常见袋式空气过滤器过滤特性测试研究

为更好地应用空气过滤器,保证其最佳的使用条件,通过用空气过滤器性能实验台测试一般通风用袋式空气过滤器,对其阻力、过滤效率特性进行相关研究.研究结果表明:对于实验中两中效纤维袋式过滤器,滤料结构本身差异可导致阻力从1 m/s风速下相差41.7 Pa增加到2.5m/s风速下相差111.8 Pa;在不同的截面风速下,0.3～0.5 μ m、0.5～1.0μm这两个粒径段颗粒物一次通过效率最大相差达9％,≥1.0 μ m粒径段颗粒物一次通过效率相差不明显,可根据袋式过滤器的最佳截面风速选择适宜的使用场所.     

光催化降解VOCs特性的一种新预测模型

本文以二氧化钛(P25)为催化剂,研究了平板反应器紫外光催化降解甲苯、苯、邻二甲苯等室内常见VOCs的反应特性。各VOCs的初始浓度为0～14 mg/m3,实验发现,随着初始浓度的增大,甲苯的降解速率呈现先增大、在达到一个最大值后急剧减小的趋势。为了合理解释这种现象,本文从催化剂钝化角度提出了一个新的动力学模型——钝化模型。进一步研究发现,苯、邻二甲苯的降解特性也很好地符合钝化模型。据此,本文提出了活性区、钝化区、最大反应速率和抑止浓度等概念,可用于指导光催化型净化器的优化设计与选用。     

空气中负离子浓度对过滤器捕集效率的影响

空气过滤净化器能够提高建筑空气品质,在越来越多的建筑安装了空气过滤器。因此,有必要对过滤器捕集效率的影响因素进行讨论。本文通过实验的方法,分析了空气中负离子浓度与过滤器捕集效率的关系。实验结果表明,空气中负离子浓度对过滤器存在增效的作用,这种增效作用在粒径小于0.5μm时很显著。本文实测条件下(风速0.6～1.5m/s),均存在10%左右的增效。     

光催化空气净化器对室内建材VOCs散发特性影响分析

利用自行设计的环境舱和光催化反应器,在非密闭条件下,研究反应器的净化性能对室内装修建材散发VOCs特性的影响。首先,建立VOCs浓度与反应器洁净空气量和板材散发特性参数的解析模型,用以预测光催化降解过程中VOCs浓度变化以及达到特定浓度所需的净化时间。然后,实际测算某中密度板中甲醛的散发特性参数,代入预测模型后发现,与实测VOCs浓度基本相符,只是模型预测的稳态平衡浓度偏高。最后,基于散发模型,讨论反应器洁净空气量对板材散发强度的影响,散发强度随洁净空气量的增加而增加,但不能一味通过增加洁净空气量来提高板材散发速率;且降解反应达到稳态后,板材的散发强度稳定在一个定值。     

环形通风场内双层滤网联合除尘效果实验研究

本文利用自行设计的环形通风流场粉尘监测及除尘测试综合实验系统,改变流场风速,双层滤网目数和双层滤网间距,进行呼吸性粉尘除尘效率测定。结果表明:除尘效率随流场中的风速的增加呈现出先增加后减小的变化趋势,在0.6～1.4 m/s的风速范围内,风速为1 m/s时除尘效率最佳。除尘效率随滤网的目数增加而增大,除尘效率随双层滤网间距的增加而先增加后减小,在9～21 cm的间距范围内,当间距为15 cm时除尘效率最佳。     

纳米材料TiO2光催化在IAQ中的应用研究

分析了纳米TiO2光催化处理室内VOC的反应机理，以三种室内常见的探发性有机物为例，分析了单一初始浓度、室内湿度、紫外光强、迎面风速、温度等因素的影响，及其与反应速率的曲线，并与动力学模型L－H进行比较，趋势预测结果满意。     

大型室内水上乐园冬季热湿环境犆犉犇分析

结合某大型室内水上乐园项目,通过CFD模拟预测冬季空调工况室内热湿环境。结果表明:人员停留区温度分布均匀,高度方向温度梯度小于3℃;人员停留区相对湿度满足设计要求,水面附近湿度较高,其影响随高度增加而减小;人员停留区风速小于0.2m/s,舞台表演区风速小于0.15m/s,但近送风口局部区域风速较高。风机盘管直吹围护结构防结露效果明显,侧墙部分区域可能结露。     

严寒地区高校宿舍夏季自然通风热舒适性研究

以严寒地区某高校学生宿舍为研究对象,采用现场测试,问卷调查和数值模拟相结合的方式,对学生宿舍内自然通风状态下气流组织状况及室内人员热舒适性进行研究.通过现场测试,测试期间室内平均风速为0.14 m/s,风速低于热舒适标准的要求值.对232名学生进行调查问卷,学生对宿舍内热环境总体感觉较不舒适,不舒适的比例达73.2％.通过Fluent软件模拟得出:外窗进口风速v=1 m/s的自然通风即可满足宿舍内通风要求.经过综合分析得出,夏季宿舍内较适宜的平均气流速度为0.28～0.32 m/s.     

风机盘管加新风系统室内PM2.5污染控制

在对民用建筑通风系统常用过滤器滤料性能测试基础上,建立了常规风机盘管加新风系统空调房间室内颗粒物浓度集总参数模型,讨论了回风过滤段和新风过滤段过滤器效率的设计选型方法。以西安市某空调系统为例,为满足室内PM2.5污染控制标准,基于室外PM2.5浓度"不保证10d"取值计算,结果表明,余压为50~80Pa的机组回风过滤器效率选用G3、G4型过滤器,余压为30~50Pa的机组回风过滤器效率选用初效G2、G3型过滤器,同时,室内设置等效过滤效率的空气净化器,新风选用初效G4加中效F7或F8两级过滤。     

TiO_2光催化降解TCAA及其动力学研究

三氯乙酸(TCAA)是饮用水中普遍存在,且难以去除的高致癌风险物.考察了通气种类、TiO2用量、溶液初始pH及共存的Fe2+浓度等因素对TiO2光催化降解TCAA效率的影响,分析了pH对TiO2光催化降解TCAA效率的影响机理,探讨了TiO2光催化降解TCAA反应动力学及Fe2+促进TiO2光催化降解TCAA反应的机理.结果表明,当通入气体为O2、TCAA初始浓度为2.0mg/L、TiO2用量为1.0g/L、溶液初始pH为5.80,共存Fe2+浓度为0.10mmol/L时,反应120min,TiO2光催化降解TCAA效率为96.18%;用Langmuir-Hinshelwood模型模拟TiO2光催化降解TCAA反应动力学,UV/TiO2、Fe2+/UV/TiO2反应体系对TCAA的降解速率常数分别为0.0131、0.0237min-1,半衰期分别为52.92和29.25min.     

The effect of activated carbon adsorption on the photocatalytic removal of formaldehyde

Photocatalysis is an emerging and promising technology for indoor air purification. This photocatalytic method is effective in the case of a higher pollutant concentration, but its wide application in indoor air purification is limited due to the low level of indoor air contaminants. In order to improve the removal of pollutants in indoor air, we evaluated the photocatalytic performance over the nanosized TiO₂ particles immobilized on the surface of activated carbon (AC) filter for the removal of formaldehyde (HCHO). It is shown that the photocatalytic reaction rate increased because the AC could adsorb the pollutants from the diluted air stream to generate a high concentration of the pollutants on the catalyst surfaces. The photocatalytic reaction took place from the diffusion control process to the photocatalytic reaction control process with the rise in flow velocity. In the former process, the photocatalytic reaction rate increased, whereas in the later process photocatalytic reaction rate changed little with increasing flow velocity. The flow velocity was lower over the TiO₂/AC catalyst than over the TiO₂/glass catalyst when the photocatalytic reaction was switched from the diffusion control process to the photocatalytic reaction control process. It is also observed that the indoor low-concentration HCHO could be photocatalytically degraded over TiO₂/AC, with the HCHO concentration in the product mixture falling into the standard range that is specified by the indoor air quality standard of China.     

Removal of airborne nanoparticles by membrane coated filters

The increasing amount of nanoparticles with the development of nanotechnology gives rise to concerns about potential negative impact on the environment and health hazards posed to humans. Membrane filter is an effective media to control nanoparticles. Three filters coated with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane were investigated in this study. A series of experiments on the filter efficiency and relevant parameters such as the particle size and face velocity were carried out. The data show that the efficiency curves for the membrane filters demonstrate the typical shape of “v” for particle sizes from 10 to 300 nm at face velocities from 0.3 to 15 cm/s. Membrane filters with larger pore sizes have larger Most Penetrating Particles Sizes (MPPS), and the MPPS decreases with increasing face velocity. The efficiencies decrease with increasing face velocity for particle sizes from 10 to 300 nm. We present the filtration efficiency data as a novel three-dimensional graph to illustrate its dependence on the particle size and face velocity. The membrane coated filter can be considered as two combined layers, one fibrous layer and one membrane layer. We develop a new filtration efficiency model which is a combination of the models for the two layers. Results from the model calculation agree with experimental data well. The study can help to optimize the filter product and to determine the operational parameters of filters, thus contributing to reduction of air pollution by rapidly emerging nanoparticles.     

Investigation of indoor air quality in shopping malls during summer in Western China using subjective survey and field measurement

Thermal parameters and concentrations of CO2, TVOC and formaldehyde were monitored in shopping malls in four western cities in China during summer. Simultaneously, questionnaire subjective surveys were carried out to investigate the indoor perception of air quality and Sick Building Syndrome(SBS) among staffs in the shopping malls. It was found that stuffy odor had significant correlation with the overall odors perception and staff in the shopping malls had noticeable SBS. Instrument measurement showed that mall C had higher pollution levels of TVOC, while formaldehyde concentrations were higher in mall X and L. Pollution level in the malls is influenced by many factors, and three factors(customer density, ventilation conditions, emission characteristic of merchandise) were discussed in the analysis of data from the four malls. For customer density, the concentrations of CO2 on weekends were higher than on weekdays. Daily CO2 concentration was positively correlated with customer flow rate, but there was no significant strong correlation between customer flow rate and TVOC/formaldehyde concentrations. Underground floors had poorer indoor air quality than over-ground because of lack of fresh air. As for the merchandise sections, the formaldehyde in the home textile section in mall X reached 1.15 mg/m3 with an over standard rate of 83.3% due to the new merchandise added. This paper makes a contribution to knowledge relating to the reasons for discomfort in shopping malls by contributing multiple investigations on contaminants together with information on human perception and the operation of air conditioning systems within the stores.     

TVOC and formaldehyde emission behaviors from flooring materials bonded with environmental-friendly MF/PVAc hybrid resins

Polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) was added as a replacement for melamine-formaldehyde (MF) resin in the formaldehyde-based resin system to reduce formaldehyde and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from the adhesives used between plywoods and fancy veneers. A variety of techniques, including 20-l chamber, field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC), VOC analyzer and standard formaldehyde emission test (desiccator method), were used to determine the formaldehyde and VOC emissions from engineered flooring bonded with five different MF resin and PVAc blends at MF/PVAc ratios of 100:0, 70:30, 50:50, 30:70 and 0:100. Although urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin had the highest formaldehyde emission, the emission as determined by desiccator method was reduced by exchanging with MF resin. Furthermore, the formaldehyde emission level was decreased with increasing addition of PVAc as the replacement for MF resin. UF resin in the case of beech was over 5.0 mg/l, which exceeded E2 (1.5-5.0 mg/l) grade. However, MF30:PVAc70 was 相似文献   

接触氧化过滤一体化生物反应器处理城市污水研究

针对一种采用组合填料的接触氧化过滤一体化生物反应器(CFBR),进行了处理城市污水的效能及其影响因素的研究.结果表明,CFBR能在一个反应器内同时实现对COD、NH_4~+-N、浊度的有效去除,同时还去除了大部分的TN和TP.CFBR处理城市污水的最佳工艺参数:曝气时间为60 min,DO为2～3 mg/L,水温为22～25℃,下部滤层的初始滤速为5 m/h.在一定的进水容积负荷下,高底物负荷可产生高有机物去除率;DO为1～4 mg/L时,增加DO会提高对COD和NH_4~+-N的去除率,但对TN、TP和浊度的去除率会减小;水温在13～25℃变化时,水温的升高有利于对NH4+-N的去除;当滤速<8 m/h时,增大滤速会使对COD的去除率下降.     

Development of a new photocatalytic oxidation air filter for aircraft cabin

A new photocatalytic oxidation air filter (PCO unit) has been designed for aircraft cabin applications. The PCO unit is designed as a regenerable VOC removal system in order to improve the quality of the recirculated air entering the aircraft cabin. The PCO was designed to be a modular unit, with four UV lamps sandwiched between two interchangeable titanium dioxide coated panels. Performances of the PCO unit has been measured in a single pass mode test rig in order to show the ability of the unit to decrease the amount of VOCs (toluene, ethanol, and acetone) entering it (VOCs are fed separately), and in a multipass mode test rig in order to measure the ability of the unit to clean the air of an experimental room polluted with the same VOCs (fed separately). Triangular cell panels have been chosen instead of the wire mesh panels because they have higher efficiency. The efficiency of the PCO unit depends on the type of VOCs that challenges it, toluene being the most difficult one to oxidise. The efficiency of the PCO unit decreases when the air flow rate increases. The multipass mode test results show that the VOCs are oxidized but additional testing time would be necessary in order to show if they can be fully oxidized. The intermediate reaction products are mainly acetaldehyde and formaldehyde whose amount depends on the challenge VOC. The intermediate reaction products are also oxidized and additional testing time would be necessary in order to show if they can be fully oxidized. The development of this new photocatalytic air filter is still going on. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The VOC/odor removing adsorbers are available for only a small proportion of aircraft currently in service. The photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) technique has appeared to be a promising solution to odors problems met in aircraft. This article reports the test results of a new photocatalytic oxidation air filter (PCO unit) designed for aircraft cabin applications. The overall efficiency of the PCO unit is function of the compound (toluene, ethanol, and acetone) that challenges the unit and toluene appears to be the most difficult compound to oxidize. Test results have shown the influence of the design of the PCO unit, the air flow rate and the type of UV on the efficiency of the PCO unit. The results obtained in this study represent a first attempt on the way to design a filter for VOC removal in cabin aircraft applications. The PCO technique used by the tested prototype unit is able to partially oxidized the challenge VOCs but one has to be aware that some harmful intermediate reaction products (mainly formaldehyde and acetaldehyde) are produced during the oxidation process before being partially oxidized too.     

Photocatalytic degradation of Acid Red 4 using a titanium dioxide membrane supported on a porous ceramic tube

A photocatalytic membrane supported on a porous ceramic tube was described, in which permeation of solutes through the membrane and tube and photocatalytic reaction occur simultaneously. In this photocatalytic membrane reactor, TiO(2) catalyst was coated on the surface of a porous ceramic tube and all experiments were conducted in one pass dead-end system. The objectives of this study are to demonstrate the predominance of dead-end operation and to determine the reaction kinetics model of the photocatalytic reaction. Acid Red 4 (AR 4) dye was used as a model pollutant. A detailed study of physical parameters including flow configurations (dead-end and cross-flow), flow rate, initial dye concentration, light intensity and catalyst loading has been performed to obtain the reaction kinetics. The simultaneous effect of light intensity and catalyst loading was also determined experimentally. Experiments were also conducted to compare the photocatalytic degradation of AR 4 in the dead-end and cross-flow system. The major findings of this study are: (1) the decomposition ratios for dead-end system were three and five times higher than cross-flow system at flow rates of 6.67x10(-8) and 4.00x10(-7)m(3)/s, respectively. (2) The decomposition ratio increased with increasing catalyst loading and light intensity, but remained constant at higher catalyst loading. (3) The decomposition ratio was found to be decreased with increasing flow rate.     

Volatile Organic Compounds in Ventilating Air in Buildings at Different Sampling Points in the Buildings and their Relationship with the Prevalence of Occupant Symptoms

Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) are determined in intake, room-supply and room air in 86 office rooms in 29 office buildings in northern Sweden. Measurements of formaldehyde were also made in room air. Building and room characteristics were identified and symptom reports collected from 1087 office workers. Concentrations of TVOC and formaldehyde in room air were low, with mean values of 71 µg/m³ and 31 µg/m³, respectively. The TVOC concentration was generally lower in room air than in supply air or intake air. The “loss” (difference in measured values) of TVOC from supply to room air was associated with raised concentrations of formaldehyde and raised prevalences of occupant symptoms. High TVOC concentrations in room air were associated with reduced prevalences of occupant symptoms.     

人群散发对高校教室室内TVOC浓度动态影响的实测分析

随机选取南京某高校10间在室人员密集的教室,在其使用期间对室内总挥发性有机化合物(TVOC)和CO2浓度、温湿度,以及室内人员数量和典型活动状况(如开关门窗)等进行了连续监测和对比分析。研究结果表明:冬、春、夏季测试教室室内TVOC质量浓度分别为(363.1±121.7),(218.4±11.5),(583.3±38.9)μg/m3;室内TVOC浓度变化与CO2类似,总体呈现先上升后下降的趋势,并与室内人员数量变化呈强正相关性;室内TVOC浓度水平存在季节性差异。室内总源强度的估算结果表明,室内不同样本数量的人群散发强度与室内TVOC浓度变化类似,随着人数变化,呈现出先逐渐增大,然后趋于相对稳定,最后逐渐减小的趋势。     

Gaseous formaldehyde removal: A laminated plate fabricated with activated carbon,polyimide, and copper foil with adjustable surface temperature and capable of in situ thermal regeneration

Formaldehyde is one of the most common indoor air pollutants in Chinese residences. This study introduces a novel laminated plate with adjustable surface temperature to remove gaseous formaldehyde. The plate is fabricated with activated carbon, polyimide, and copper foil via thermal compression. The plate can be regenerated in situ by applying a direct current to the copper foil. Adsorption‐regeneration cycle tests were conducted to evaluate the plate's formaldehyde removal performance. The overall removal efficiency of the fabricated laminated plate with glue mass fraction of 25% and thickness of 1.5 mm was about 30% at the face velocity of 0.8‐1.2 m/s. The pressure drop was about 5 Pa. Its removal ability can be regenerated in situ in 8 minutes by increasing the surface temperature to 80°C. The fabricated laminated plate showed good durability after 52 cycles of adsorption‐regeneration tests. The results indicate that the proposed laminated plate can enhance the purifying efficiency and enlarge the life span of ordinary, cheap sorbents. It makes cheap materials with low performance suitable for air purification.