城市面源污染控制工程技术的应用及进展

城市面源污染已成为危害我国城市水体的重要污染源，而我国对城市面源污染的控制还处于起步阶段。详细介绍了国内外城市面源污染控制的工程技术，系统阐述了工程性控制技术的类型、研究重点、应用现状等情况，指出城市面源污染控制技术应尽量采用组合系统，充分利用各种技术的优势；同时在工程设计时，可将工程措施景观化、小型化，以达到效益最优化。     

再生骨料在自密实混凝土中的应用发展综述

综述了国内外再生骨料（RA）在自密实混凝土（SCC）中的研究现状，并对再生自密实混凝土（RSCC）的性能进行了总结和评述。介绍了有关新拌RSCC流动性，硬化后RSCC力学性能（抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度、弯曲强度），以及RSCC的耐久性能和长期性能等的相关研究成果。研究表明：掺入RA替代一定量的天然骨料（NA）可以制备出性能优良的RSCC；通过改善RA性能及配合使用一些矿物掺合料，可以优化RSCC的流动性能和力学性能；RSCC的有效利用有助于资源优化、环境可持续发展。     

水体中重金属污染控制方法综述

介绍了水体重金属污染的来源及危害,从其总量及赋存形态方面总结了水体重金属污染现状,并通过分析重金属的来源特点,对水体重金属污染的控制技术及其适应性进行了综述,提出控制过程中的难点及亟待解决的问题,为后续水体重金属污染的控制研究提供理论基础。     

典型污水处理工艺对多氯联苯去除效果的分析

多氯联苯(PCBs)属于持久性有机污染物,对人类和环境存在巨大危害,城镇污水则是其重要的存在和传播途径。采用气相色谱/质谱联用(GC/MS)法对某市城镇污水中的PCBs进行检测,研究了典型污水处理工艺对PCBs的去除情况,并对不同工艺的去除效果进行比较。该城镇污水中7种PCBs(PCB28、PCB52、PCB101、PCB118、PCB138、PCB153、PCB180)均有检出,浓度在0.395~10.248 ng/L之间,该市的4座污水处理厂对PCBs的总去除率在65%~96%之间,去除效果较好,其中一级处理工艺对PCBs的平均去除率为45%~76%,二级处理工艺对PCBs的平均去除率为35%~85%。4座污水处理厂对PCBs的去除效果存在差异可能是由温度、进水水质、PCBs的分布和浓度以及选用工艺的HRT、污泥浓度、曝气量和曝气强度等因素导致的。     

检测水中微量有机毒物前处理方法的研究

1．前言 1．1微量有机毒物的毒性 多氯联苯（Polychlorinated Biphenyls，简称PCBs）系一组化学性质极其稳定的氯代烃类化合物，是目前国际上关注的12种持久性有机污染物（persistent organic pollutants，POPs）之一，也被称为二恶英（dioxins）类似化合物。由于其难降解，可通过食物链而富集并直接危害人类的健康，已成为全球性的重要污染物之一。PCBs的毒性包括刺激皮肤、抗免疫能力、致畸致癌等，PCBs不但对生长发育有毒性作用，对生殖也有很大的致毒作用，同时具有潜在的致癌作用。PCBs在环境中很难降解，容易在生物体内蓄积产生慢性中毒，人体摄入0．5～2g／kg时即出现中毒现象，如食欲不振、恶心、头痛、肝肿大等。目前，PCBs属于世界银行规定的“需要进行评价的有害物质”名单中的有毒物质。     

雾霾天气下园林植物对PM2.5作用的分析

雾霾，是雾和霾的组合词。雾霾现象常见于城市，我国不少地区将雾并入霾一起作为灾害性天气现象进行预警预报，统称为“雾霾天气”。近年来，由于空气质量恶化，雾霾天气也时有发生，直接危害到人们的健康。本文探讨了植物叶片吸附空气中不同粒径的颗粒物，并筛选出高吸附能力的园林植物，强调植物应对雾霾的必然趋势，探讨形成园林植物应对机制，并加以推广。     

地热水对环境影响及污染防治 一

根据４８处地热井水质调查，化验资料，就地热水的成因和水质特点进行了分析；并依据现场实试结果，论述了地热水开发与利用对土壤，地表水体，地下水，水产养殖及对农作物的影响和潜在危害。总结了污染程序变化的规律性认识；得到了在地热水开发的同时就应采取必要的控制和防治污染措施的结论。     

景观生态浮岛根系微生物对富营养化水体中氮磷的净化作用

在我国各地,水体富营养化都是一个普遍问题,富营养化引起的危害不容忽视,是水体治理中重点研究的问题,随着技术的成熟,景观生态浮岛技术已经开始在富营养化水体中得到推广和使用。本文针对当前我国水体富营养化的问题进行分析,并通过实验的方式探讨景观生态浮岛根系微生物对富营养化水体中氮磷的净化作用。     

水体富营养化及其防治对策

水体的富营养化是当今社会面临的重大环境问题之一,已成为经济社会发展的重要影响因素,经济而有效的控制水体的富营养化是目前摆在我们面前的严峻课题。本文主要从造成水体富营养化的原因及其对水环境的主要危害出发,重点探讨了如何有效防治水体的富营养化。     

对我国能源市场中加强政府有效管理的思考

分析了目前我国合同能源管理及能源市场存在的问题,研究了美国,日本政府在能源市场管理中的成功经验.借鉴这些国家的经验,并在此基础上结合我国的实际情况,提出了加强我国各级政府对能源市场有效管理的途径.     

A field studies and modeling approach to develop organochlorine pesticide and PCB total maximum daily load calculations: Case study for Echo Park Lake, Los Angeles, CA

Echo Park Lake is a small lake in Los Angeles, CA listed on the USA Clean Water Act Section 303(d) list of impaired water bodies for elevated levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in fish tissue. A lake water and sediment sampling program was completed to support the development of total maximum daily loads (TMDL) to address the lake impairment. The field data indicated quantifiable levels of OCPs and PCBs in the sediments, but lake water data were all below detection levels. The field sediment data obtained may explain the contaminant levels in fish tissue using appropriate sediment-water partitioning coefficients and bioaccumulation factors. A partition-equilibrium fugacity model of the whole lake system was used to interpret the field data and indicated that half of the total mass of the pollutants in the system are in the sediments and the other half is in soil; therefore, soil erosion could be a significant pollutant transport mode into the lake. Modeling also indicated that developing and quantifying the TMDL depends significantly on the analytical detection level for the pollutants in field samples and on the choice of octanol-water partitioning coefficient and bioaccumulation factors for the model.     

气相色谱法同时测定水中多种有机氯农药和多氯联苯

建立了一种同时测定水中16种有机氯农药(OCPs)和8种多氯联苯(PCBs)的气相色谱/电子捕获分析方法。样品经正己烷液液萃取、氮吹浓缩后,以自动不分流进样方式用气相色谱/电子捕获器检测,并对色谱条件进行优化,采用外标法定量。在较佳的试验条件下,16种OCPs和8种PCBs标准曲线的线性相关系数为0.999 0～0.999 9,方法检出限为0.001～0.002μg/L,OCPs和PCBs的平均加标回收率分别在(88.1%～107.0%)、(91.8%～104.2%)之间,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)分别为(2.87%～10.42%)、(3.96%～9.02%)。该方法灵敏、准确、稳定,分析时间短,适用于大批量水样中痕量有机氯农药和多氯联苯的测定。     

Levels, fluxes and time trends of persistent organic pollutants in Lake Thun, Switzerland: Combining trace analysis and multimedia modeling

Levels, mass fluxes, and time trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Lake Thun, a peri-Alpine lake, are investigated. We present measurements of PBDEs and PCBs in air, lake water, lake sediment, and tributary water. These measurements are combined with a multimedia fate model, based on site-specific environmental parameters from the lake catchment. Measured loadings of PBDEs and PCBs in air and tributaries were used to drive the model. The model satisfactorily reproduces PBDE and PCB congener patterns in water and sediment, but it tends to yield concentrations in water below the measurements and concentrations in sediment exceeding the measurements. A sensitivity analysis reveals that partitioning of PBDEs and PCBs between the aqueous dissolved phase and suspended particulate matter in the water column strongly affects the model results, in particular the concentrations in water and sediment. For lower-brominated PBDEs, approximately 70% and 30% of input into the lake stems from atmospheric deposition and from tributaries, respectively. For heavier PBDEs and all PCBs, rivers appear to deliver the major load (64-92%). Waste water effluents are of minor importance. 50-90% of the total input is buried in the permanent sediment. Sediment burial makes PBDEs and PCBs less available for recycling in the environment, and reduces concentrations in the outflowing river. If use of deca-BDE increases in the future, levels in Lake Thun will follow the same trend. If the use and resulting environmental emissions decrease, concentrations in water will rapidly decline, according to our calculations, while sediment levels will decrease at a considerably slower rate.     

我国饮用水中内分泌干扰物的去除研究进展

对我国水源水中内分泌干扰物（EDCs）的存在现状以及采用常规饮用水处理工艺、深度处理工艺和高级氧化技术去除EDCs的研究现状和进展进行了综述。我国水源水已受到EDCs的严重污染，其中主要包括农药类、壬基酚、双酚A、邻苯二甲酸酯类以及多氯联苯类等；常规饮用水处理工艺对EDCs的去除非常有限；饮用水深度处理工艺可降解一定的EDCs；生物处理技术具有成本低、可去除多种EDCs的特点，具有很好的应用前景。     

Influence of the sediment on lead speciation in the Tagus estuary

The aim of this work is to study the influence of the Tagus estuarine sediment on lead speciation in the overlying natural water. The water sample in the presence of the sediment was contaminated three times with Pb(II) in a laboratory experiment. In different periods of time, at 1-7 days after each contamination, small volumes of water were titrated with lead. The titration was followed by anodic stripping voltammetry in differential pulse mode. Before and after contamination systematic analysis of the voltammetric parameters (peak current, peak potential and peak width) were carried out to get a clear picture of Pb(II) complexation in the soluble fraction in contact with the sediment. Two main types of organic ligands, macromolecular ligands and small compounds, were detected before contamination. Both of them form labile complexes (degree of lability within the timescale of some milliseconds). The small compounds, with a diffusion coefficient similar to that of the free metal ion, present a homogeneous behaviour in terms of Pb complexation. On the other hand macromolecular ligands, with a diffusion coefficient of 1.2 x 10(-6) cm2s(-1), can be described by two different binding groups, which might be of phenolic and carboxylic type as presented by humic matter. The sediment eliminated lead contamination (10(-6) moldm(-3) was the maximum concentration added) from 12 dm3 of water (surface of 8 dm2) within 2 days. It was also found that the sediment released organic ligands responsible for both labile and inert Pb complexes "seen" by voltammetry. The release of organic ligands that decreases the bioavailability of Pb(II) was clearly detected 1 week after contamination. Therefore, the sediment acts as a buffer for lead through two mechanisms against lead contamination: removing lead ions from the solution and releasing organic ligands to the water column. In a short period of time the sediment responds as a self-cleaning system for Pb(II) contamination in the estuarine water, which may have a very important influence in environmental pollution.     

2. The response of a laboratory stream system to PCB exposure: study of periphytic and sediment accumulation patterns

It has been proposed that the accumulation of PCBs by aquatic organisms is a physicochemical process that is governed by the equilibrium partitioning of PCBs between the organisms and the ambient water. This approach focuses primarily on the hydrophobicity of PCBs, while neglecting the biological impacts of PCB accumulation and possible differences in species-specific response. Furthermore, it does not reflect the complex mechanistic aspects of PCB accumulation. Current modeling, while focusing on accumulation via contaminated food, has been for large lake systems and is not appropriate for lower trophic organism interactions. The objective of this research was to evaluate the ecotoxicological fate of PCBs in a laboratory stream system and to determine if species-specific differences in the accumulation and toxic effects of PCBs existed. Bench scale experiments were conducted to determine kinetic and equilibrium parameters measuring algal uptake of PCB, and these results were used to explain the periphytic response to low level PCB exposure in the laboratory stream system. The results revealed that the accumulation rate, accumulation capacity and toxicity of PCBs differed for the species tested. The observation of PCB fate in the laboratory stream system indicated that PCB volatilization, sediment adsorption and periphyton bioaccumulation were the major pathways of PCB fate. The periphytic biolayer was the significant sink for PCB concentration. The accumulation capacity of periphytic biolayer to PCBs was one order of magnitude greater than that of sediments on a TOC basis. Comparison of the experimental data with model predictions illustrates that equilibrium partitioning models are not very accurate for predicting the accumulation of hydrophobic chemicals by low trophic biota.     

Polychlorinated biphenyl pollution caused by resuspension of surface sediments in the lagoon of Venice

A mechanical device was used to reproduce in the laboratory the sediment resuspension caused by tidal currents and wind waves in the lagoon of Venice. Shear stresses comparable to those observed in the field were applied to the sediment surface. Series of experiments were run at 6.6 and 9.0 dyn/cm2. The concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in the sediments and resuspended particulate matter by means of gas chromatographic techniques. At the two different stresses, particulate matter with different grain size and different concentrations of PCBs was resuspended. However, no significant differences were observed in the amounts of PCBs mobilized per litre of water. In fact, by increasing the applied stress, coarser particulate matter was resuspended with a lower concentration of PCBs per unit of dry weight.     

Effects of suspended sediments on photolysis rates of dissolved pollutants

Data are presented concerning the effects of suspended sediments upon photolysis rates of dissolved ultraviolet (u.v.) absorbing pollutants. The malachite green leucocyanide actinometer was found to be a convenient and sensitive device for measurement of solar u.v. radiation ( 330 nm) in sediment suspensions. Irradiance measurements by the actinometer were employed to compute diffuse attenuation coefficients for sediment suspensions from six natural water bodies in Georgia, Mississippi, and Montana. Specific attenuation coefficients were remarkably similar for all the sediments examined. Evidence is presented that large underestimates of photolysis rates result when beam attenuation coefficients of turbid water bodies are employed to compute the effects of light attenuation. Finally, it is demonstrated that photolysis rates within the photic zone are generally more rapid in turbid than in clear water. Enhanced photolysis rates in turbid waters are attributed to the increased diffuseness of light caused by scattering.     

Transport of 14C-labelled PCB compounds from sediment to water and from water to air in laboratory model systems

Tetra-, hexa- and octachlorobiphenyls were added to aquatic model systems composed of undisturbed sediment cores with an overlying water phase. Using impactor plates transport of the compounds from sediment to air was observed. About one per cent of the sediment-bound PCBs recovered in the systems left the water by jet drops from bursting bubbles. The transport of PCBs from the sediment to the air was nearly constant over time, with a transport rate of 0.62 μg · dm^?2 week^?1 for tetrachlorobiphenyl. Tetrachlorobiphenyl was mobile in systems with and without macroinvertebrates and in those fixed with HgCl₂. Hexa- and octachlorobiphenyls were transported from sediment to water mainly by bioturbation processes. The two latter substances had a higher adsorption to particles than tetrachlorobiphenyl. Compared to tetrachlorobiphenyl, more hexa- and octachlorobiphenyls accumulated in chironomids and tubificids.     

The impact of increased oxygen conditions on metal-contaminated sediments part I: effects on redox status, sediment geochemistry and metal bioavailability

In order to evaluate the effect of improved oxygen concentrations in overlying surface water on the redox status, sediment geochemistry and metal bioavailability in metal-polluted sediments a 54 days lab experiment with two different experimental treatments was conducted (90% and 40% O₂). Changes in redox potential (Eh) in the sediment were monitored over time. At 6 different time points (after 0, 2, 5, 12, 32 and 54 days) and at 4 sediment depths (0-1, 1-4, 4-8 and 8-15 cm), acid volatile sulfides (AVS), simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) and total organic carbon (TOC) were measured and metal release to overlying surface water was determined. Labile metal species in both water and sediment were measured using Diffusive Gradients in Thin films (DGT). Our results showed that elevated oxygen levels in overlying surface water led to an Eh increase in the sediment of the 90% O₂ treatment from 0 to ±200 mV while AVS concentrations in the upper sediment layer decreased by 70%. Following AVS oxidation metal availability in the pore water was highly elevated after 54 days. However, Cu remained strongly bound to the sediment during the whole experiment. Only a limited metal release to the overlying surface water was noticed, which was due to the fact that SEM_tot concentrations in the sediment did not yet exceeded AVS levels ([SEM_tot − AVS]/f_OC = 0) after 54 days. Additionally, adsorption on Fe and Mn hydroxides and particulate organic carbon also slowed down any potential metal release. Our results indicated that increasing oxygen concentrations due to general water quality improvements can enhance the mobility of trace metals which may result in the leaching of sediment-bound metals to overlying surface water, even in undisturbed watercourses.