谈太阳能光伏发电系统的原理与应用

太阳能是取之不尽,用之不竭的可再生绿色能源。太阳能发电没有任何排放和噪声,应用技术成熟,安全可靠。进入21世纪,中国光伏产业逐渐发展起来,光电利用(光伏发电)是近些年来发展最快,也是最具经济潜力的能源开发领域。我国太阳能资源非常丰富,太阳能发电产业的应用空间也非常广阔,可以应用于并网发电、与建材结合、解决边远地区用电困难问题等。我国政府对太阳能发电产业也给予了充分的扶持,先后出台了一系列政策,有力地支持了产业的发展。     

Mitigating the risk of photovoltaic power generation: A complementarity model of solar irradiation in diverse regions applied to Brazil

Several countries face the challenge of reducing the intermittency of solar photovoltaic (PV) generation due to changes in climatic conditions. Considering that Brazil has continental-scale dimensions and diversified geography, an alternative that allows smoothing the intermittency in solar PV power generation is needed. The novelty of this study lies in the proposal to allocate the production of PV solar energy between the interconnected regions of the country efficiently, forming an optimal portfolio with the highest productivity and the least intermittency. Thus, the regional allocation process for solar generation is formulated through an optimization problem with two objective functions: to increase the country's productivity and simultaneously control the variability of the supply of solar energy. This study concluded that the current planning models for the expansion in Brazil (both centralized and distributed generation) do not consider the variability of incident solar radiation in its five regions; therefore, the formation of the current regional portfolio of investments in power generation from solar PV energy is not efficient.     

A conceptual framework to support solar PV simulation using an open-BIM data exchange standard

With the construction industry moving rapidly towards Building Information Modelling (BIM), it is essential that various analysis tools used in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) domain are interoperable with a non-proprietary open BIM schema such as the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC). The UK government will be requiring fully-collaborative BIM in all public sector projects by 2016 and is also chasing the target of achieving zero-carbon buildings by 2019. This dual target will require the use of renewable energy analysis tools in the early stages of the building design process and establish the need for these tools to be IFC-compliant. This paper presents a conceptual framework for developing IFC-compliant renewable energy simulation tools using a multi-model concept in which the IFC data model provides partial input data required to run simulation models. A prototype has been developed as a ‘proof-of-concept’ for an IFC-compliant solar PV simulation tool. The prototype has been validated against other solar PV simulation tools such as PV*Sol, RETScreen® and HOMER to provide credibility to the simulation model. The developed conceptual framework is applicable not only to solar PV simulation but other renewable energy simulation models as well, thereby making an IFC-compliant renewable energy modelling tool capable of conducting, energy, carbon emissions and financial analysis.     

光伏发电对蓄电池的基本要求及理想储能方法

太阳能光伏发电系统需要储能蓄电池。对于独立功放发电系统需要蓄电池是可以理解的;对于并网光伏发电系统,为了减少太阳能发电对电网稳定性的影响,对电网有功分量的补偿只有依靠蓄电池或者其他储能装置。什么是太阳能光伏蓄电池?在光伏界还没有一个统一的认识,于是各蓄电池生产厂家纷纷推出自己的所谓太阳能光伏蓄电池,这些蓄电池能够符合太阳能光伏储能的基本要求吗?究竟什么是太阳能光伏蓄电池?对于太阳能光伏发电系统,理想的储能元件应该具备什么技术要求?本文试图通过分析解答以上问题。     

Is the renewable portfolio standard an effective energy policy?: Early evidence from South Korea

This study provides preliminary evaluation of South Korea's Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard (RPS) apropos capacity growth, technological innovation, cost impact, and market risk, compared to Feed-in Tariffs (FITs). Findings indicate that both effectively expand electricity generation from renewable energy sources (RES-Es). Early evidence suggests that the RPS appears to have further strengthened RES-Es' market growth, particularly biomass and solar PV. For most technologies, policy costs appear higher under the RPS than FITs, except for PV and fuel cells. Under the RPS, higher market risks are a major concern, particularly for smaller suppliers in the PV market, despite growing PV capacity.     

The financials of constructing a solar PV for net-zero energy operations on college campuses

The LACCD has a goal of establishing net-zero energy operations across its nine campuses. The project faces many challenges, including limited open areas for installing solar PV, increasing energy consumption challenges associated with campus energy growth and the high cost of installing solar PV. A previous study by Kwan and Hoffmann (2010) found that the LACCD would need to install a 9.5 MW solar PV array in order to meet total campus energy demand on a college campus through the year 2020. This paper attempts to evaluate the financial feasibility of such a project, taking into account the current local, state and federal renewable energy incentives available. We find that despite the availability of financial incentives by local municipal utility companies including installation rebates and net metering, the cost of electricity generated by solar PV still remains approximately 30% higher than electricity generated by fossil fuels. We also find that the optimal solar PV array size from a financial standpoint is one that is sized to generate and meet all electrical demand during sunlight hours. Any array larger than this yields diminishing returns. Finally our analysis examined the influence of per kW installation cost and found that only when prices dropped to $3.00 per installed watt did a net-zero energy solar PV array have an NPV of 0.     

A PV installation framework concerning electricity variable rates

This paper assesses building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) installation parameters based on the profit generated by a photovoltaic system. It takes into consideration a home building case study and it investigates its monthly energy demand based on a specific location and a typical occupancy. The capability of a photovoltaic (PV) system to generate more profit occurs when solar intensity is maximum while the electric energy price is at its highest rate. The paper traces a framework that encompasses different aspects such as energy demand, energy price, and solar intensity. This framework identifies profit alternatives according to different installation parameters. A tool that predicts a PV installation hourly electric energy production is developed. The profit generated is simulated for home buildings located in Beirut (Lebanon) and Xihua (China), both at 33.8° latitude north. The paper highlights a new approach for BIPV installations, taking into account weather conditions, energy demand, and electric energy utility rates.     

Irradiation mapping of complex urban environments: an image-based approach

This paper describes a novel approach for evaluating the total annual/monthly irradiation incident on building facades in urban settings. The analysis is founded on a physically-based rendering approach and uses data-visualisation techniques to generate ‘maps’ (i.e. false-colour images) of annual/monthly irradiation. The irradiation ‘maps’ are derived from hourly time-series data for 1 year and take accurate account of shading by, and inter-reflection from, other buildings and surfaces. The sun and sky irradiation images are evaluated separately. The sky contribution is calculated using realistic, non-isotropic models for the sky radiance distribution. The ‘maps’ can be used to confidently identify facade-locations where there is high irradiation, for example to aid the siting of photovoltaic (PV) panels. The technique can be applied to scenes of arbitrary complexity from a single building to fully ‘worked-up’ city models. The results of the analysis have been linked to a geographical information system (GIS)-based solar energy planning system. The system is targeted at city planners and one of its aims is to encourage the consideration of solar energy in the urban planning process.     

1st Environmental conference of Thessaly region, 8–10 September 2012, Hotel Skiathos Palace,Koukounaries, Skiathos Island,Greece

This study was conducted with the aim to assess the potential performance of a photovoltaic thermal mechanical ventilation heat recovery (PV/T MVHR) system. The device is currently considered for the application to the Z-en house project undertaken by Scottish homebuilder. The house’s whole energy demand was calibrated based on the UK Government’s standard assessment procedure for energy rating of dwellings, while the PV/T performance was estimated using an ‘EESLISM’ energy and environmental design simulation tool developed by Kogakuin University. This study concluded that PV generates heat, which makes the fresh air running under the PV roof 10–15?°C warmer than the outside temperature even during the Scottish winter and this warm air extracted from roof-integrated PV modules can be used to help reduce the domestic space-heating demand. Thus, the building-integrated PV/T MVHR system was considered as one of the effective means to assist the net zero energy operation of housing in cool and cold climates, whose dominant domestic energy comsumption derives from space heating.     

TDK甲府工厂300kW太阳能光伏发电系统工程案例介绍

日本的太阳能光伏产业在国际上一直处于领先地位,本文通过介绍日本TDK甲府工厂项目,让业界了解日本公共产业用太阳能光伏发电系统的设置成本、发电量、经济收益、社会影响等。日本TDK甲府工厂300kW太阳能光伏发电系统作为与日本NEDO的合作项目,在经济和社会影响等方面都产生了较好的效果。     

建筑一体化电热冷联产光伏组件能量特性研究

传统太阳能光伏或光热建筑一体化只能为建筑提供单一电能或热能。通过研究一种集成发电、集热、制冷3种功能的建筑一体化电热冷联产光伏组件,对其夏季工况下能量特性进行了实际检测。结果表明:白天,组件集热同时能有效降低光伏电池温度,组件工作温度高于环境温度约8~16℃,发电和集热效率分别为14.1%~13.7%和40.1%~15.7%;晴朗夜间,组件通过对流和辐射两种传热方式进行散热制冷,总制冷功率为26.0~268.5 W/m~2。电热冷联产光伏组件适合与热泵结合,为建筑提供所需能源。     

Study on thermal performance of semi-transparent building-integrated photovoltaic glazings

This paper presents a one-dimensional transient heat transfer model, the Semi-transparent Photovoltaic module Heat Gain (SPVHG) model, for evaluating the heat gain of semi-transparent photovoltaic modules for building-integrated applications. The energy that is transmitted, absorbed and reflected in each element of the building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) modules such as solar cells and glass layers were considered in detail in the SPVHG model. Solar radiation model for inclined surface has been incorporated into the SPVHG model. The model is applicable to photovoltaic (PV) modules that have different orientations and inclinations. The annual total heat gain was evaluated by using the SPVHG model. The impacts of different parameters of the PV module were investigated. It was found that solar heat gain is the major component of the total heat gain. The area of solar cell in the PV module has significant effect on the total heat gain. However, the solar cell energy efficiency and the PV module's thickness have only a little influence on the total heat gain. The model was also validated by laboratory tests by using a calorimeter box apparatus and an adjustable solar simulator. The test results showed that the simulation model predicts the actual situation well.     

光伏发电系统的不确定性分析

随着光伏发电的技术越来越成熟,成本逐渐降低,光伏发电系统作为主动式节能被大量的运用到建筑中。然而,由于建筑本身及其环境控制系统的复杂性,单凭设计师的经验和简单的计算方法无法确保预估的光伏发电系统能效的准确性。尤其是在设计前期以及后期系统运行和管理过程中,光伏发电提供能效的作用是否被夸大,其能效与实际情况是否一致,能否给予相对准确的预估都是研究的源起。利用建筑模拟作为研究手段,对光伏发电系统不确定性分析,将不确定性考虑到能耗之中,是建筑节能的关键之一。研究以目前发表的相关研究为基础,创新性地总结和定量了目前最流行和准确的"五参数模型"的不确定性,对现阶段建筑中利用光伏发电系统的能效评价具有实践性的参考作用。     

Techno-economic analysis of 1 MWp grid connected solar PV plant in Malaysia

Most of the public and private technical universities in Malaysia have considerably abundant free areas, which could be a better place for equipping the renewable energy harvesters. The main objective of this paper is to analyse the feasibility of developing a solar PV plant at two different campuses of Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP). This paper proposes 1 MW solar PV power plant at the Pekan Campus (Rural Campus), and Gambang (Suburban Campus) of UMP located in the east coast state of Pahang, which is biggest among other states in Peninsular Malaysia. The technical viability of the proposed crystalline technology based PV plant with open rack or free stand mounting position is analysed using PVGIS (Photovoltaic Geographical Information Systems) and PV Watts’s software. The economic and environmental aspects of the proposed plant are also analysed based on standard parameters. The proposed plant of 1?MWp Solar PV plant can generate around 1390?MWh, of electricity per annum with a GHG emission reduction of 818.71 tCO₂ per annum. The PV power plant can contribute in meeting 5% of total energy requirements of the campus. The technical performance obtained through PVGIS is quite comparable with the PV Watts results.     

Putting rooftops to use – A Cost-Benefit Analysis of food production vs. energy generation under Mediterranean climates

In today's growing cities, where land is an expensive commodity and direct exposure to sunlight is a valuable asset, rooftops constitute vast underexploited areas. Particularly with growing urban environmental concerns, the potential of transforming these areas into productive spaces – either for food cultivation or energy generation – has emerged as a viable option in recent years. Both food production and energy generation have benefits in the urban environment. Rooftop farming is an environmentally and economically sustainable way of exploiting urban rooftops, reducing “food miles” and providing local jobs, while roof-integrated solar photovoltaic (PV) modules provide clean energy, are increasingly cost-effective, and offer job opportunities. In both cases, a rooftop network of production could directly supply a portion of a necessary resource – either food or electricity – to the local community while concurrently reducing the burden on the environment. To provide a basis for comparing the implementation of these productive uses of rooftops in Mediterranean cities, this article applies a Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) to a mixed-use neighborhood located in Lisbon to assess the following uses: (1) open-air rooftop farming on intensive green roofs; (2) food production in low-tech unconditioned Rooftop Greenhouse (RG) farms; (3) Controlled-Environment Agriculture (CEA) in high-tech RG farms; and (4) solar PV energy generation. Relative costs, cost-saving benefits and added value of these four alternative productive uses of rooftops were modeled over 50 years and deducted from present value, considering two levels of analysis: (a) effects directly incurred by the operator of the systems; and (b) societal effects on the local community. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first comprehensive comparison of rooftop PV versus rooftop farming technologies. The results have shown food production to be more beneficial than energy generation, for both the owner of the system and the local community, under the modeled conditions and given the selected items of comparison. In particular, the results show that rooftop greenhouse farming can provide significant benefits over rooftop green roof and solar PV systems when assessed from a holistic perspective that accounts for impacts on both the operator and the local community.     

A proposed framework for dynamic modelling of photovoltaic systems for DG applications

Dynamic modelling and simulation is essential to predict the overall electrical performance of photovoltaic (PV) systems. PV simulation models in the literature are not suitable for dynamic analysis with decentralised generation (DG) applications. This article proposes a framework for PV system dynamic modelling and simulation process. This framework presents the steps required to model the process of solar power generation, reflecting the environmental variables affecting the generation process. Based on the framework steps, a computer simulation model is developed in MATLAB-Simulink of the PV generator, and validated by comparing the developed PV electrical performance characteristic curves with those of the manufacturer's data sheet and the ones developed by commercial software. The last step of the proposed framework is dedicated for testing the developed PV model for grid-connected operation. The proposed framework resulted in a simulation photovoltaic decentralised generation model which constitutes a computer-aided design tool that is helpful for real-world solar energy engineering.     

A quiet transition: The role of Namibia's state-owned power utility in the renewable energy auction program

Namibia has quickly become a leading African destination for renewable energy investments due to the country's considerable renewable energy and land resources and competitive prices for utility-scale solar PV independent power projects (IPPs) procured through auction programs. These project prices are all the more remarkable considering that contracts are in local currency, provided without government support, a rarity in sub-Saharan Africa. Key to this outcome is NamPower, Namibia's state-owned power utility. NamPower is both procurer and off-taker for these projects and is one of only three utilities in sub-Saharan Africa that can charge cost-reflective tariffs. The utility is generally regarded as well run and is supported by a regulatory agency positioning the country to embrace the energy transition rapidly. This paper analyses the evolution of Namibia's renewable energy procurement programs, illustrating how a combination of factors at the country, program and project levels led to competitive prices and high project-realisation rates.     

A comparison of the UK Standard Assessment Procedure and detailed simulation of solar energy systems for dwellings

The drive to reduce worldwide carbon emissions that are directly associated with dwellings and to achieve a zero carbon home dictates that renewable energy technologies will have an increasingly large role in the built environment. The Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP), formulated by the Building Research Establishment (BRE), is the UK Government's approved methodology for assessing the energy ratings of dwellings. This article presents an evaluation of the advantage given to SAP ratings by the domestic installation of typical photovoltaic (PV) and solar domestic hot-water (SDHW) systems in the UK. Comparable PV and SDHW systems will also be simulated with more detailed modelling packages. Results suggest that calculation variances can exist between the SAP methodology and detailed simulation methods, especially for higher performance systems that deviate from the default efficiency parameters.     

公路服务区的太阳能整体化开发潜力分析——以太原高速公路太原服务区为例

为了响应我国发展绿色交通和清洁能源的号召,针对公路服务区的高能耗的现状,研究将其与太阳能开发相结合,并分析其独特优势。复合化的土地开发可以提高土地利用率;利用太阳能这种清洁能源可以减少用电成本和碳排放;针对公路服务区而言,较为集中的土地区域进行太阳能开发更加便于管理;其低矮的建筑布局和周围低密度的环境更加有利于吸收太阳能辐射;能源的产用一体化可以减少能源长距离运输。美国交通部对于公路服务区与太阳能开发的结合有着丰富的研究和实践基础,其在可替代能源开发评估、相关利益者关系结构等方面对于我国都具有很强的借鉴意义。以太原市高速公路太原服务区为例,利用模拟分析、对比计算等方法,量化其产能和经济效益,并对太原市服务区的太阳能一体化进行前景展望。     

Toward a less natural gas dependent energy mix in Spain: Crowding-out effects of shifting to biomass power generation

This paper estimates the impact of a hypothetical change in Spain's energy mix on a number of productive sectors. The change would be brought about by substituting power generation from natural gas with generation from biomass. The total amount of electricity supplied has been calculated to remain constant so that a crowding-out effect would be derived from the displacement of one technology with another. An input–output (IO) framework has been used to estimate the overall economic impact on 26 productive sectors included on Spain's 2007 IO Table. Based on the available literature, the consideration of net impact improves the analysis. The results show that the overall net impact across all productive sectors of this change in the energy mix would be positive and equal to about 0.5% for the period. Higher impacts were measured for the ‘Electricity power and Electricity Supply’ sector (15.4%) followed by the ‘Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry’ sector (7.1%). Only the ‘Gas generation and Gas supply’ sector showed a negative impact (–2.5%), which is consistent with the reduced use of natural gas. The overall calculated total impact for Spain's productive sector was equal to € 8074.95 million at the 2007-equivalent value.