“上”形截面钢梁弯扭联合作用下整体稳定性分析

为对“上”形截面钢梁弯扭联合作用下的整体稳定性进行分析,采用有限元数值计算方法,通过失稳模态考虑构件L/1 000（L为跨径）的几何初始缺陷,对比已有文献试验结果,验证了模拟方法的正确性,在此基础上,对跨中集中荷载和满跨均布荷载作用下的简支“上”形截面钢梁整体稳定性进行分析,通过曲线拟合给出了“上”形截面钢梁整体稳定系数计算公式,分析了荷载偏心距和跨径对稳定承载力及弯扭效应分配的影响。研究结果表明:通过失稳模态考虑构件L/1 000几何缺陷可以准确地计算稳定承载力;“上”形截面钢梁整体稳定系数的取值较国标规范工字梁小,且均布荷载较集中荷载小;“上”形截面钢梁的稳定承载力随着偏心距和跨径的增加逐渐降低,且影响程度也逐渐变小;偏跨比较大时,失稳破坏主要由扭转效应引起,偏跨比较小时,则主要由弯曲效应引起;集中荷载较均布荷载更容易使“上”形截面钢梁失稳;使用《冷弯薄壁型钢结构技术规范》（GB 50018—2002）进行“上”形截面钢梁的整体稳定性验算会偏于不安全。     

横隔板对薄壁钢箱梁扭转效应影响分析

为了探索薄壁箱梁在发生扭转时横隔板对截面畸变效应和约束扭转效应的影响,提出了一种简便的有限元分析方法。该方法不需施加单独的畸变荷载而直接施加集中外扭矩,依据畸变会产生截面横向框架弯矩和约束扭转在无荷载作用梁段不产生翘曲正应力的特点分析畸变效应大小。采用两端固结梁作为算例分析。分析得出乌曼斯基理论与Ansys计算结果一致,并通过有限元计算,得出横隔板间距小于L/20时(L为跨度),截面横向弯矩M2和无荷载梁段的正应力均为0,即畸变效应可以忽略;而且横隔板布置增多使得约束扭转产生翘曲正应力增加,并大于理论计算值;畸变效应产生的剪应力流大小纵向分布比约束扭转的分布均匀;横隔板很薄时存在较大畸变效应,但高厚比取250(厚12 mm)时,畸变效应便可忽略。     

均布荷载下简支波浪腹板H形截面钢梁弹性整体稳定性研究

采用能量法研究简支波浪腹板H形截面钢梁的弹性整体稳定性,推导了满跨均布荷载作用下简支波浪腹板H形截面钢梁的弹性临界弯矩公式,通过引入波浪腹板H形截面钢梁的等效翘曲惯性矩和绕虚轴等效惯性矩,得到均布荷载作用下简支波浪腹板H形截面钢梁的弹性临界弯矩表达式与普通H形截面简支钢梁形式相同。采用有限元方法对均布荷载作用下简支波浪腹板H形钢梁进行模拟分析,与本文公式计算结果对比验证了所提公式准确有效。均布荷载作用下不同参数简支波浪腹板H形截面钢梁的有限元分析表明,简支波浪腹板H形截面钢梁的弹性临界弯矩大于平腹板H形截面钢梁;随着波浪腹板波幅的增大、翼缘宽度和翼缘厚度的增大,简支波浪腹板H形截面钢梁的整体稳定临界弯矩增大。     

单轴对称工字钢梁的弹塑性稳定系数

工字钢梁在工业厂房中应用非常广泛,而平面外弯扭失稳是薄壁构件的主要失稳模式,比单独的扭转失稳和弯曲失稳要复杂的多。以往钢梁稳定研究主要集中在双轴对称截面,单轴对称截面的整体稳定性研究较少。为此,对承受跨中集中荷载和关于跨中对称的两点荷载的单轴对称工字钢梁进行了弹塑性弯扭屈曲分析,考虑初始变形和两种残余应力分布。通过算例分析得到不同截面尺寸和荷载作用点高度的稳定系数变化规律,以修正的ECCS公式为基础拟合得到了适用于单轴对称截面横向荷载作用下的弯扭屈曲稳定系数公式,该公式适用于的荷载作用点高度为剪心到上翼缘以上120mm,和截面宽高比为0.42~0.76范围内的单轴对称工字钢梁。与有限元计算结果对比表明,公式计算结果与有限元分析结果符合良好,且公式与有限元计算结果相比较为保守。     

温度变化对钢梁受力性能的影响

基于构件的非线性位移应变关系,利用能量原理推导了钢梁在温度荷载和均布荷载共同作用下平衡方程以及钢梁应力和竖向位移的计算公式,并对一工字形截面钢梁力学性能受温度变化的影响进行了分析,由分析结果可知：温度变化对钢梁的力学性能影响较大。     

施工阶段大跨径预应力混凝土刚构桥腹板开裂机理

进行了大跨径预应力混凝土刚构桥腹板开裂机理研究,基于弹性力学平面问题分析方法,推导了集中荷载作用下的板件应力函数表达式,绘制了不同受压边长与集中荷载长度比(d/a)下的横向应力曲线,拟合了集中荷载作用下构件的横向应力求解函数,构造了混凝土刚构桥腹板在预应力集中荷载作用下等效压力矩形的选取方法,并基于平面应力的表达式提出了在三维情况下沿预应力轴线的横向应力计算方法。通过建立某预应力混凝土刚构桥0~3#段实体有限元模型,分析施工过程中刚构桥混凝土腹板在不同等级预应力作用下的开裂情况。结果显示:有限元裂缝模拟与实桥腹板开裂范围一致,有限元应力分析结果下限值与推导的横向应力求解函数计算结果接近,变化趋势一致,印证了横向应力函数求解方法的正确性。     

残余应力对等截面H型钢梁屈曲性能的影响研究

以有限元分析软件ANSYS为工作平台,基于非线性板壳有限元理论,采用壳单元对等截面H型钢梁考虑双重非线性的全过程分析,从而对其屈曲性能进行深入的研究。通过变化构件腹板、翼缘的残余应力峰值,从荷载一位移曲线、承载力、变形的发展等方面入手,分析了残余应力对等截面H型钢梁屈曲性能的影响,获得了一些有价值的结论。     

不同边界条件均布荷载作用钢梁弯扭正应力验算

受弯扭作用的钢梁正应力包含弯曲正应力和翘曲正应力。综合有关文献资料,针对不同边界条件的横向均布荷载作用下受弯扭作用的钢梁,从实用角度出发,分析并验算其弯扭正应力。理论公式计算与 ANSYS 有限元程序分析吻合较好,其结果可供工程设计人员参考。     

H形截面悬臂钢梁的弹性稳定研究

引用现行规范计算悬臂梁的总势能方程，通过假设位移边界条件得出了均布荷载，集中荷载及其共同作用时H形截面悬臂钢梁弹性稳定的计算方法，且对荷载作用点位于截面不同高度的情况进行分析，得出其解析解，并据此建议H形截面悬臂钢梁的合理布置，H形悬臂钢梁稳定计算进行探讨。     

单箱双室箱梁对称弯曲时的局部扭转效应

为研究单箱双室箱梁在对称竖向荷载作用下的受力特征,基于横截面的荷载等效原理与荷载分解,分析了单箱双室箱梁对称弯曲时的局部扭转效应。基于截面的剪力流平衡和箱室受力分解,得到了局部扭转的等效荷载及应力计算式。通过与有机玻璃模型试验和有限元模拟结果的对比,验证了局部扭转效应计算式的正确性,并获得了单箱双室简支箱梁的局部扭转效应下的应力分布规律。研究表明,单箱双室箱梁在仅中腹板作用竖向荷载及两边腹板作用相等竖向荷载时,均存在纵向弯曲和局部扭转的组合变形模式。局部扭转由约束扭转、畸变和横向弯曲效应组成,在截面引起纵向应力和横向应力。局部扭转效应的理论计算结果与模型试验和板壳有限元分析结果吻合良好,表明基于截面剪力流等效的局部扭转荷载求解方法对双室箱梁是适用的;单箱双室箱梁的局部扭转效应在荷载作用点附近截面最为突出,截面上、下缘纵向应力和横向应力以中腹板为拐点呈折线分布,其应力分布和大小与荷载在横截面上作用的部位紧密关联;对算例箱梁,局部扭转效应产生的纵向应力可达初等梁弯曲应力的25%。     

薄壁构件弯扭失稳的一般理论

在薄壁构件的弯扭失稳问题上近20年以来存在着传统的和较新的两种不同的理论,这两种理论的并存使得一些国家的规范和一些著作出现不一致,例如我国的(GB50017—2003)和N.S.Trahair的著作犤17犦仍然采用传统理论的结果,而(GB50018—2003)、ISO的钢结构材料标准和美国的金属结构稳定设计解说却采用较新理论的结果。作者发现被忽视的横向正应力也是影响薄壁构件稳定的重要因素。本文在考虑非线性横向应变能的基础上,导出了薄壁构件的总势能方程。从板的理论出发,全面考虑微元上各种应力以及外荷载的影响,用假想荷载法导出了薄壁构件的弯扭失稳平衡微分方程。这组平衡微分方程和本文提出能量法的是一致的,这进一步证实了本文提出理论的正确性。     

薄壁钢梁稳定性计算的争议及其解决

在规范修订过程中,对钢梁的整体稳定性计算,有学者对《钢结构设计规范》(GBJ17—88)所依据的临界弯矩计算公式提出了质疑,并提出了新的计算公式。本文对规范所依据的公式和新提出的公式所依据的理论进行了对比,对新公式所依据的理论提出了疑问。为避免薄壁构件理论引入的各种假设带来思辨上难以解决的争议,本文采用ANSYS通用有限元程序的三维板壳单元SHELL63进行了6组共36根梁的整体失稳分析。有限元分析结果表明,采用板稳定理论求得的梁临界弯矩与《钢结构设计规范》(GBJ17—88)所依据的公式符合较好,而与新提出的公式比较相差较大。本文根据薄壁梁弯扭稳定理论,推导了考虑非线性正应变和剪应变的梁失稳过程应变能的变化公式,从而解释了考虑非线性剪应变的理论与ANSYS分析结果不符的原因,并对传统的稳定理论得到的结果进行了肯定。     

多孔钢梁在组合屈曲模态下的非线性分析

讨论了一般强度和高强度多孔钢梁在组合屈曲模态下的非线性分析。建立一个考虑腹板和翼缘初始几何缺陷、残余应力和材料非线性等情况的多孔钢梁的三维有限元模型。用具有不同长度,不同截面,不同荷载条件和不同失效模态的多孔梁的试验结果验证了此有限元模型。该模型能计算多孔梁的失效荷载,跨中荷载-挠度关系和失效模态。用120根多孔梁的有限元计算数据进行了参数分析,研究截面几何尺寸,梁长和钢材料强度对多孔梁强度和屈曲性能的影响。参数研究结果显示:由于组合腹板的扭转和腹板后屈曲引起的多孔梁失效对承载力有很大的影响。对于长细比较小的多孔梁,应用高强度钢材料将能显著提高失效荷载值。将有限元计算得到的失效荷载与利用澳洲规范计算的多孔梁平面外屈曲计算结果进行了对比,发现规范的计算结果对于平面外屈曲的一般强度多孔梁是不保守的,而对于组合腹板扭转和腹板后屈曲的高强度多孔梁的失效则非常保守。     

Flexural–torsional buckling of thin-walled beam members based on shell buckling theory

This paper summarized currently available techniques of setting up flexural–torsional buckling theory of thin-walled members. It is found that all the existing methods introduced a nonlinear load potential in their total potentials, while based on the classical variational principle for stability of a solid structure, no such load potential should be included. This situation has led to an inconsistency between some widely referenced monographs in buckling theories of beams with mono-symmetrical cross-sections.

This paper provides a new theory for flexural–torsional buckling of thin-walled members based on the classical variational principle and the theory for thin-walled shells. No nonlinear load potential is included, but a new term: nonlinear strain energy from transverse stresses, which has been neglected in previous theories of thin-walled members, is introduced in. It is found that the nonlinear load potential is not equivalent to the contribution of transverse stresses for beams with mono-symmetrical cross-sections, which causes the inconsistency mentioned above.

The comparison shows that the proposed theory and the traditional theory are the same for most cases encountered in practice.     

Interaction of buckling modes in castellated steel beams

This paper investigates the behaviour of normal and high strength castellated steel beams under combined lateral torsional and distortional buckling modes. An efficient nonlinear 3D finite element model has been developed for the analysis of the beams. The initial geometric imperfection and material nonlinearities were carefully considered in the analysis. The nonlinear finite element model was verified against tests on castellated beams having different lengths and different cross-sections. Failure loads and interaction of buckling modes as well as load-lateral deflection curves of castellated steel beams were investigated in this study. An extensive parametric study was carried out using the finite element model to study the effects of the change in cross-section geometries, beam length and steel strength on the strength and buckling behaviour of castellated steel beams. The parametric study has shown that the presence of web distortional buckling causes a considerable decrease in the failure load of slender castellated steel beams. It is also shown that the use of high strength steel offers a considerable increase in the failure loads of less slender castellated steel beams. The failure loads predicted from the finite element model were compared with that predicted from Australian Standards for steel beams under lateral torsional buckling. It is shown that the Specification predictions are generally conservative for normal strength castellated steel beams failing by lateral torsional buckling, unconservative for castellated steel beams failing by web distortional buckling and quite conservative for high strength castellated steel beams failing by lateral torsional buckling.     

Elastic flexural-torsional buckling of thin-walled cantilevers

Previous studies by the authors revealed that the two representative theories with slight differences between, widely used in investigating the flexural-torsional buckling of thin-walled beams, have led to two different solutions in well-known literature for assessing critical loads of simply supported beams of monosymmetric cross section. With these two solutions, significant differences in critical loads may be found for these monosymmetric beams. Based on the classical variational principle for buckling analyses, a new theory on the flexural-torsional buckling of thin-walled members was proposed by the authors. In this paper, this new theory as well as the other two typical theories is employed to investigate the flexural-torsional buckling of cantilevers.This paper first gives a brief review and a careful comparative study on the flexural-torsional buckling of thin-walled cantilevers employing three different buckling theories. Differences between these theories are demonstrated with investigations on buckling of cantilevers under pure bending and two typical transverse loads. Explicit solutions, capable of considering variations of beam length and loading position along the vertical axis of cross section, are presented for predicting the critical loads of doubly symmetric cantilevers under two typical transverse loads. Advantages of presented solutions, such as good accuracy and ease of use, are exploited through the comparisons of critical results with those from existing solutions and finite element analyses.     

Local buckling of grouted and ungrouted internally stiffened double-plate HPS webs

High performance steel (HPS) is rapidly gaining attention as a desirable material for highway bridge girders largely due to its superior toughness properties and high strength. However, the benefits of using steels with nominal yield strengths of 485 MPa (70 ksi) or greater is restricted by factors such as web stability, deflection, and fatigue design limits, which may govern the design and prevent the effective utilization of the material strength. Therefore, new and innovative bridge design concepts are needed to take better advantage of the enhanced properties of HPS. One design innovation that provides a means of optimizing bridge girders for high strength material utilizes I-girders with double web plates. The web is composed of two steel face plates connected internally by continuous longitudinal stiffening elements. The voids between the face plates may be grouted or ungrouted. The stiffeners permit thin webs to be used, while still allowing the material to reach stresses as high as the yield strength without buckling. In the case of grouted webs, composite behavior increases the out-of-plane stiffness of the web, although bond between the two materials may be unreliable. Nevertheless, it is shown that even in a debonded state, the presence of the grout enhances the buckling capacity of the face plates significantly. Using classical plate buckling theory, design criteria are proposed for bend buckling of the web face plates, considering both the grouted and ungrouted cases. As a means of assessing the anticipated behavior of the plates, upper and lower bounds to the buckling strengths are established. In order to evaluate the ability of classical plate theory to predict the buckling of the face plates, tests were conducted on a series of web panels that simulate a portion of a girder web subjected to flexural compressive stresses. Two of the specimens were ungrouted, two were grouted with a cementitious material, and one was grouted with an epoxy grout. It was confirmed that the presence of grout increased the buckling capacity of the face plates and that the improved bond using epoxy grout served to delay buckling as well, although when the bond broke the failure was sudden. The experimentally determined buckling loads are used to validate the theory.     

Interactive instabilities of thin‐walled laminated composite pultrusion box columns

The problem of interactive buckling and post‐buckling of intermediate length thin‐walled columns built of laminated plate elements subjected to compressive load has been proposed and solved analytically. Pultrusion columns have wide‐range applications in high‐rise building due to their low weight and high load carrying capacity. Classic stability theory and laminate theory were implemented to prove the existence of mixed‐mode buckling in thin‐walled pultrusion columns. Interactive stability modes can result in lower loading capacity of most compressive members and affects their post‐buckling behaviour in major proportions. Interactive buckling load analysis has been performed by means of a simplified theoretical model and verified by means of numerical analysis. The calculations were carried out for commonly used square section thin‐walled composite columns dimensions. The post‐buckling performance of selected sections has been investigated and an optimum layup configuration criterion for each section has been extracted according to pre‐ and post‐critical behaviour. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Elastic, full plastic and lateral torsional buckling analysis of steel single-angle section beams subjected to biaxial bending

Flexural strength limits of steel single-angle section beams should be calculated based on the full plastic moment capacities, local buckling resistance and lateral torsional buckling capacities of the angle sections. The angle section beams are generally under the effect of external loads applied along the direction of geometrical axes parallel to their legs, so that they cause simultaneous biaxial bending about both principal axes. The behavior of angle sections under biaxial bending is complicated. The stress distribution of the critical points of the section cannot be easily determined since all specific points need to be checked. Furthermore, the design specifications require the consideration of the full plastic moment capacities of angle sections. This brings up the question of determining the required increase in first yield moment in order to attain full plastic moment capacities. Since single-angle section beams are thin walled slender structural members, they cannot be designed only according to their elastic and plastic moment capacities. Lateral torsional buckling and local buckling cases need to be considered in determining nominal design moments. In this study, the bending moment about the minor principal axis is assumed to be less than or equal to the moment about the major principal axis. Under that condition the first yield moment capacities, the interaction diagrams between first yield and full plastic moment capacities and critical lateral torsional buckling moments are calculated. These values are obtained by means of dimensionless coefficients, and design procedures have been given for the case of biaxial bending for single-angle section beams taking LRFD [LRFD Load and resistance factor design of single-angle members. Chicago (IL): American Institute of Steel Construction; 2000] rules into account.     

Class 4 stainless steel I beams subjected to fire

Structural elements composed of Class 4 sections are common in stainless steel buildings structures. These thin walled profiles are more susceptible to the occurrence of local buckling. Additionally, in beams the lateral-torsional buckling is also a common failure mode. These instability phenomena are intensified at high temperatures. This work has the main objective of presenting a numerical study on the fire behavior of beams with Class 4 stainless steel sections when subjected to pure bending and high temperatures. The influence of several parameters, as geometrical imperfections and residual stresses, on the ultimate load will be evaluated and comparisons between the numerical results and the Eurocode 3 rules will also be made.