石油类污染物在土壤中的环境行为

土壤中石油类污染物的环境行为一直是环保界研究的重点。为此,简述了土壤中石油类污染物的来源、危害及存在状态,介绍了其在土壤中的迁移、吸附和降解行为,以及其行为特征和影响因素。全面了解土壤中石油类污染物的环境行为,对保护生态环境、推动石油工业经济的持续发展具有重大意义。     

超声波-光催化氧化处理废水的研究进展

超声氧化和紫外光催化氧化属于高级氧化工艺,单独使用时降解有机污染物效果较差,联合使用更有效.对超声波和光催化单独作用的机理及协同降解有机污染物的机理和研究进展作了系统的介绍.     

污水厂污泥堆肥有机污染物降解及土地利用生态风险

污水厂污泥中富集了多种来源的有机污染物，若不进行有效处置，将会严重影响生态环境和人类健康。污泥堆肥是降解污泥中有机污染物的有效途径之一，然而堆肥后有机污染物过度残留也限制了堆肥产品的后续土地利用。以多环芳烃（PAHs）、邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）、抗生素和抗性基因（ARGs）等典型有机污染物为对象，综述了其在好氧堆肥过程中的降解效率以及影响因素，同时分析了堆肥产物土地利用生态风险，以期为污泥的土地利用提供建议。     

电化学氧化法处理高盐低COD污水研究

文章针对高盐、低COD难降解污水进行电化学氧化法降解有机污染物的研究和试验,介绍了电化学氧化法降解COD、氨氮的原理,探讨了试验对COD、氨氮、聚合物的去除情况,分析了装置的经济性能及试验去除污染物的影响因素。     

光催化氧化技术在水处理中的应用及研究进展

介绍了光催化氧化的机理,就TiO2固定化制备、改性、光催化氧化在降解废水中有机污染物、无机污染物以及饮用水处理中的研究进展进行了阐述,提出了今后的发展方向。     

光电催化技术对有机污染物的降解作用

简述了光电极和光电化学反应器的研究进展，介绍了外加偏电压对光催化反应的影响及光电催化氧化技术对几种典型有机污染物的降解情况，最后对光电催化技术的发展进行了展望。     

自清洁混凝土

汽车和工业排放气体中的有机和无机物，会附着并且沉积在混凝土建筑物表面。这些污染物在太阳光的紫外线作用下会发生氧化降解。但是，这个反应过程速率很慢，吸附到建筑物表面的污染物还没有来得及分解，就被后续的污染物所遮盖，对原有的吸附物起屏蔽作用，使其处于稳定状态。如此反复，建筑物表面将形成污染物的积聚。在混凝土中添加光催化剂，改变污染物的氧化降解反应速率，使附着到混凝土表面上的有机和无机污染物在太阳光的紫外线作用下及时地氧化降解，这些降解物能够被雨水冲刷掉，建筑物表面因而一直保持洁静的表面。     

室内装修材料中甲醛污染物的检测与防治方法

室内空气污染问题已成为近年来城市居民关注的热点问题之一。装修材料中挥发性有机污染物进入空气,对人体健康造成很大威胁,本文介绍了室内装修中空气污染物甲醛的来源、特点及检测方法,提出了降解室内甲醛污染物的防治措施。     

环境中多溴联苯醚的降解研究进展

介绍了当前国内外学者对环境中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)降解技术的研究进展,阐述了光解、生物降解对PBDEs的降解效果及降解机理,重点关注了好氧及厌氧微生物技术降解PBDEs的研究前景,并指出了今后微生物强化技术在持久性有机污染物处理中的深入探讨方向。     

强化传统芬顿/类芬顿氧化效能的研究进展

传统芬顿/类芬顿工艺常被应用于难降解有机污染物的去除,然而传统芬顿/类芬顿工艺反应条件苛刻、污泥产量大,制约了其推广应用。通过化学和物理方法拓宽传统芬顿/类芬顿反应pH值、提高其氧化效能是芬顿水处理技术的研究热点。综述了近年来芬顿反应体系的研究进展,重点阐述了化学法和物理法强化芬顿/类芬顿体系去除有机污染物的效能及机理,探讨了芬顿/类芬顿体系中的活性物质,最后展望了各种强化技术在水处理领域的应用前景。     

Differences between Arctic and Atlantic fjord systems on bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants in zooplankton from Svalbard

Differences in bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) between fjords characterized by different water masses were investigated by comparing POP concentrations, patterns and bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) in seven species of zooplankton from Liefdefjorden (Arctic water mass) and Kongsfjorden (Atlantic water mass), Svalbard, Norway. No difference in concentrations and patterns of POPs was observed in seawater and POM; however higher concentrations and BAFs for certain POPs were found in species of zooplankton from Kongsfjorden. The same species were sampled in both fjords and the differences in concentrations of POPs and BAFs were most likely due to fjord specific characteristics, such as ice cover and timing of snow/glacier melt. These confounding factors make it difficult to conclude on water mass (Arctic vs. Atlantic) specific differences and further to extrapolate these results to possible climate change effects on accumulation of POPs in zooplankton. The present study suggests that zooplankton do biomagnify POPs, which is important for understanding contaminant uptake and flux in zooplankton, though consciousness regarding the method of evaluation is important.     

Trends of legacy and new persistent organic pollutants in the circumpolar arctic: Overview, conclusions, and recommendations

This article provides an overview of key findings in the reviews in this special issue on the assessment of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) under the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP), identifies knowledge gaps, and presents conclusions and recommendations for future work. The articles in this special issue summarize the peer reviewed literature and selected technical reports on trends of concentrations and possible biological effects of POPs in the Arctic published up to early 2009.     

Which persistent organic pollutants can we map in soil using a large spacing systematic soil monitoring design? A case study in Northern France

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) impact upon human and animal health and the wider environment. It is important to determine where POPs are found and the spatial pattern of POP variation. The concentrations of 90 molecules which are members of four families of POPs and two families of herbicides were measured within a region of Northern France as part of the French National Soil Monitoring Network (RMQS: Réseau de Mesures de la Qualité des Sols). We also gather information on five covariates (elevation, soil organic carbon content, road density, land cover and population density) which might influence POP concentrations. The study region contains 105 RMQS observation sites arranged on a regular square grid with spacing of 16 km. The observations include hot-spots at sites of POP application, smaller concentrations where POPs have been dispersed and observations less than the limit of quantification (LOQ) where the soil has not been impacted by POPs. Fifty nine of the molecules were detected at less than 50 sites and hence the data were unsuitable for spatial analyses. We represent the variation of the remaining 31 molecules by various linear mixed models which can include fixed effects (i.e. linear relationships between the molecule concentrations and covariates) and spatially correlated random effects. The best model for each molecule is selected by the Akaike Information Criterion. For nine of the molecules, spatial correlation is evident and hence they can potentially be mapped. For four of these molecules, the spatial correlation cannot be wholly explained by fixed effects. It appears that these molecules have been transported away from their application sites and are now dispersed across the study region with the largest concentrations found in a heavily populated depression. More complicated statistical models and sampling designs are required to explain the distribution of the less dispersed molecules.     

Atmospheric fall-out of POPs (PCDD-Fs, PCBs, HCB, PAHs) around the industrial district of Porto Marghera, Italy

In order to estimate the importance of atmospheric fall-out of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) around the industrial district of Porto Marghera, Italy, atmospheric depositions of POPs were collected using bulk samplers inside the Lagoon of Venice. Seventy-seven atmospheric deposition samples were collected monthly over a 12-month period (March 2003-March 2004) at seven sites located close to the industrial area of Porto Marghera. Samples were analysed by HRGC/HRMS for PCDD-Fs, PCBs, HCB and PAHs. Differences in mean daily fluxes of all organic pollutants between industrial, urban and lagoonal stations were clear, atmospheric depositions at industrial sites being higher than target values for dioxin deposition recommended by the EU strategy on dioxins, furans and polychlorobiphenyls. In order to calculate atmospheric loadings of POPs around the industrial district, we considered an area defined by a distance of 10 km from the hypothetical centre-point of the main sources of atmospheric emissions from Porto Marghera. The calculated loadings, compared with the previous estimates, show that annual loadings of POPs are 12, 510, 90 and 130 kg of PCDD-Fs, PCBs, HCB and PAHs, respectively, corresponding to 350-500 mg TEQ, thus indicating a slight decrease in PCBs and a great decrease in HCB with respect to 1998-99. The input coming from the atmosphere is of the same order of magnitude of that due to the watershed runoff and approximately one-half of the direct industrial discharges.     

POPs污染沉积物原位处理技术的研究与应用进展

持久性有机污染物(POPs)因其具有高毒性、高生物富集性和难以生物降解等特点而备受关注。介绍了POPs污染沉积物原位处理技术的研究与应用情况,重点说明了目前在新型吸附覆盖材料及其覆盖方式、高效化学反应活性材料的研发、缓释型生物促进剂的制备、红树植物修复湿地沉积物等方面进行的有益探索和尝试以及取得的成果,并对今后原位处理技术的发展方向进行了展望。     

Evaluation of total lipids using enzymatic methods for the normalization of persistent organic pollutant levels in serum

The human exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is conveniently assessed through analysis of blood serum or plasma and the POPs concentrations are traditionally expressed on a lipid weight basis. Enzymatic determinations of total lipid (TL) content in serum, which imply the measurement of individual lipid classes, such as triglycerides (TG), cholesterol (CHOL) and phospholipid (PL), use small amounts of serum/plasma (<100 microl). These have also become a more precise and less laborious alternative for the gravimetric lipid determinations which were preferred in the past. However, PL are not routinely measured in most clinical laboratories and therefore, TL values are often predicted from formulas based on measurements of only TG and CHOL. In the present study, a large data set (n=483) from Belgian, Swedish and Norwegian populations was used to compute a new formula for TL [TL=1.33*TG+1.12*CHOL+1.48 (g/l)] by means of multiple linear regression. A very good correlation (r=0.949, p<0.001) was found between TL values calculated with the proposed formula and TL values obtained by summation of TG, CHOL and PL. Statistically different values of TL were computed when different previously published formulas were compared, which can have a strong influence on the calculation of lipid-normalized concentrations of POPs. Nevertheless, TL values derived using a mathematical formula which includes only TG and CHOL will be less accurate than TL values obtained by summation of TG, CHOL and PL, which should be the calculation method of choice if PL measurements are available.     

Fluctuating wing asymmetry and hepatic concentrations of persistent organic pollutants are associated in European shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) chicks

In aquatic birds, high body burdens of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been associated with developmental effects related to growth, increased fluctuating wing asymmetry, and disruption of the thyroid hormone, vitamin A (retinol) and vitamin E (tocopherol) homeostasis. The aim of the present study was to examine if morphological variables (body mass, liver mass, wing length, tarsus length and head length), fluctuating asymmetry of the wings and tarsus, growth rates and endocrine variables (thyroid hormones, retinol and tocopherol) were associated with hepatic levels of POPs (PCBs, OCPs and PBDEs) in 21 day old chicks of European shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis). Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis showed that fluctuating asymmetry of wing bone length (FA_WBL) was affected by PCB-105, -118, -138, -153, and -180 (r²x = 0.88, r²y = 0.35, q² = 0.29). Bivariate correlation confirmed significant positive relationships between FA_WBL and each of these PCB congeners. In the PLS model no other biological variables were significantly affected by any of the POPs. Levels of POPs were much lower in the shag chicks than in eggs and in hatchlings from the same breeding colony, most likely due to growth dilution of the compounds. We suggest that the effects of the PCBs on FA_WBL may be due to effects of these compounds on bone growth and bone structure. FA_WBL may have functional effects on the fitness if it persists after fledging.     

Atmospheric monitoring of organic pollutants in the Arctic under the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP): 1993-2006

Continuous and comparable atmospheric monitoring programs to study the transport and occurrence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the atmosphere of remote regions is essential to better understand the global movement of these chemicals and to evaluate the effectiveness of international control measures. Key results from four main Arctic research stations, Alert (Canada), Pallas (Finland), Storhofdi (Iceland) and Zeppelin (Svalbard/Norway), where long-term monitoring have been carried out since the early 1990s, are summarized. We have also included a discussion of main results from various Arctic satellite stations in Canada, Russia, US (Alaska) and Greenland which have been operational for shorter time periods. Using the Digital Filtration temporal trend development technique, it was found that while some POPs showed more or less consistent declines during the 1990s, this reduction is less apparent in recent years at some sites. In contrast, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were still found to be increasing by 2005 at Alert with doubling times of 3.5 years in the case of deca-BDE. Levels and patterns of most POPs in Arctic air are also showing spatial variability, which is typically explained by differences in proximity to suspected key source regions and long-range atmospheric transport potentials. Furthermore, increase in worldwide usage of certain pesticides, e.g. chlorothalonil and quintozene, which are contaminated with hexachlorobenzene (HCB), may result in an increase in Arctic air concentration of HCB. The results combined also indicate that both temporal and spatial patterns of POPs in Arctic air may be affected by various processes driven by climate change, such as reduced ice cover, increasing seawater temperatures and an increase in biomass burning in boreal regions as exemplified by the data from the Zeppelin and Alert stations. Further research and continued air monitoring are needed to better understand these processes and its future impact on the Arctic environment.     

Time trends of persistent organic pollutants in Sweden during 1993-2007 and relation to age, gender, body mass index, breast-feeding and parity

Background

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are lipophilic chemicals that bioaccumulate. Most of them were resticted or banned in the 1970s and 1980s to protect human health and the environment. The main source for humans is dietary intake of dairy products, meat and fish. Little data exist on changes of the concentration of POPs in the Swedish population over time.

Objective

To study if the concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), DDE, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and chlordanes have changed in the Swedish population during 1993-2007, and certain factors that may influence the concentrations.

Methods

During 1993-2007 samples from 537 controls in different human cancer studies were collected and analysed. Background information such as body mass index, breast-feeding and parity was assessed by questionaires. Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to analyse the explanatory factors specimen (blood or adipose tissue), gender, BMI, total breast-feeding and parity in relation to POPs. Time trends for POPs were analysed using linear regression analysis, adjusted for specimen, gender, BMI and age.

Results

The concentration decreased for all POPs during 1993−2007. The annual change was statistically significant for the sum of PCBs −7.2%, HCB −8.8%, DDE −13.5% and the sum of chlordanes −10.3%. BMI and age were determinants of the concentrations. Cumulative breast-feeding > 8 months gave statistically significantly lower concentrations for the sum of PCBs, DDE and the sum of chlordanes. Parity with > 2 children yielded statistically significantly lower sum of PCBs.

Conclusions

All the studied POPs decreased during the time period, probably due to restrictions of their use.     

Partitioning of persistent organic pollutants in grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) mother-pup pairs

Phocid seals have lipid rich milk, which is known to serve as a transfer medium through which persistent organic pollutants (POPs) move from mother to offspring during lactation. However, knowledge on this generational transfer of different POPs and the partitioning of these compounds in maternal and offspring tissues over the course of the lactation are limited. In this study we examined the qualitative and quantitative partitioning of a range of chlorinated POPs in maternal blubber, blood and milk as well as in pup blubber, collected early in the lactation period and late in the lactation period. In the lactating female, the high-chlorinated and hydrophobic compounds were passed less efficiently into the milk than the low-chlorinated compounds and more water-soluble compounds. Significantly, lower maternal blood concentrations than in maternal blubber biopsies suggest a stratification of POP concentrations in the blubber column of lactating female and lower concentrations in the metabolic active inner layers. Over the course of lactation, there was a significant increase in maternal blood and milk concentrations of POPs as opposed to no change in maternal blubber biopsy concentrations. This was most apparent for the hydrophobic and high-chlorinated compounds. The most likely explanation for this is that the metabolic active inner blubber layer, from which the milk lipids are derived from, is in steady state with the circulatory system, while the outer layers are more static and only slowly respond to changes in concentrations elsewhere in the body. The concentrations of the high-chlorinated and hydrophobic compounds were substantially lower in pup blubber than in maternal blubber. This probably relates the combined effect of these compounds stratification in maternal blubber and their slow transfer into the milk. The present study shows that the more hydrophobic and high-chlorinated compounds come to steady state less quickly in the different tissues than the more water-soluble and low-chlorinated compounds in the lactating female and her offspring. This has implications for which matrices to choose when sampling for assessing the toxicological risk of POPs in seals.