深圳宝安国际机场T3航站楼集中空调冷源方案设计

详细介绍了该工程空调系统的冷源方案设计.通过调研国内几个机场制冷主机容量配置及运行数据,分析、估算了峰值负荷及逐时负荷;从可用能源入手,对几种空调系统冷源方案进行了技术经济比较,最终得出采用水蓄冷的结论,并给出了制冷主机与蓄冷水罐的选型建议.     

烟台某办公楼冷却塔供冷系统设计与分析

以烟台某办公大楼为例,详细介绍了冷却塔供冷系统设计。重点分析了内区房间室温的选择、最高冷水温度的计算、负荷侧和冷源侧系统设备配置的比较、冷却塔运行时间的计算,以及7个可行性方案的节能性与经济性比较。合理选择了冷却塔供冷系统的切换温度、供冷时间、运行水温,以充分利用冷却塔的冷却功能制冷。     

中关村西区区域供冷设计技术分析

围绕中关村区域供冷站现行的双蒸发器双工况制冷主机的外融冰系统设计，进行了多方案的技术经济分析，提出了较适合我国国情的外融冰系统区域供冷设计方案，评价了在北方地区利用冷却塔换热供冷的经济性。     

低温区域供冷技术在商务建筑群中应用

通过对某商务建筑群区域供冷站的介绍,对于适合区域供冷形式的蓄冰方式进行了探讨,并对该系统采用的双蒸发器螺杆主机的节能特点与常规冰蓄冷主机进行了比较分析。为今后大型区域供冷系统冷源的建设引入了新的思路。对于提高区域供冷空调系统运行效率,节约用户建筑空间,进而更好地实现区域供冷形式的节能效应具有一定的参考价值。     

区域集中供冷系统冷量调节新技术

针对区域集中供冷系统低温供水带来的主机效率不高、系统运行成本增加的问题,提出了一种新的区域集中供冷系统冷量调节方法,即用冷建筑末端空调设备的恒流量、变温差调节方法。在广州大学城区域集中供冷系统的应用结果表明,采用该调节方法能提高用冷建筑的冷水供水温度,改善主机制冷效率和整个区域的供冷效率。     

季节性雪蓄冷技术在寒区机场的应用

将季节性雪蓄冷技术应用在严寒地区机场区域供冷系统中。设计出机场雪供冷系统方案,并给出供冷系统流程。最后通过与常规电制冷技术进行对比,分析季节性雪蓄冷在机场应用的经济和环境优势。     

广州某新城片区区域供能系统规划

随着“双碳”目标的提出,建筑领域迫切需要“降能耗、提能效”。近年来,区域能源系统因其能提高能源使用效率,具有良好的节能减排效益,在建筑领域已成为热点话题。结合广州某新城片区的改造情况,重点介绍了启动区区域的土地规划、建筑性质以及供冷负荷,通过比对经济性和节能效益,提出了电制冷加冰蓄冷的供冷方案,并对供冷站选址进行了分析,为某新城片区区域供冷系统规划提供了支持。     

基于实测的水蓄冷系统优化运行策略节能性分析

以江苏省某能源站及周围建筑区域供冷系统为研究对象,对建筑供冷量、主机能耗进行了实测并对机组运行模式分析,得到了建筑冷负荷特性及实现系统节能运行的关键措施;并基于建筑冷负荷特性,提出了水蓄冷空调系统优化运行策略,该优化策略充分考虑主机性能与当地峰谷电价,使主机处于较高效率和较低电价时间段运行.结果 表明,与现有运行策略相比,优化运行策略可以在供冷期节约3.4％的电量和12.4万元运行费用.     

带蓄冷装置区域供冷系统运行策略及经济性

基于某区域供冷项目的负荷特性分析结果,能源中心拟采用基载机、制冷主机、冰蓄冷装置联合供冷。分析部分负荷率下系统运行策略,对部分负荷率下区域供冷系统的能效比、供冷成本进行了计算。     

某政府办公建筑区域供冷系统负荷特点实测研究

以某政府办公建筑区域供冷系统为研究对象,对其夏季供冷典型工况进行了实测,并监测收集了2013,2014年完整供冷季及2015年部分供冷季运行数据。以系统水温、流量、主机功率及供冷量等数据为基础进行分析,计算了主机COP、系统EER及系统冷量损失,着重研究了系统负荷特性和该特性下水蓄能系统对系统能效的影响,并对系统存在问题提出了优化建议。研究表明:部分负荷率≤25%的时间占整个供冷季的时间比例大于55%,部分负荷率≥75%的时间占10%左右;系统昼夜平均负荷比为2.4∶1,工作日与周末平均负荷比为1.6∶1;2013,2014年2个供冷季系统综合EER分别为3.63和3.55,2015年供冷季主机COP为3.43~5.07;蓄冷过程总冷量损失约占系统总冷量的9.3%~11.4%。     

A data fusion scheme for building automation systems of building central chilling plants

Accurate and reliable building load measurement is essential for robust chiller sequencing control, building air-conditioning system performance monitoring and optimization. This paper presents a scheme adopting the data fusion technique to improve the quality of building cooling load measurement of building automation systems. The strategy uses two types of measurement information on the cooling load, i.e., “direct measurement” of building cooling load, which is calculated directly using the differential water temperature and water flow rate measurements, and “indirect measurement” of building cooling load, which is calculated using a model using the instantaneous chiller electrical power input. Capitalizing their own advantages and disadvantages, a data fusion algorithm is developed to merge these two types of data to remove outliers and system errors as well as to reduce the impacts of measurement noises. Meanwhile, a method is implemented to provide quantitative evaluation of the degree of reliability of the merged measurement. Validation of the data fusion algorithm is conducted using field data collected from a chiller plant in a high-rising building in Hong Kong.     

酒店建筑空调和生活热水方案优化设计

本文利用负荷全年逐时计算数据,引入全寿命周期费效比方法,对北京一家酒店的冷源设计方案的初投资和运行费用比较分析,综合考虑初投资、控制策略、维保难度、运行费用等多方面因素,该项目最终推荐选用水冷冷水机组机＋电热水器的方案。     

Effects of utilizing seawater as a cooling source system in a commercial complex

This paper treats energy and cost performance of a cooling source system with indirect seawater utilization for air conditioning in a commercial complex. Seawater utilization has merits as a cooling source, because seawater temperature is lower than outdoor air in summer and it is cost effective because there is no water monetary cost. Actual operating data has been measured for about 2 years and the chiller and system co-efficient of performance (COP) have indicated about 4.77 and 2.93, respectively, even in summer season and the mean efficiency of the thermal storage system was about 89.9% taking into account heat loss of pumps. In addition, we have constructed simulation models for cooling tower systems, air cooling chiller systems and direct seawater utilization systems then compared them to this system. The electric power consumption of the indirect seawater utilization system was almost the same as the other systems except the air cooling chiller system, because using lower seawater temperature made the chiller efficiency higher. In conclusion, our results showed the indirect seawater utilization system was able to improve the system COP compared to air cooling chiller system, and cancel water consumption compared with the cooling tower system, and cut down an initial and maintenance costs compared with the direct seawater utilization system.     

冰蓄冷空调不同负荷分布的设备选择计算

介绍了冰蓄冷空调设计中建筑物某些时刻的冷负荷小于制冷负荷小于制冷机的全额供冷量而由制冷机减负荷运行供冷的设备选择计算方法。     

Energy performance of a cooling plant system using the inverter chiller for industrial building

The purpose of this paper is to clarify energy performance of the cooling plant system in the industrial building using actual measured operating data and numerical simulation analysis. One aspect of industrial buildings is that they have large energy consumption for manufacturing and air-conditioning compared with office and commercial buildings. Some examples of high-efficiency technologies installed in this particular cooling plant system are inverter chillers, integrated cooling towers and a free-cooling system. The inverter chiller which has been put on the market recently is state-of-the-art technology. The maximum COP of the inverter chiller reaches about 18 under certain conditions and integrated cooling towers make lower temperature cooling water as the whole capacity is large. Actual operating data indicates satisfied values for chiller and system COP during the running period and the simulation results show that the cooling plant system can cut down annual electric power consumption by about 48% compared with conventional cooling system.     

离心式制冷机系统优化控制策略研究

提出了基于模型的离心式制冷机系统台数优化控制策略。该优化控制策略充分利用机组系统的日常调试与制冷机组自身提供的可靠数据，采用简化模型来评估单台机的最大制冷量、计算单台机的瞬时制冷量、并且预测在一定负荷下不同台数机组运行时系统的总电功率，从而寻求制冷机台数的优化组合使得制冷机组系统性能系数最大化。     

Chiller sequencing control with enhanced robustness for energy efficient operation

This paper presents a strategy for improving the reliability and the energy efficiency of chiller sequencing control based on the total cooling load measurement of centralized multiple centrifugal chiller plants. The improvement is achieved as follows. Firstly, a fused measurement of building cooling load is used to replace the direct/indirect measurement. Secondly, the maximum cooling capacity of individual chillers is computed online using a simplified centrifugal chiller model. Thirdly, the online computed maximum cooling capacity is calibrated according to the quality of the fused measurement in order to deal with the possible misbehaviours in measurement instruments. A simplified model for computing the maximum cooling capacity is developed and validated using field data. The performance of the proposed chiller sequencing control strategy is tested and compared with a conventional chiller sequencing control algorithm. Test results are presented showing that the proposed strategy can effectively improve the reliability of chiller sequencing control and reduce the energy consumption of chiller plants.     

An integrated model for the design of air-cooled chiller plants for commercial buildings

Cooling load calculation is the first step in designing the air-conditioning system of a building. The calculated cooling capacity with appropriate buffer is then used to select the number and size of chillers in the system. N + 1 is a common formula used by designers to size the chiller plants in Hong Kong buildings, where N is the actual number of chillers required and 1 is a redundant chiller provided to ensure reliability. This paper reviews the problem of excess capacity and discusses the risk exposure of chiller systems without redundant chillers. The cooling load profiles of the chiller plants of four medium-sized commercial buildings in Hong Kong are reviewed. The risk exposure of chiller systems without redundant chillers can be minimized by applying risk-based preventive maintenance. The just-in-demand design reduces capital cost of the building and frees up funds for continuous energy measurement and improving the energy efficiency of chiller plant systems. This paper presents a model for designing chiller plants that improves the energy efficiency of the plant in a cost effective and thoughtful manner. It is designed with consideration of the life cycle of the plant and real-time continuous commissioning, monitoring, measurement, comparison and execution for better energy management.     

冷水机组变流量综合节能分析与研究

为了更好地了解变流量对冷水机组节能的效果和性能的影响,将冷水机组在变流量工况下与正常工况下的热工性能进行了对比,通过建立冷水机组模型,对正常工况、变冷冻水流量工况、变冷冻水、冷却水流量工况和同时变冷冻水、冷却水、冷却风机流量工况等四种优化工况进行了对比分析与仿真计算,得出了在变冷冻水、冷却水流量工况下,在满足冷却塔正常运行前提下,系统最为节能,且在50%部分负荷率时,比正常工况节能45.54%,同时详细的分析了在变工况下,系统各参数的变化,为完善冷水机组部分负荷下变流量调节控制策略提供了依据和参考。     

Analysis of district cooling system with chilled water thermal storage in hot summer and cold winter area of China

A typical district cooling system (DCS) with a chilled water storage system is analyzed in hot summer and cold winter area in China. An analysis method concerning operation modes is proposed based on measured data, which is obtained by long term monitoring and on-site measurements of cooling season. The DCS operates at partial load for a large proportion of the cooling time; in particular, the partial-load rate (PLR) can be less than 25% for more than 50% of the total cooling season. In the night, PLR reaches 5% of the peak load. Thus, it is critical to achieve efficient operation under partial-load conditions of the DCS. Installation of chilled water thermal storage presents a solution to improve the working condition of the DCS and chillers. From the beginning to the end of the cooling season, the DCS operation can be summarized by typical operation modes according to cooling demand and chiller operation. For each mode, the base-load chiller operated at a high-load rate, with an average value of 0.88, and the coefficient of performance (COP) remained in a small range, between 4.2 and 5.2. The average energy efficiency ratio (EER) of the DCS for the cooling season was 3.65 and 3.81 for Years A and B, respectively. With respect to the economics, chillers used 90.2% of off-peak electricity, at only half the price of peak electricity.