Determination of transient two-dimensional heat transfer in ventilated lightweight low sloped roof using Fourier series

In this paper, the analysis of transient two-dimensional (2D) heat transfer in low sloped roof with forced ventilated cavity made from lightweight building elements (LBE) is presented. For the heat transfer analysis the 2D numerical model, which was verified with experiments, was used. Forced ventilated cavity was configured in two different ways. In the first case the cavity was configured with coloured thin metal sheet and in the second case with thin metal sheet with added layer of thermal insulation and radiation barrier. Beside the influence of the ventilated cavity configuration on the transient 2D heat transfer in the LBE and on the cavity outlet air temperature also the influence of the LBE thickness, specific air flow rate through the cavity, inner air temperature and wind velocity was analysed. Multi-parametric equations for determination of Fourier series coefficients were formed. These coefficients were used for evaluation of transient 2D heat transfer on the inner side of the roof and cavity outlet air temperature for a clear day.     

混合对流作用下通风小室内流动换热的数值模拟

本文对一个侧壁受定热流作用的通风小室在两种气流组织型式下的混合对流换热情况进行了数值模拟,计算得到了流场,温度场及混合对流条件下室内的换热情况等随雷诺数Ｒａ的变化规律。     

Conjugate conduction convection and radiation heat transfer through hollow autoclaved aerated concrete blocks

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is developed to study thermal performance of hollow autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) blocks in wall constructions of buildings under hot summer conditions. The goal is to determine size and distribution of cavities (within building blocks) that reduce heat flow through the walls and thereby lead to energy savings in air conditioning. The model couples conjugate, laminar natural convective flow of a viscous fluid (air) in the cavities with long-wave radiation between the cavity sides. Realistic boundary conditions were employed at the outdoor and indoor surfaces of the block. A state-of-the-art building energy simulation programme was used to determine the outdoor thermal environment that included solar radiation, equivalent temperature of the surroundings, and convective heat transfer coefficient. The CFD problem is put into dimensionless formulation and solved numerically by means of the control-volume approach. The study yielded comprehensive, detailed quantitative estimates of temperature, stream function and heat flux throughout the AAC block domain. The results show a complex dependence of heat flux through the blocks on cavity and block sizes. In general, introducing large cavities in AAC blocks, being a construction material of low thermal conductivity, leads to greater heat transfer than the corresponding solid blocks. Several small cavities in a block may lead to small reductions in heat flux, but the best configuration found is a large cavity with a fine divider mesh in which case heat flux reductions of 50% are achievable.     

Detailed numerical simulation of coupled heat transfer by conduction,natural convection and radiation through double honeycomb walls

The aim of the present work is to study numerically 2-D steady state coupled heat transfer by conduction, free convection and infra-red radiation through two honeycomb walls separated by a vertical air layer. Airflow in both holes and separating air layer is laminar. The limiting vertical sides of the double honeycomb wall are assumed to be isothermal but at different temperatures while the upper and lower horizontal surfaces of the structure are insulated. The FVM method and the SIMPLE algorithm are used to solve numerically the equations of conservation of mass, momentum and energy in both air filled cavities and solid partitions. It is found that the global heat flux across the entire wall varies almost linearly with the difference between the outside and the inside temperatures. Based on this linear thermal behaviour, appropriate overall heat exchange coefficients are derived. These coefficients can be used easily in practice to predict the global heat transfer across the studied honeycomb walls without solving the detailed and complex equations that govern the different heat transfer mechanisms. Effect of the thermal conductivity of the construction material on the overall heat transfer through double honeycomb walls is studied.     

Determining the thermal capacitance,conductivity and the convective heat transfer coefficient of a brick wall by annually monitored temperatures and total heat fluxes

The finite volume scheme and complex Fourier analysis methods are proposed to determine the thermal capacitance (defined as the product of density and specific capacity) and thermal conductivity for a building construction layer using the monitored inner/outer surface temperatures and heat fluxes. The overall heat transfer coefficient for the air gap, and the convective heat transfer coefficient for air gap surfaces and room surfaces are determined by the linear relationship between the surface convective heat flux and the temperature difference. Convective heat flux is obtained by removing the thermal radiation flux from the total surface heat flux. Finally, the predicted surface heat fluxes using the calculated thermal properties and ASHRAE values were compared with the measurements.     

Multi-layer heat insulation system for frame construction buildings

One of the most important research areas today is in energy-efficient technologies such as heat insulation in buildings. In this research, insulation panels with multilayer, low-emissivity aluminum–polyethylene sheets were prepared and investigated. The results of the study showed that surface emissivity and convection currents have important influence on heat flow. The aluminum–polyethylene sheets were effective in reflecting heat and reducing heat transfer by radiation. They also divided the air space in the insulation system, resulting in the reduction of convection currents and convection heat transfer. The heat insulation system was built without micro heat bridges. Consequently, heat conduction was not increased by micro heat bridges resulting in lower effective thermal conductivity than the commonly used insulation materials. The connection between heat resistance and the number of sheets was not linear. The first inserted sheet had the highest effect and each additional sheet had less influence on heat resistance.     

Conjugate heat transfer analysis of double pane windows

This study numerically analyzes conjugate heat transfer through a double pane window using a finite difference technique. The aim of the study is to determine the thermal optimum air layer thickness between the two panes for different climates. Four different cities of Turkey, representing different climate conditions are considered: Ankara, Antalya, Kars and Trabzon. Here, much more realistic boundary conditions considered for panes than those considered in Ayd?n (Energy and Buildings 2000; 32:303–8). Ayd?n (2000) assumed panes as isothermal surfaces, while, here, a conjugate heat transfer analysis is applied. Two different boundary conditions are applied for the outer surfaces facing inside and outside: constant temperature and convection. The height of the window, H is chosen 80 cm and the thickness of each pane is set 4 mm. The effect of air layer thickness varying between 3 and 40 mm on the average Nusselt number and the heat flux through the inner pane. It was shown that energy losses through the double pane windows can be considerably reduced by optimizing thickness of the air layer. It is also shown that filling the space between the glass panes with a gas having a lower thermal conductivity instead of air reduces the insulating value of the window.     

地板辐射采暖房间传热性能研究

建立了地板辐射采暖房间的传热模型。通过实验测量了房间稳态传热时的空气、地板、墙体和顶板的温度，计算了各表面之间的对流、辐射换热量。     

Heat transfers in a double-skin roof ventilated by natural convection in summer time

The double-skin roofs investigated in this paper are formed by adding a metallic screen on an existing sheet metal roof. The system enhances passive cooling of dwellings and can help diminishing power costs for air conditioning in summer or in tropical and arid countries. In this work, radiation, convection and conduction heat transfers are investigated. Depending on its surface properties, the screen reflects a large amount of oncoming solar radiation. Natural convection in the channel underneath drives off the residual heat. The bi-dimensional numerical simulation of the heat transfers through the double skin reveals the most important parameters for the system's efficiency. They are, by order of importance, the sheet metal surface emissivity, the screen internal and external surface emissivity, the insulation thickness and the inclination angle for a channel width over 6 cm. The influence of those parameters on Rayleigh and Nusselt numbers is also investigated. Temperature and air velocity profiles on several channel cross-sections are plotted and discussed.     

双层皮玻璃幕墙建筑的能耗分析和优化设计

介绍了双层皮玻璃幕墙的研究背景及构造。从理论上分析了气流排热、壁面对流及太阳辐射等因素对建筑能耗的影响。应用EnergyPlus分析了通风腔风速、遮阳策略、朝向和结构参数对建筑能耗的影响。     

单片低辐射玻璃谱带模型及其数值模拟

采用谱带模型,考虑了各个波段透射率、反射率对传热的影响,对单片低辐射玻璃的传热过程进行了研究,提出了描述此传热过程的非线性方程组;考虑对流、太阳辐射及外界和室内辐射等边界条件,并采用了牛顿法解方程组.计算结果表明,单片低辐射玻璃镀膜层向室内放置比较合理;另外,讨论了玻璃厚度、室内温度、室外风速对玻璃传热的影响.     

Flame Heights and Heat Transfer in Façade System Ventilation Cavities

The design of buildings using multilayer constructions poses a challenge for fire safety and needs to be understood. Narrow air gaps and cavities are common in many constructions, e.g. ventilated façade systems. In these construction systems flames can enter the cavities and fire can spread on the interior surfaces of the cavities. An experimental program was performed to investigate the influence of the cavity width on the flame heights, the fire driven upward flow and the incident heat fluxes to the inner surfaces of the cavity. The experimental setup consisted of two parallel facing non-combustible plates (0.8 × 1.8 m) and a propane gas burner placed at one of the inner surfaces. The cavity width between the plates ranged from 0.02 m to 0.1 m and the burner heat release rate was varied from 16.5 kW to 40.4 kW per m of the burner length. At least three repeated tests were performed for each scenario. In addition, tests with a single plate were performed. The flame heights did not significantly change for Q′/W < 300 kW/m² (where Q′ is the heat release rate per unit length of the burner and W is the cavity width). For higher Q′/W ratios flame extensions up to 2.2 times were observed. When the distance between the plates was reduced or the heat release rate was increased, the incident heat fluxes to the inner surface increased along the entire height of the test setup. The results can be used for analysing methodologies for predicting heat transfer and fire spread in narrow air cavities.     

Energy efficient surfaces on building sandwich panels—A dynamic simulation model

The choice of building envelope is critical for the energy performance of buildings. The major part of the energy used by a building during its lifetime is used for maintaining a suitable interior thermal climate under varying exterior conditions. Although exterior heat radiation properties (i.e. total solar reflectivity and long wave thermal emissivity) have been well accepted to have a large impact on the need for active cooling in warmer climate, the effect of a reduced thermal emissivity on interior surfaces on the building thermal energy flux is rarely studied. This paper addresses the sensitivity of the thermal energy flux through a sandwich panel, by systematically varying the surface thermal emissivity (both interior and exterior) and total solar reflectance of exterior surface, for three geographical locations: southern, middle and northern Europe. A model is introduced for calculating the effect of both interior and exterior optical properties of a horizontal roof panel in terms of net energy flux per unit area. The results indicate potential energy saving by the smart choice of optical properties of interior and exterior surfaces.     

The effect of a reflective underlay on the global thermal behaviour of pitched roofs

The influence of the emissivity of a roof underlay on the global thermal behaviour of sloped roofs is investigated. Five well-insulated pitched roofs have been constructed in a test building. The five roofs have a south-west and north-east-oriented pitch and differ in long wave emissivity of the underlay. All roofs are equipped with thermocouples and heat fluxes sensors to evaluate the thermal response of the roofs to the climatic conditions. Both summer and winter conditions have been measured. In addition to the in situ evaluation, a laboratory experiment was set-up to evaluate the influence of the emissivity of the underlay on the summer behaviour of a sloped roof under fixed boundary conditions. With thermocouples and heat flux sensors at different heights in the roof the effect of the reflective foil on the heat gain to the inside could be evaluated. The measured data are compared with a simple numerical model that accounts for the buoyancy effects in the ventilated cavity between tiles and underlay. Laboratory experiments and simulations revealed that a low emissivity of the underlay decreases the heat gain to the indoor environment, but that due to the thermal stack flow in the air cavity underneath the tiles, the advantage of a reflective foil mainly plays a role in the bottom part of the roof. In the in situ measurements it was found that workmanship, airtightness and wind and thermal stack effects are much more important and disturb the possible benefits of using a reflective underlay.     

Coupled heat transfer modes for calculation of cooling load through hollow concrete building walls

A CFD model was developed to study thermal performance of hollow cement wall constructions of buildings under hot summer conditions. The approach employed couples conjugate, laminar natural convective flow of a viscous fluid in hollow building blocks with long-wave radiation between the cavity sides. Realistic boundary conditions were employed at the outdoor and indoor surfaces of the wall. A state-of-art building energy simulation program, ESP-r, was used to determine the outdoor thermal environment that included solar radiation, equivalent temperature of the surroundings and convective heat transfer coefficient. The CFD problem is put into dimensionless formulation and solved numerically by means of the control-volume approach. The study yielded comprehensive, detailed quantitative estimates of temperature, stream function and heat flux throughout the wall domain. A detailed parametric study showed that using a wider cavity within a building block does not necessarily reduce heat flux through the block. Radiation heat transfer between cavity sides may account for a significant fraction of heat flux through the block and neglecting its effect can lead to errors that could be as large as 46%. The geometry of the hollow blocks was demonstrated to affect the heat flux by as much as 30%.     

冲缝吸热板渗透型太阳能空气集热器性能研究

介绍了冲缝吸热板渗透型太阳能空气集热器的结构,建立了传热数学模型。采用Matlab程序对传热数学模型进行求解,模拟研究了结构参数、运行参数对集热器热性能的影响。集热器出口空气温度的实测结果与模拟结果的平均偏差为0.99K,证明传热数学模型准确可靠。集热量随吸热板外表面发射率增大而降低,随集热器出口空气流量、太阳辐射强度的增大而升高,随环境温度的增大先降低后升高。集热器出口空气温度随吸热板外表面发射率、集热器出口空气流量的增大而降低,随太阳辐射强度、环境温度的增大而升高。     

具有表面辐射的建筑室内自然对流换热的研究

随着人们生活水平以及节能意识的提高,对建筑热工性能评价和建筑节能越来越重视。将建筑房间简化为含有多孔介质的双区域模型,因此,此类模型被应用到更多的领域。通过数值模拟展现了实际建筑环境中各物理条件对室内通风与热环境的影响,为室内舒适度的建设提供了依据。基于有限元法对含有多孔介质复合腔体这一类双区域模型的壁面热辐射与自然对流耦合换热问题在建筑房间内的应用进行了数值模拟分析。模拟了不同工况下多孔介质复合腔体内的流场和温度场随时间的变化情况。结果表明,表面热辐射对建筑房间内的自然对流换热有明显的增强作用;冬季与夏季,中间层与顶层不同的边界条件影响着室内的对流换热即方腔热环境的改变;多孔介质厚度d较大时能减弱传热,当到达一定值时影响不明显。     

The effect of surface roughness and emissivity on radiator output

The effect of altering the emissivity and the roughness of a wall behind a radiator on the radiator heat output has been studied experimentally and by using computational fluid dynamics.The results of a 3D RNG k–? turbulent model agree well with, and have the same trend as, the experimental results. The results indicate that the presence of large scale surface roughness and a high emissivity surface increases both the heat flow rate and the air velocity behind the radiator compared to a smooth shiny surface. The former increases the wall surface emissivity which causes the surface temperature of the wall to increase, effectively creating additional convective heat transfer surface. The surface roughness will increase both the surface area for heat transfer and the turbulent intensity which increase the mass transfer and free convective heat flux through the air gap.The results indicate that the heat transfer can be increased by about 26% through the use of a high emissivity saw-tooth surface compared to a smooth shiny one. This means that using a wall surface with high roughness and emissivity behind the radiator will increase the heat output from the radiator.     

Numerical simulation by the FVM of coupled heat transfers by conduction, natural convection and radiation in honeycomb’s hollow bricks

This paper presents a detailed numerical study, in steady state regime, of the interaction between two dimensional heat transfers by conduction, natural convection and radiation in double hollow bricks formed by two honeycomb walls separated by an air layer. The air motion in all cavities of the system is laminar. The left and right vertical sides of the hollow bricks are considered isothermal and maintained at different constant temperatures. The top and bottom horizontal sides are assumed to be adiabatic. The governing equations are solved using the finite volume method (FVM) and the SIMPLE algorithm. The impact of the thickness of the air layer on the global heat flux through the structure is discussed. The simulation results show that the variation of the overall heat flux through each hollow brick as a function of the temperature difference ΔT between the vertical sides of the system is almost linear for the different types of double hollow bricks considered. This linear thermal behaviour allowed the generation of appropriate overall heat exchange coefficients that permit fast and accurate prediction of heat transfers through the hollow bricks without solving the complex system of equations governing the coupled heat transfers. Comparison of the performance of different types of double hollow bricks is made.     

Numerical analysis of heat and mass transfer in a passive building component cooled by water evaporation

In this paper, the behaviour of a special roofing system is investigated. It is a passive building component that consists of a ventilated roof with a maintained wet lower surface of the cavity over which flows the external air. The authors have carried out numerical simulations of the thermal field, flow field and water vapour concentration of air within the duct for thermal performance evaluation purposes.In order to obtain an estimate of the thermal cooling flux on the wet surface, suitable procedures were coded and linked to a commercial program for computational fluid dynamics (CFX 4.4). An original approach to solve a coupled heat and mass transfer problem is presented. Results of numerical simulations of the temperature field and the values of the mean specific heat and mass fluxes of the wet lower surface are shown. Numerical problems that have been dealt with, due to particular physical phenomena such as boundary coupled fields and radiation between cavity surfaces, are highlighted.