健康住宅声环境探讨

分析了噪音污染的类型及对人体的危害,并从室外和室内声环境等多方面提出了降低噪音对居民影响的措施,以改善居住区的声环境,提高环境质量。     

居住区室外热环境影响因素探究

居住区室外热环境直接影响室内热环境并关系到人居环境质量,已越来越被人们重视。从借鉴传统古村落建筑群室外热环境的研究成果出发,结合广州等湿热地区气候特征,探究影响该地区居住区室外热环境的主要因素,以期在未来建筑设计中更多地关注这些因素,从而创造出更加舒适的室外热环境。     

居住区环境质量综合评价体系研究

分析了我国住宅产业的发展趋势，较系统地研究了居住区环境评价的特点，提出了居住区环境质量综合评价指标体系，包括环境要素，环境设施和环境管理等三个方面指标，根据可比性，可操作性，独立性和综合性原则，注重有关居民健康，舒适，方便，安全，美化的评价，选择居住区环境质量综合评价指标，提出了居住区环境质量综合评价模式。     

中国城市住区公共空间声环境研究——哈尔滨闽江小区闽江广场声环境调查

随着城市化的发展和居民生活方式的改变,居住区环境的噪声污染日益严重,已成为影响人们身心健康和生活质量的严重环境问题。对居住区声环境质量的控制改善建立科学适用的评价方法是论文研究的重点。通过对哈尔滨闽江小区闽江广场的声环境调查,探讨了声环境与人的行为之间的关系,提出合理控制噪声,有效保留和创造自然声要素;以听觉兴趣为设计主体;采用动静分区,以满足不同的声心理尺度等住区广场设计建议。     

大学校园声景观调查与研究

大学校园是高校师生进行教学、科研、休闲、娱乐等各种活动的主要场所。校园声环境质量至关重要,不仅关系到校园的整体环境质量,而且直接影响师生的科教质量、日常生活甚至身心健康。本文以华侨大学为例,对校园内的室外声景观进行研究,通过物理参数测量、"声漫步"调查分析法、主观问卷数据统计等方法,对校园声环境质量、声景观影响因素、声景元素构成和喜好度等方面进行分析。相关方法和结论可以为我国大学校园室外声景观的设计和改造提供参考。     

居住区建筑组团室外风环境数值模拟研究——以徐州市某居住区组团为例

室外风环境对居住建筑的影响是绿色住宅的一项重要指标。近年来诸多学者、教授对居住区室外风环境做了大量研究,但现阶段的研究多针对单一居住区,并没有将周边其他住区建筑组团考虑在内。文章通过对徐州市某居住区建筑组团及周边建筑进行室外风环境模拟,分析居住区组团的风速和风压分布情况,评价该组团室外风环境的质量,并提出了合理的建议。     

居住区室外风环境研究现状及展望

居住区区室外风环境是城市微气候的重要组成部分,也是影响城市生态质量和室内风环境的重要因素。城市中产生的大气颗粒物污染、热岛效应等问题也都与风场有着直接的关联。并且城市气候研究者通过对中国北方夏热冬冷地区的调查研究发现,在诸多气候因素如大气温度、太阳辐射、大气湿度、风速风向中,炎热夏季能够改善人室外舒适性的最重要的因素是风[1]。因此如何营造一个更好的居住区的室外风环境,已成为人们越来越关心的问题。文章在城市以居住区室外风环境为研究对象,梳理了国内外相关文献,总结了国内外关于居住区室外风环境的研究动态及研究方法,并提出了几点展望,以期为居住区室外风环境的研究尽一份力。     

浅谈改善居住区环境质量

就居住区的环境质量问题，从居住区建筑物的布局与风格、环境景观、绿化、灯具及标志等方面，提出了改善其环境质量的几点建议，达到提高人居环境质量的目的。     

基于集总参数法的居住小区热环境评价研究

城市化改变了城市下垫面,带来了城市物理环境的改变,为了了解城市居住小区设计对热环境的影响,以贵阳市某居住区为例,采用基于集总参数法的热环境分析软件DUTE1. 0,依据国家行业标准JGJ 286—2013城市居住区热环境设计标准对该居住区的夏季室外热环境状况进行了预测和评价,其结果可为居住区室外热环境设计提供参考。     

室内环境污染与健康

人们对室外污染的认识和相关的健康问题以及如何提高室外空气质量都有了很好的了解，对室外污染的关注程度远大于对室内污染的关注程度。但调查资料表明室内空气污染比室外在气污染更为严重。阐述了室内的主要污染源和污染物种类，具体分析了室内各种主要污染物对人体健康产一的影响及可能引起的疾病，以加强人们对室内环境的关注，提高室内环境质量。最后给出了改善室内环境的建议。     

Literature survey on how different factors influence human comfort in indoor environments

The present paper shows the results of a literature survey aimed at exploring how the indoor environment in buildings affects human comfort. The survey was made to gather data that can be useful when new concepts of controlling the indoor environment are developed. The following indoor environmental conditions influencing comfort in the built environment were surveyed: thermal, visual and acoustic, as well as air quality. The literature was surveyed to determine which of these conditions were ranked by building users as being the most important determinants of comfort. The survey also examined the extent to which other factors unrelated to the indoor environment, such as individual characteristics of building occupants, building-related factors and outdoor climate including seasonal changes, influence whether the indoor environment is evaluated as comfortable or not. The results suggest that when developing systems for controlling the indoor environment, the type of building and outdoor climate, including season, should be taken into account. Providing occupants with the possibility to control the indoor environment improves thermal and visual comfort as well as satisfaction with the air quality. Thermal comfort is ranked by building occupants to be of greater importance compared with visual and acoustic comfort and good air quality. It also seems to influence to a higher degree the overall satisfaction with indoor environmental quality compared with the impact of other indoor environmental conditions.     

既有住宅室外硬质铺地环境节能改造技术研究

基于既有住宅室内外热环境的密切关系,结合我国既有住宅室外硬质铺地环境设计长期以来由于忽视其在环境热物理方面的设计而造成的既有住宅能耗,深入分析了既有住宅室外硬质铺地环境设计在空间模式以及构造设计方面存在的问题,研究通过改善室外硬质铺地环境最终达到改善室内外微环境的双赢效果,并提出了一些节能改造的新技术、新方法.     

Carboxyhemoglobin levels in blood donors in Bahrain.

A total of 107 venous blood samples were obtained from blood donors in Bahrain for carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) analysis. The donors were categorized according to their sex, smoking habits, occupation, place of work (indoor or outdoor), and residential area. The mean COHb levels were significantly higher in smokers (4.8%) than nonsmoking (1.5%). The mean COHb levels were higher in smoking, outdoor working donors (4.98%) and nonsmoking outdoor working donors (2.29%) than smoking indoor working donors (3.07%) and nonsmoking indoor working donors (1.04%). Other factors, such as sex and residential area did not influence COHb concentrations. The results indicate a possible influence of the levels of environmental carbon monoxide on the COHb in the blood of the Bahraini population.     

Physico-chemical characterization of indoor/outdoor particulate matter in two residential houses in Oslo, Norway: measurements overview and physical properties--URBAN-AEROSOL Project

Indoor/outdoor measurements have been performed in the Oslo metropolitan area during summer and winter periods (2002-2003) at two different residential houses. The objective of the measurement study was to characterize, physically and chemically, the particulate matter (PM) and gaseous pollutants associated with actual human exposure in the selected places, and their indoor/outdoor relationship. In this paper, we focus on the PM measurements and examine the relationship between the indoor and outdoor PM concentrations taking into account the ventilation rate, indoor sources and meteorological conditions. The indoor/outdoor measurements indicate the important contribution of the outdoor air to the indoor air quality and the influence of specific indoor sources such as smoking and cooking to the concentration of PM inside houses. However, no specific correlation was found between the indoor/outdoor concentration ratio and the meteorological parameters. This study provides information on the physical characteristics and the relationship of indoor to outdoor concentration of particulate matter in residential houses. Moreover, the parameters that influence this relationship are discussed. The results presented here are specific to the sampled houses and conditions used and provide data on the actual human exposure characteristics which occur in the spatial and temporal scales of the present study.     

Ventilation of air-conditioned residential buildings: A case study in Hong Kong

More and more studies reported that there were insufficient ventilation and excessive CO_2 concentration in air-conditioned residential buildings, but few solutions were provided. This study investigates the overnight evolution of CO_2 concentration in air-conditioned residential buildings and then focuses mainly on the evaluation of three ventilation strategies, including overnight natural ventilation, short-term mechanical ventilation and short-term natural ventilation. On-site measurements were conducted in a typical residential bedroom in Hong Kong in September. The indoor and outdoor CO_2 concentration, air temperature and relative humidity as well as the outdoor wind speed during the measurements were analysed. Ventilation rates were calculated based on the time series of CO_2 concentration. This study confirms that additional ventilation is usually needed in air-conditioned residential buildings. Overnight natural ventilation with even a small opening is associated with excessive energy consumption and deteriorated indoor thermal environment. Short-term natural ventilation strategies are inefficient and uncontrollable. Compared to the best short-term natural ventilation strategy, a reasonably designed short-term mechanical ventilation strategy requires only a 41% of ventilation period to complete one full replacement of indoor air and to reach a lower indoor CO_2 concentration. Nighttime case studies and a theoretical analysis suggest that a few several-minute mechanical ventilation periods could potentially maintain an acceptable indoor air quality for a normal sleeping period of 8 h.     

城市居住小区室内环境噪声的测量与分析

通过测量及调查西安明德门居住小区的室内环境噪声水平，分析了其噪声的来源，并针对性地提出了采用降低城市环境噪声，改进我国现有住宅门窗的隔声性能、加强施工现场管理、采用“浮筑楼面”做法等改善城市住宅室内声环境的措施。     

Characterization of indoor air quality using multiple measurements of nitrogen dioxide

Indoor air quality can be affected by indoor sources, ventilation, decay and outdoor levels. Although technologies exist to measure these factors, direct measurements are often difficult. The purpose of this study was to develop an alternative method to characterize indoor environmental factors by multiple indoor and outdoor measurements. Daily indoor and outdoor NO2 concentrations were measured for 30 consecutive days in 28 houses in Brisbane, Australia, and for 21 consecutive days in 37 houses in Seoul, Korea. Using a mass balance model and regression analysis, penetration factor (ventilation rate divided by the sum of ventilation rate and deposition constant) and source strength factor (source strength divided by the sum of ventilation rate and deposition constant) were calculated using multiple indoor and outdoor measurements. Subsequently, the ventilation rate and NO2 source strength were estimated. Geometric means of ventilation rate were 1.44 air change per hour (ACH) in Brisbane, assuming a residential NO2 deposition constant of 1.05/h, and 1.36 ACH in Seoul, with the measured residential NO2 deposition constant of 0.94/h. Source strengths of NO2 were 15.8 +/- 18.2 and 44.7 +/- 38.1 microg/m3/h in Brisbane and Seoul, respectively. In conclusion, indoor environmental factors were effectively characterized by this method using multiple indoor and outdoor measurements.     

湿热湿冷地区夏季房屋热稳定性测试分析

湿热湿冷地区夏季室外空气相对湿度大,太阳辐射强度偏低,现有建筑的房屋热稳定性状况缺少基础性研究数据。本文选取该地区典型的居住建筑,对其夏季太阳辐射、室内外空气相对湿度、室内外空气温度和壁面温度等进行了现场测试。分析表明在该气候特征下,所测试居住建筑在夏季典型周期内的室内空气平均温度波幅为4.3℃,幅度较大且受朝向、围护结构构造做法等因素影响明显。     

Case study of window opening behavior using field measurement results

Window opening behavior has significant influences on indoor environment and energy consumption in residential buildings. As a response to indoor environment, the control mechanism (window and interior door open/closed) should be studied first by comprehensive understanding of the variation of indoor environmental conditions. For this reason, a field measurement of environmental conditions was carried out in five representative apartments in Beijing from April to May in 2010. By comparison analyses of the field measurement results, major findings are as follows: (1) the concentration of room CO₂ can be the best predictor of occupant behavior, also window opening behavior, in residential buildings; (2) the variation in indoor air quality mainly results from large variation in window opening behavior; (3) apart from indoor and outdoor thermal environment, indoor air quality as well as occupants’ presence at room have also considerable effect on window opening behavior; (4) while defining window opening behavior for one room in residential building, it is necessary to take the window adjustment of its connecting room and the adjustment of the connecting door into consideration due to air diffusion between the two connecting rooms.     

Passive control methods of Kerala traditional architecture for a comfortable indoor environment: A comparative investigation during winter and summer

Kerala is a strip of land on the southwest coast of India lying between Arabian Sea on the west and Western Ghats on the east. The traditional architecture of Kerala is known for its use of natural and passive methods for a comfortable indoor environment. However, it has not been proved by a detailed and quantitative evaluation method so far. A field study was thus conducted in the winter and summer periods to investigate the indoor environmental condition of a typical Kerala traditional residential building. The objective of the investigation was to understand the passive environment control system of Kerala traditional architecture by quantitative analysis of various thermal comfort parameters. It was done by continuously monitoring the indoor and outdoor conditions using a custom made instrument called “Architectural Evaluation System”. The results show that the natural and passive control system of Kerala traditional architecture provides comfortable indoor environment irrespective of the outdoor climatic conditions.