process was accomplished by preparation of 3D graphene (3D-G/FTO) electrodes through electrochemical reduction of a graphene oxide suspension followed by electrodeposition of Pt NPs onto them. The Pt/3D-G/FTO electrode exhibits much higher catalytic activity and better stability for methanol oxidation compared with the electrodes prepared by electrodeposition of Pt NPs onto two-dimensional graphene sheets substrate (Pt/G/FTO) or bare FTO (Pt/FTO) under the same condition. These enhancements can be attributed to the high surface area, large void volume and high electrical conductivity as well as smaller size of Pt NPs in the hollows of the 3D architecture and a large amount of ridges on it.