Effect of antistripping additives on environmental damage of bituminous mixtures

The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of environmental damage (stripping) on the hot mix asphalt (HMA) creep behavior. To achieve this objective, 24 different HMA combinations using different mix parameters were evaluated for their resistance to static creep deformations. The mix parameters include: two types of asphalt cement, three types of aggregate gradation, and two types of antistripping additives (limestone dust and calcium stearate hydroxide). Marshall specimens were prepared at optimum asphalt contents and tested for static creep. Part of the prepared specimens were exposed to freezing–thawing conditioning according to AASHTO T283.     

Performance evaluation of SUPERPAVE and Marshall asphalt mix designs to suite Jordan climatic and traffic conditions

Due to the empirical nature and the drawbacks of the Marshall mix design procedure, the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) has developed a Superior Performance asphalt Pavements (SUPERPAVE) mix design procedure. In this research a comprehensive evaluation of the locally available aggregate usually used in the asphalt concrete mixtures was carried out to ensure that these materials conform to the new mix design procedures developed by SUPERPAVE. A performance grading map was generated to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. In this map the country was divided into different zones according to the highest and lowest temperature ranges that the asphalt might be subjected to. Using local materials, loading and environmental conditions, a comparative study of the performance of two mixes designed using SUPERPAVE and Marshall mix design procedures was carried out in this research. Samples from both mixes were prepared at the design asphalt contents and aggregate gradations and were subjected to a comprehensive mechanical evaluation testing. These tests included Marshall Stability, Loss of Marshall Stability, Indirect Tensile Strength, Loss of Indirect Tensile Strength, Resilient Modulus, Fatigue Life, Rutting, and Creep. In all the performed tests SUPERPAVE mixes proved their superiority over Marshall mixes. Therefore, serious plans should be set up in Jordan to shift from the presently used Marshall mix design procedure to SUPERPAVE mixture specifications.     

温拌沥青混合料的半圆弯抗与水敏感性试验研究

疲劳破坏和水损害是温拌沥青路面重要的破坏类型之一。采用由三个现场项目提供的8种温拌沥青混合料(Evotherm、Sasobit、Foamed),进行半圆弯抗(SCB)试验和改进Lottman试验(AASHTO T283)分别评价WMA的抗疲劳性能与水稳定性。结果表明:与相应的HMA比较, WMA表现出相近或更高的Jc值;WMA技术的使用提高了沥青混合料的抗断裂性能;温拌沥青混合料和普通热拌沥青混合料的水敏感性没有显著差异。     

Utilization of municipal solid waste incineration ash in stone mastic asphalt mixture: Pavement performance and environmental impact

The objective of this study is to the use of municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) fly ash as a partial replacement of fine aggregate or mineral filler in stone matrix asphalt (SMA) mixture. For saving natural rock and reusing solid waste, basic oxygen furnace slag (BOF slag) was used as part of coarse aggregate. And this makes SMA mixtures contain more than 90% solid waste materials by mass. A comparative study of the performance of two mixes designed using superior performance asphalt pavements (SUPERPAVE) and Marshall mix design procedures was carried out in this research. Samples from both mixes were prepared at the design asphalt contents and aggregate gradations and were subjected to a comprehensive mechanical evaluation testing. These tests included Marshall stability, water sensibility, resilient modulus, fatigue life and rutting. In all the performed tests SUPERPAVE mixtures proved their superiority over Marshall mixtures. TCLP test for environmental impact indicated that asphalt is an effective stabilization and solidification agent for heavy metal in MSWI ash. The heavy metal leachates in TCLP tests have great positive correlation with their initial concentration in waste. But Ni is an exception that lower initial concentration leaded to higher cumulative leaching rate.     

Predicting stripping and moisture induced damage of asphalt concrete prepared with polymer modified bitumen and hydrated lime

Many highway agencies have been experiencing premature failures that decrease the performance and service life of pavements. One of the major causes of premature pavement failure is the moisture damage of the asphalt concrete layer. Many variables affect the amount of water damage in the asphalt concrete layer such as the type of aggregate, bitumen, mixture design and construction, level of traffic, environment, and the additive properties that are introduced to the bitumen, aggregate or bitumen–aggregate mixture.This study is aimed to determine the effect of additives such as hydrated lime as well as elastomeric (SBS) and plastomeric (EVA) polymer modified bitumen (PMB) on the stripping potential and moisture susceptibility characteristics of hot mix asphalt (HMA) containing different types of aggregate (basalt–limestone aggregate mixture and limestone aggregate). The stripping properties and moisture susceptibility characteristics of the samples have been evaluated by means of captured images and the Nicholson stripping test (ASTM D 1664) as well as the modified Lottman test (AASHTO T 283), respectively.The results indicated that hydrated lime addition and polymer modification increased the resistance of asphalt mixtures to the detrimental effect of water. Moreover, it was found out that samples prepared with SBS PMB exhibited more resistance to water damage compared to samples prepared with EVA PMB.     

A methodology of implementing target mixing ratio for asphalt mixture

In order to implement the objective mix design of hot mix asphalt adequately during the construction process, the significance of objective mixing ratio was elaborated, and the variability of materials and its control method were analyzed. An engineering example is used to illustrate the debugging process of asphalt mixture batching & mixing plant and the dynamic quality management methods. The results show that the set of methods can not only implement the objective mixing ratio of hot mix asphalt adequately, but also control production during the construction process effectively.     

Performance based binder type selection using mixed integer programming technique

The rationale behind an asphalt mix design is optimizing the binder content for the desired aggregate gradation to satisfy the specified volumetric and strength requirements. The designed asphalt mix should be durable and cost effective. The mechanical behavior of a designed asphalt mix is affected by the traffic loading and climatic variations. To improve the mechanical properties of asphalt mixes, additives are added to the base asphalt binder. These binders are called modified asphalt binders. The objectives of the present study are to compare the performance of asphalt mixes with different binders by two different mix design methods and to optimize the asphalt binder type to achieve the desired performance. Two methods of mix design namely, Marshall and Superpave mix design methods are considered. The performances of asphalt mixes viz., tensile strength, moisture damage, densification and rutting resistance were compared. The results indicated a statistically significant difference in the optimum asphalt binder content from the two mix design methods. The Marshall method of asphalt mix design is found to yield lower optimal asphalt binder content when compared to the Superpave method of mix design. The moisture susceptibility and construction densification index of asphalt mixes designed using Superpave method were found to be significantly lower than that of the mixes designed by Marshall method. Optimization using a Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP) indicated that the polymer modified asphalt binder outperforms the requirements of engineering properties when compared to other commercial binders used in the study.     

基于温度应力的温拌沥青胶结料低温力学性能

为准确评估Sasobit温拌产品对沥青胶结料低温力学性能的影响,同时考虑温拌沥青胶结料在降温过程中所产生的累积和松弛作用,基于小梁弯曲流变(BBR)试验计算获得了温拌沥青胶结料的温度应力,运用Huet模型进行参数拟合并采用统计学方法对温拌产品的影响效果作了进一步分析.结果表明:2%及以上Sasobit温拌产品的加入使得沥青材质变硬,致使温拌沥青胶结料出现更高的低温PG分级、更大的温度应力和更高的临界开裂温度;Huet模型的参数分析和统计学方法分析进一步证实了此硬化影响的存在.     

Assessment of debonding in GFRP joints using damage identification techniques

Pultruded sections are used in many different civil engineering applications involving FRP composites, including a number of footbridges. These sections are typically joined through adhesive bonding and/or mechanical interlock. The joint is clearly critical to load transfer and the avoidance of unintended failure modes. As a contribution towards studying damage identification and assessment in FRP joints, this paper examines the dynamic performance of bonded GFRP pultruded sections. Experimental testing and FE modelling were employed to model damage in the joints and to assess whether debonding can be detected through differences in the dynamic characteristics – namely frequencies and mode shapes – of the components. Debonding in the joints was simulated by progressively reducing their bonded area. Four damage identification techniques (based on modal curvature, flexibility, damage index and the curvature of the flexibility-based uniform load surface) were used to assess damage. The results show that significant damage has to be present before debonding can be identified through changes in resonant frequencies and mode shapes. Once such levels are present, damage identification techniques can be applied effectively to locate damage. It is concluded that vibration-based damage assessment methods should be used in conjunction with other non-destructive evaluation techniques.     

The use of constrained and unconstrained optimization models in gradation design of hot mix asphalt mixture

The paper describes the essential differences in determining optimal gradation of hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixture used in road building at the stages of its selection, initial design and production, and presents the respective algorithms. The models of constrained and unconstrained non-linear optimization are developed, allowing us to choose the best HMA mixture gradation based on mineral materials, whose gradation is known, when the total percent passing of HMA mixture aggregates is considered to be equally important for all sieves, or when preference is given to some of the sieves. A new linear optimization problem best suited for practical use due to its simplicity is offered. By introducing weight coefficients for the dimensions of the objective function of the model, zero deviations of the percent passing of HMA mixture aggregates from their standard values may be easily obtained, based on the preferences set. All mineral materials (aggregates) obtained at batch-type asphalt mixing plants should be used for HMA production. Their total mass is equal to unity, while the mass of each material is a positive quantity, and a predetermined relationship between the masses of imported filler and the reclaimed dust is used. In the experimental part of the work, the problems were solved using the SAS system.     

Estimating correlations between rheological and engineering properties of rubberized asphalt concrete mixtures containing warm mix asphalt additive

In recent years, warm mix asphalt (WMA) is widely used for reducing energy requirements and emissions in hot mix asphalt (HMA) industry. In addition, the use of rubberized asphalt in the past has proven to be economical, environmentally sound and effective in improving the performance of pavements across the US and the world. The objective of this research was to investigate the mixture performance characteristics of rubberized warm asphalt mixtures, and their correlation with binder properties, through a series of laboratory tests (e.g., viscosity, dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), and bending beam rheometer (BBR)) conducted on the binders, and obtaining the indirect tensile strength, rutting resistance, and resilient modulus of various mixtures. The results of the experiments indicated that the use of crumb rubber and WMA additive in HMA can effectively improve the engineering properties of these mixes at lower mixing and compacting temperatures and some statistical correlations between rheological and/or engineering properties were developed successfully.     

温拌沥青混合料现场施工质量对比研究

为了评价温拌沥青混合料(WMA)在施工过程中的差异性,采用三种不同的温拌技术(Evotherm、Sasobit、Foamed)制备了8种温拌沥青混合料,对沥青混合料的含水率和集料对沥青的吸收量、面层温度的均匀性、碾压次数和面层的现场密度进行监测。研究结果表明:WMA中的含水率略高于HMA;HMA和WMA的吸收沥青含量没有显著统计学差异;WMA,铺筑后面层的温度明显低于HMA;HMA和WMA在压实度上没有明显的差别。     

几种改性沥青疲劳破坏评价指标及性能研究

为研究改性沥青的疲劳破坏演化规律,采用动态剪切流变仪(Dynamic Shear Rheometer,DSR),对岩沥青/SBS复合改性沥青(RA/SBS)、岩沥青/胶粉复合改性沥青(RA/CR)、岩沥青改性沥青(RA)和SBS改性沥青(SBS)进行温度扫描试验和考虑荷载控制模式(应力/应变)的时间扫描试验。基于表象法和耗散能理论,获得多种物理指标随荷载作用次数(N)的变化曲线;通过分析曲线变化规律系统地研究本研究改性沥青的疲劳行为,确定多种疲劳破坏指标(G*sinδ、TF、Nf50、Nfm、Nm、N2和Np20),并将其应用于改性沥青的疲劳性能评价与寿命评估;全面分析和客观评价不同疲劳破坏指标的评价效果,确定适用于本研究改性沥青的疲劳失效判定标准。研究结果表明：不同疲劳破坏指标对本研究改性沥青的疲劳性能评价效果存在显著差异,疲劳寿命依赖于时间扫描试验的荷载控制模式;同一种加载模式下,应用多种疲劳破坏判定指标对改性沥青进行疲劳寿命排序的结果具有一致性,添加5%岩沥青和2%SBS的RA/SBS是应力控制模式下的最佳抗疲劳性能掺配;添加5%岩沥青和18%胶粉的RA/CR是应变控制模式下的最佳抗疲劳性能掺配;增加RA/CR中的胶粉掺量,降低岩沥青掺量,可显著改善复合改性沥青的疲劳性能。通过疲劳破坏指标的几何位置判定可知,Nf50和Nfm贴近于改性沥青的完全疲劳破坏状态,可将其作为本研究改性沥青的疲劳破坏判定标准。     

Mode I reflection cracking resistance of strengthened asphalt concretes

This study was devised to evaluate the performance of polymer-modified asphalt mixtures and specially designed reinforcement techniques against reflection cracking for the typical asphalt pavement overlays. Selected polymers from previous studies were used as asphalt modifiers along with fibre; a polypropylene film (vinyl) and a grid were used as reinforcing materials. Using the reinforced asphalt mixtures with the optimum asphalt content from mix design, an asphalt mixture slab was made and cut into two specimens. A layer of grid or polypropylene film was placed at the bottom of each specimen to strengthen the pavement layer against cracking. Simulated-repeated loading was applied to the asphalt mixture specimens using a hydraulic dynamic loading frame. The asphalt mixture specimens were bonded to a cement concrete base which was cut to simulate a crack. Crack propagation under repeated loading was monitored and the effectiveness of the devised crack preventing techniques was evaluated. From the test results, a significant retardation of crack progress was monitored from some of the modified and reinforced asphalt mixtures.     

泡沫沥青混合料冷再生技术

根据国内外最新研究成果,介绍了沥青发泡原理及特性并对其影响因素分别从宏观和微观角度进行了分析,探讨了泡沫沥青混合料的设计方法,最佳拌和用水量试验,养生条件对泡沫沥青混合料的影响,实验室检测方法,力学特性的研究及其影响因素。文中列举了沥青发泡技术在一些温拌沥青混合料中的应用,提出并分析了泡沫沥青今后发展的几个重要问题,包括泡沫沥青混合料设计与评价方法,发泡剂的研制与选择,泡沫沥青改性及其工艺改进方法。     

沥青路面水破坏的原因及防治措施探讨

介绍了沥青路面水损害的现象,从路面设计因素和外部环境因素两方面分析了沥青路面水破坏产生的原因,并针对性地提出了沥青路面水破坏的防治措施,从而避免沥青路面的水破坏,延长道路使用寿命.     

Laboratory and field evaluation of asphalt pavement surface friction resistance

Pavement surface friction is a significant factor for driving safety and plays a critical role in reducing wet-pavement crashes. However, the current asphalt mixture design procedure does not directly consider friction as a requirement. The objective of this study was to develop a surface friction prediction model that can be used during a wearing course mixture design. To achieve the objective, an experimental study was conducted on the frictional characteristics of typical wearing course mixtures in Louisiana. Twelve wearing course mixtures including dense-graded and open-graded mixes with different combinations of aggregate sources were evaluated in laboratory using an accelerated polishing and testing procedure considering both micro-and macro texture properties. In addition, the surface frictional properties of asphalt mixtures were measured on twenty-two selected asphalt pavement sections using different in situ devices including Dynamic Friction Tester (DFT), Circular Texture Meter (CTM), and Lock-Wheel Skid Trailer (LWST). The results have led to develop a procedure for predicting pavement end-of-life skid resistance based on the aggregate blend polish stone value, gradation parameters, and traffic, which is suited in checking whether the selected aggregates in a wearing course mix design would meet field friction requirements under a certain design traffic polishing.     

Pavement design with central plant hot-mix recycled asphalt mixes

Central plant hot mix recycling is one of the popular techniques adopted for recycling of asphalt pavement materials. Literature review reports varied levels of performances (laboratory as well as field) of recycled mix compared to the performances of corresponding virgin mixes. Thus, there is a need for conducting performance-related tests before finalizing any recycled mix design. The present paper discusses laboratory study conducted on recycled mix design of two different Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) samples, and subsequently develops an integrated mix-design-structural-design approach for hot recycled mix. The total cost of the asphalt layer construction is estimated considering the constituent proportion and the pavement design thickness so that the designer can choose the best option.     

微表处混合料室内噪声测试方法

微表处混合料以其防水、抗滑、耐磨等优点已经广泛用于路面的养护维修。但是,与普通沥青路面相比,微表处路面噪声较大、且缺乏有效的噪声测试方法。为此,提出了基于湿轮磨耗仪的微表处混合料室内噪声测试方法。其中,微表处混合料试件用以模拟微表处路面,湿轮磨耗仪用以模拟车辆荷载,噪声计用以获取轮胎与路面的噪声。进而,对9种不同级配的微表处混合料的噪声进行了测试,结果表明：第二时段的噪声值与构造深度的相关性较好,并最终确定了微表处混合料的噪声测试方法和流程。最后,采用两种不同级配的微表处混合料对该测试方法进行了验证,结果表明,该方法能够有效评价不同微表处混合料噪声之间的区别,为微表处混合料的配合比设计提供有益补充。     

添加PE抗车辙剂沥青混合料配合比设计研究

通过室内对PE抗车辙剂进行沥青改性和沥青混合料的配合比设计,为外掺改性沥青和改性沥青混合料的使用性能进行设计提供了可行的方法。试验结果表明,PE抗车辙剂沥青混合料的室内配合比设计仅需将拌和时间适当延长、马歇尔试验过程中的温度适当降低即可,而PE抗车辙剂沥青混合料的油石比略低于SBS改性沥青混合料,且具有与其相当的抗高温变形能力、抗开裂能力和抗水损害能力。