Memorials to Modernity? Public art in the 'city of the future'

This paper examines the role of public art in urban redevelopment, focusing on the reconstruction of Coventry (UK) in the post-war years. Overseen by the city's Chief Architect, Donald Gibson, this redevelopment has often been described as resulting in a placeless and artless urban landscape indistinguishable from other redeveloped city centres in post-war Britain. To the contrary, here it is suggested that public art was an important feature of Coventry's new urban landscape, with the attempt to create a new civic identity manifest in a series of highly symbolic and distinctive public artworks. Analysing both the official symbolism of these artworks and their reception in the public sphere, it is concluded that, although just one aspect of the urban landscape, the production and consumption of public art encapsulated the tensions that existed between different visions of the city.     

Producing space: post-war redevelopment as big business,Utrecht and Hannover 1962–1975

This contribution opens a new perspective on the politics of urban redevelopment in Dutch and German cities during the 1960s and early 1970s. More specifically, it examines the post-war expansion of Bredero, a Dutch private developer that forged public–private partnerships with the city councils of Utrecht and Hannover to get local urban redevelopment agendas of the ground. Within the period covered by this article, the political consensus was that the post-war economy, which was dominated by rising car ownership, business and consumerism, had to find its place and thrive in central urban areas. Developers such as Bredero were thought to dispose over the expertise and financial means to swiftly execute redevelopment schemes. Up until now, planning historians have largely neglected the role played by private developers in post-war urban redevelopment efforts. This contribution investigates how and why local administrators and private developers decided to work together in the first place, and how the expertise of Bredero in particular was translated into the development of Utrecht’s Hoog Catharijne and Hannover’s Raschplatz schemes. Through the innovate use of hitherto under-examined primary sources, this contribution sheds a new light on the allegedly recent phenomena of the internationalization and outsourcing of urban planning efforts.     

Refashioning urban space in postwar Toronto: the Wood-Wellesley redevelopment area, 1952–1957

This paper considers the creation and the subsequent meaning of ‘redevelopment areas’ in Toronto in the 1950s. The city passed a bylaw in 1952 that defined blighted areas as suitable for redevelopment. One of these areas was the downtown district that runs between Wood and Wellesley streets. The history of the Wood-Wellesley redevelopment area between 1952 and 1957 was important in several ways: it built on but differed from similar activity in the USA; it discursively reflected the needs of the city to refashion itself as a modern landscape; it provided the city with the tools to turn planning ideas into action; and it gave developers the forum by which they could push for specific areas of the city to be opened up for investment. Politically calculated and heavily contested visions of urban space, redevelopment areas such as Wood-Wellesley were used by the state and developers to physically reconstruct Toronto’s downtown area for private capital, to create a new modernist landscape, and to reproduce new and to reinforce existing social inequalities.     

基于山水格局的城市特色研究——以绵阳市为例

绵阳是历史文化名城,应在城市公共艺术中表现历史文化内容,对历史遗迹进行挖掘和重建.绵阳是中国惟一获得国务院批准建设的科技城,其城市形象特色塑造应强调现代化进程与人居环境建设相统一,通过完善公共空间和公共卫生设施、文化设施建设等手段来体现"科技新都"形象.绵阳的山水城市形象特色塑造应利用三条江的特点构建滨水廊道活动空间和景观系统,并分别对三类山体进行合理的开发利用,强化"一区五园"的总体格局,形成"串珠"状城市形态.     

The redevelopment of peri-urban villages in the context of path-dependent land institution change and its impact on Chinese inclusive urbanization: The case of Nanhai,China

Following nearly three decades of urban sprawl, China's urbanization has entered a new era of land redevelopment that encompasses built-up land in villages in a manner that is unprecedented. Village redevelopment involves both dramatic institutional change and governance restructuring. The extant literature on this redevelopment focuses primarily on top-down initiatives launched by urban governments, paying little attention to villages' responses as actual landholders. Through a case study of village redevelopment in Nanhai, this paper examines villages' behaviour during periods of institutional change and their interactions with urban governments to shape final outcomes. Institutional uncertainty emerges during path-dependent institutional change, as revealed through the absence of effectively executed planning control and unclearly defined profit sharing. As a result, villages and urban governments sign incomplete contracts for entire redevelopment plans. Such agreements result in disordered competition for land rents that take the form of villages ‘holding up’ the government that has previously made a commitment to the village pursuant to the contracts. Villages maximize their profits and attenuate the government's role in ensuring public revenue, whereas government compromises related to development control challenge the capacity of limited public governance. The government's concessions related to profit distribution result in increased inequality between more prosperous villages and other groups, such as migrant populations and remote rural villages. Research findings contribute to a comprehensive understanding of newly created governance in redevelopment and call for a critical evaluation of existing urban renewal policies to ensure that urbanization is an inclusive process.     

刘三姐文化在公共艺术研发中的应用探究——以宜州市为例

当前城市景观13渐趋同,其主要根源是设计脱离了地域文化的独特性。公共艺术作为地域文化的载体应依托环境集中反映其当地的历史文化。宜州市有着非常丰富的文化资源,刘三姐文化虽在国内外产生广泛的影响,但呈现在城市公共艺术中缺乏整体规划,致使开发利用率低,城市形象特色鲜明度不够等现状。城市公共艺术是体现地域文化的载体,承载着与周围环境独特的魅力。所以,以刘三姐文化为突破口进行宜州市公共艺术的开发探索与城市形象策略的提升是完全必要的,这需要凝练刘三姐文化品牌,以突出文化内涵为主线,构建以城市公共艺术雕塑（群）为主题系列,形成刘三姐文化雕塑（群）景观的若干空间组团等具体的实施构思。     

Recent urban development and gentrification in post-Dayton Sarajevo,Bosnia and Herzegovina

It is just over two decades since Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, emerged from a bloody war that included a three-year siege of the city, killing thousands of its citizens, forcing many more to flee the city and inflicted major damage to buildings and infrastructure. This paper focuses on the ongoing redevelopment of the city under the unusual circumstances provided by governance arrangements imposed under the Dayton Peace Agreement of 1995. It builds on earlier overviews of the city's development provided by Gül and Dee (Cities, 43) and Aquilué and Roca (Cities, 58), by focusing on the consequences of the interplay between a weak urban planning system, the post-socialist transition towards a market economy, economic stagnation and globalizing forces. It notes that some broad characteristics of the new developments are shared with other east European cities following the demise of socialism post-1989, but there are also changes reflecting the impact of specific circumstances prevailing since the war. Many of the most recent new developments are the product of foreign investment, in part linked to post-war reconstruction and redevelopment, but also to the growth of international tourism which is increasingly affecting the housing market and ‘gentrifying’ some areas. New hotel and retail complexes around the old city center are increasing housing rentals, driving young people towards outlying suburbs, and contributing to housing shortages. These recent population movements are mapped and further analyzed to reveal the city's distinctive evolving character.     

旧城旅游化地段改造研究——以新加坡河滨河地区为例

旧城旅游化地段在城市改造中具有战略地位,其改造要素包括功能结构、空间形态、文化景观和交通体系。新加坡河滨河地区改造的成功之处在于,满足当代使用需求的功能置换和混合开发、以河道为中心的城市空间形态控制、新旧并置的城市文化景观以及外围换乘式的交通组织方式。     

Hans Bernhard Reichow and the concept of Stadtlandschaft in German planning

The German architect and city planner Hans Bernhard Reichow (1899-1974) published his book Organische Stadtbaukunst: Von der Gro g stadt zur Stadtlandschaft (The organic art of building towns: from the metropolis to the city landscape) in 1948. This presented a uniquely comprehensive discussion of the concept of the Stadtlandschaft (city landscape) in urban planning, an issue which was at the focus of debate in relation to the post-war reconstruction of Germany. Reichow was radically opposed to the idea of the metropolis and proposed the establishment of a new-style Stadtlandschaft , composed of residential cells that were kept closely attuned to their natural landscapes. Discussions from a quarter of a century earlier seemed to reappear in that concept, such as the call for the metropolis to be abolished in the revolutionary years of 1918-1919 following the First World War - a call which, however, gave way to a more pragmatic approach during the Weimar Republic. It is astonishing that the idea of a tabula rasa was maintained by Reichow for so long. There is also another perturbing aspect: Reichow gave his idea the same name as the concept which Nazi town planners had adopted as their own. How was it possible for Reichow to incorporate a new version of the concept of Stadtlandschaft into planning the reconstruction of the new Germany? This article shows, based on the example of Reichow, how concepts of urban planning are carried through history, with new political interpretations being continually attached to them. It deals with the question of continuity at the level of the planners and examines specifically how this continuity and adaptability of the concept of Stadtlandschaft was possible. Reichow's concept is introduced in the first part of this article in order to trace the roots of Stadtlandschaft within history in the second part of the article; finally Reichow's work is put in a theoretical context.     

Joseph Hudnut and the unlikely beginnings of post-modern urbanism at the Harvard Bauhaus

Between 1937 and 1952, from his post at the Harvard Graduate School of Design, Bauhaus founder Walter Gropius successfully promoted a modernist urbanism based on the principles of CIAM (the Congrès Internationaux d‘Architecture Moderne). With the help of his Harvard students and colleagues, especially Martin Wagner (Berlin's city planning director during the Weimar Republic), Gropius’ approach to urban design played a key part in shaping the post-war American landscape. In an unlikely twist, Joseph Hudnut, dean of the Graduate School of Design, who had brought Gropius there, became a fierce opponent of Gropius' plans for the modern city. Though he lost the battle he fought with Gropius for the direction of city planning, Hudnut did plant the seeds of a new post-modern urbanism that took root two decades later.     

The lost history of urban renewal

Contrary to common understanding, the US government's policy of “urban renewal” was conceived as an alternative policy to slum clearance. Bitterly opposed to public housing, conservative housing‐industry trade associations sought a way to reform the urban redevelopment formula of clearance and public housing established in the Housing Act of 1949. In the early 1950s, the industry groups seized on citizens' neighborhood fix‐up efforts, particularly the Baltimore Plan, to conduct a national campaign to popularize code enforcement, rehabilitation, and private low‐cost housing development as methods to restore and stabilize city neighborhoods. At conferences organized by House and Home magazine and in the President's Advisory Committee on Government Housing Policies and Programs, the housing industry associations fashioned policies, now named “urban renewal,” which were codified in the Housing Act of 1954. But private industry's venture in urban policymaking failed in implementation. Home builders proved reluctant to participate in the new programs, public housing hung on, and hundreds of thousands of homes fell to the wrecking ball. As urban renewal became synonymous with slum clearance, neighborhoods continued to decline. In the end, ironically, housing rehabilitation reemerged as a populist tool for reviving the inner city.     

以社区单元构建与公共卫生相结合的 风景园林体系

探讨风景园林与公共卫生及人民健康之间的关联,面向健康促进的居民参与性社区环境建设,提出系统有效的风景园林介入公共卫生健康体系的方法,重点在于公共卫生视角的健康社区风景园林体系构建。提出可持续开发的多维度思路,包括建立与运营管理相协调的城市风景园林体系、发展恢复性绿色基础设施、建立与社区卫生框架相一致的风景园林;尤其从社区层面探索公共卫生与城市风景园林体系的接口,提出公民管理和城市管理并行以振兴复合功能的社区,强调挖掘社区花园的康养疗愈功能和居民的参与行动带来的后景观功能,发挥风景园林的综合作用等策略。构建健康促进的社区环境建设理论框架,提高风景园林设计的综合性,提升公共健康水平。     

DOWNTOWN REDEVELOPMENT AS AN URBAN GROWTH STRATEGY: A Critical Appraisal of the Baltimore Renaissance

ABSTRACT: Since the early 1970s, Baltimore has been heralded as a model of how declining, older U.S. cities can be revitalized Baltimore's economic development strategy has hinged on the creation of a “good business climate”; the linchpin of the strategy has been the redevelopment of downtown into the “corporate center” of a new Baltimore economy based on advanced services and tourism. Despite the favorable publicity accorded Baltimore's transformation, systematic analysis of social and economic trends suggests that corporate center-business climate redevelopment has done little to boost aggregate levels of prosperity in the city. Moreover, the Baltimore strategy has generated uneven patterns of growth and exacerbated urban dualism Baltimore has become “two cities”: a city of developers, suburban professionals, and “back-to-the-city gentry who have ridden the downtown revival to handsome profits, good jobs, and conspicuous consumption; and a city of impoverished blacks and displaced manufacturing workers, who continue to suffer from shrinking economic opportunities, declining public services, and neighborhood distress. The article explores three main reasons for these results: (1) business domination of Baltimore's public-private “partnership,” (2) the absence of explicit mechanisms linking downtown redevelopment to the revitalization of low- and moderate-income neighborhoods, and (3) the inherent pitfalls of building an urban economy on downtown-centered corporate services and tourism. The article concludes by briefly examining the implications of the Baltimore case for the general problem of how to generate equitable, sustainable economic development in older U.S. cities.     

喻情为景——公共艺术在城市文化景观中的隐喻表达

公共艺术作为城市文化景观中个性鲜明的元素之一,通过自身或泛化于景观场地内的形式介入城市景观空间。公共艺术的形态、材质,不同公共艺术在景观空间内的排布组合都是其在城市文化景观中实现隐喻表达的方式。在城市文化景观里,运用公共艺术的隐喻表达功能,可以凝聚城市的历史记忆,突显场地文化的唯一性,延续城市历史文脉。合理发挥公共艺术的隐喻表达作用,对公共艺术自身"公共性"的回归,城市历史文化的保留与继承,以及公众心灵世界的充实和完善都具有十分重要的意义。     

The ‘Haussmannization’ of London?: the planning and construction of Kings way-Aldwych, 1889–1935

Modernist planning was at its zenith in Britain during the 1960s, after post-war austerity had passed and before disillusion and reaction set in towards the end of the decade and in the 1970s. It is a time often now associated with 'clean sweep' planning, where the only constraints on redevelopment were economic and conservation policy was restricted to the preservation of a limited number of major buildings and monuments. This article considers the re-planning of Newcastle city centre in the period when planning in the city was led by T. Dan Smith and Wilfred Burns, from Smith assuming political control in 1959 to Burns leaving in 1968. It demonstrates that, though modernist rationalism was the driving force in the city's re-planning, it co-existed with a conscious policy of conservation, born out of a picturesque design tradition.     

“It's all about power and you have none:” The marginalization of tenant resistance to mixed-income social housing redevelopment in Toronto,Canada

Mixed-income redevelopment has become a go-to approach for restructuring post-war public housing in advanced capitalist nations. In Regent Park, Canada's first and largest project, revitalization is underway to create a mixed-use, mixed-income community — with rebuilt public housing, condos, and a redesigned landscape. While tenants face negative impacts related to relocation, displacement and gentrification, there has been a void of organized opposition to the project. This article tells the story of revitalization in Toronto and identifies five inter-connected factors that have worked as barriers to tenant organizing. These include: (1) a successful effort by the public housing authority to build support for revitalization by successfully branding it as tenant-driven, (2) a consultation process designed to limit collective interaction among tenants, (3) the co-optation of some critical voices, (4) fear of reprisal among tenants for speaking out, and (5) an internalized sense of powerless and un-deservingness among tenants. These factors have emerged in a context that does not foster resistance, as tenants are desperate for new housing, forced to come up against a popular revitalization approach, and suffering from attrition in numbers over a long development timeline. Despite these barriers to resistance, the limited opposition that has emerged in Toronto has been surprisingly successful, indicating the political potential tenants have to mount a fundamental challenge to mixed-income redevelopment, and to demand investment that is not tied to gentrification and displacement.     

Urban improvement districts in urban restructuring – first results of the German ESG research initiative

Local property owner's associations (Eigentuemerstandortgemeinschaften (ESG)) are a new approach to implementing public–private partnership in urban redevelopment. The approach focuses on smaller landlords in residential areas, providing incentives for the modernization of real estate if their local associations work cooperatively for the revitalization of their neighbourhood. The research initiative consists of 14 model projects spread throughout Germany, which test this relatively informal urban redevelopment approach. The article considers public–private partnership initiatives in the context of stagnating federal financial assistance for urban redevelopment and provides new financing tools such as endowment funds. This article presents first results and suggestions for the continuation of model projects beyond the pilot stage.     

无锡近现代“山水城市”建设探索的实践与启示

山水城市、公园城市是当前城市规划和风景园林领域的热词,在中国几千年的园林与城市发展历史上,却并不是个全新事物,山、水、城、园的融合始终是中国城市建设的基本原则和理想目标。山水城市建设是一个持续发展、没有完形的动态过程。在近现代历史上,无锡曾经在城市山水资源开发和园林建设方面,有过2次系统的创新实践,这些探索上承历史、下启当代,与今天的山水城市建设理论与实践具有很高耦合度。对此开展梳理和分析,既还原了无锡山水城市建设的历史过程和真相,也为推进当代山水城市建设提供了借鉴。     

我国城市公共设施设计与管理现状与思考——以重庆市解放碑十字金街为例

城市公共设施是城市环境中不可或缺的元素,其存在点缀了城市的整体景观形象,凸显了地域性的文化特征,影响着市民的日常生活方式,因此在城市中占有非常重点析地位。然而我国大多数城市公共设施的现实状况并不容乐观,针对于此,笔者通过对重庆市解放碑十字金街的实地调研,分析和总结了城市公共设施现状中存在的若干问题,并在此基础上提出了设计与管理、维护的相关建议。     

Brownfield Redevelopment Based on Theories of Urban Regeneration and Landscape Urbanism:A Case Study on Changchun Tractor Factory

Urban development and construction has led to a series of problems,such as the deficiency of land resources,difficulty in old city renovation,and backward landscape construction,etc.Brownfield refers to the abandoned and polluted lands of industrial,commercial,or other uses,whose redevelopment can not only effectively stimulate the intensive utilization of urban lands and the growth of urban economy,but also improve the quality of the urban ecological environment.Considering that the research on brownfield redevelopment methodologies in China is still at its initial stage,the application of the theories of urban regeneration and landscape urbanism in brownfield redevelopment will be conducive to solving various urban problems and promoting brownfield land use values.This paper,based on an analysis on the theoretical connotations of urban regeneration and landscape urbanism and their infl uences on brownfi eld redevelopment,argues that the urban regeneration theory can serve as the"framework"while the landscape urbanism theory as"skeleton"of brownfi eld development,both of which can integrally form the"organic body of brownfi eld redevelopment."It further puts forward fi ve primary principles for brownfi eld redevelopment which are elaborated through a case study on Changchun Tractor Factory.