试论冻害敏感性的合理性

冻胀和融沉是影响寒区工程设施安全服役的关键难题,如何合理评价土体的冻害敏感性一直是寒区岩土工程的热点话题.长期以来,以细粒含量为指标的冻胀特性评价体系,较为简单、明确,在指导寒区工程建设中发挥了重要作用.但近年来的研究成果表明:不同国家和地区的冻害敏感性评价体系差别较大,准确性参差不齐;气态水迁移能够引起粗粒土发生冰体...     

Effects of imperfections of the buckling response of composite shells

The results of an experimental and analytical study of the effects of initial imperfections on the buckling response and failure of unstiffened thin-walled compression-loaded graphite-epoxy cylindrical shells are presented. The shells considered in the study have six different shell-wall laminates two different shell-radius-to-thickness ratios. The shell-wall laminates include four different orthotropic laminates and two different quasi-isotropic laminates. The shell-radius-to-thickness ratios includes shell-radius-to-thickness ratios equal to 100 and 200. The numerical results include the effects of traditional and nontraditional initial imperfections and selected shell parameter uncertainties. The traditional imperfections include the geometric shell-wall mid-surface imperfections that are commonly discussed in the literature on thin shell buckling. The nontraditional imperfections include shell-wall thickness variations, local shell-wall ply-gaps associated with the fabrication process, shell-end geometric imperfections, nonuniform applied end loads, and variations in the boundary conditions including the effects of elastic boundary conditions. The cylinder parameter uncertainties considered include uncertainties in geometric imperfection measurements, lamina fiber volume fraction, fiber and matrix properties, boundary conditions, and applied end load distribution. Results that include the effects of these traditional and nontraditional imperfections and uncertainties on the nonlinear response characteristics, buckling loads and failure of the shells are presented. The analysis procedure includes a nonlinear static analysis that predicts the stable response characteristics of the shells, and a nonlinear transient analysis that predicts the unstable response characteristics. In addition, a common failure analysis is used to predict material failures in the shells.     

北京市人民检察院新建办公业务用房工程结构设计

北京市人民检察院办公楼主体结构采用框架-剪力墙结构,局部采用钢结构,结构平面布置复杂,采用防震缝将结构各部分分开。通过设置后浇带解决结构南塔超长问题。中庭为大空间独立结构单元,设计中采用了钢结构。总结了工程钢结构部分在设计中采取的若干措施。对工程整体用SATWE软件进行了计算,结果表明,结构变形满足规范要求,说明结构设计合理。     

A micro-simulation model of firms: Applications of concepts of the demography of the firm

Recently, there is an increasing demand in spatial planning for models based on the demographic concepts of birth and death of firms. This article describes the structure of a spatial demographic simulation model of firms, and its application within The Netherlands. The model structure is essentially of the familiar demographic cohort component type, where an initial cohort of firms ages in a number of discrete steps, and where in each step additions and subtractions to and from the population are modelled using birth, death and migration components. Apart from the central processes of birth, death and migration, the type of economic activity and firm size are highly important for understanding firm behaviour over time. The article describes the transition functions for each of the demographic components and for firm growth. In addition, some empirical results are presented of a number of model simulations in The Netherlands. The results were partly validated using observed economic demographic data. It is concluded that a substantial amount of work remains to be done in this new field. The model presented here has direct implications for the research agenda of the study of the demography of the firm. Received 28 April 1999 / Accepted 6 December 1999     

基础工程技术发展综述

城市化进程和地下空间开发的需求,给我国基础工程技术提出了新的研究方向和课题。在对国内外基础工程技术分析总结的基础上,重点对我国在同一大面积整体基础上建有多栋高层建筑或多层建筑的地基基础设计方法、基础变刚度调平设计方法、深大基础回弹以及再压缩变形特征及计算方法、基础结构抗浮设计、桩基工程新技术、既有建筑地基基础的工作性状及工程应用方法、地铁交通枢纽工程的地基基础加固改造等技术成果进行介绍。这些成果体现出我国基础工程技术的特点和技术先进性。结合国外技术的发展,提出我国基础工程技术应在大跨地下结构的设计理论、方法和按变形控制设计、深基坑施工引起环境影响的评价方法及工程措施、深大地下建筑建设对已有周边建筑设计条件以及使用条件改变引起的基础设计评价方法及加固技术、基础工程的抗浮稳定性的设防水平及抗浮构件设计、地下交通线路施工或穿越工程以及地下使用功能实现引起的有关基础工程技术研究、基础耐久性问题的研究、新材料、新工艺、新设备的使用以及绿色施工技术的研发、基础工程技术发展应进行的试验研究工作等方面的研究方向和课题。     

Spatiotemporal analysis of the distribution of urban facilities in terms of accessibility

Abstract.  This article develops a method for analysing the distribution of urban facilities in terms of accessibility. The method treats facility accessibility in the spatiotemporal dimension, as it depends on both spatial and temporal factors, that is, the location and opening hours of facilities. The distribution of facility accessibility is evaluated by several measures indicating the extent of concentration with respect to accessibility in the spatiotemporal dimension. The measures are standardised and evaluated in a statistical framework by means of comparison with spatial, temporal and spatiotemporal random distributions of facility accessibility. The method is applied to analysis of the spatiotemporal distribution of coffee shops in Tokyo, Japan. The results revealed interesting patterns, which are helpful for analysis of marketing strategies of coffee shop chains.     

三山桥自锚上承式拱结构设计

南京市三山桥是跨越秦淮河的一座重要桥梁,跨径布置为(22.5+40+22.5)m,采用自锚上承式拱桥.文章对自锚上承式拱桥上部结构和下部结构进行了较详细的分析论述,设计实践表明:自锚上承式拱桥方案与周边环境相协调,采用线性规划法设计自锚预应力筋使结构满足正常使用和承载能力要求的同时达到了平衡拱脚推力的目的,提高了在软弱地基上建造拱桥的适应性和经济性.     

抗滑桩嵌固段桩前被动土拱形成机理

抗滑桩是滑坡治理的主要手段之一,嵌固段桩前被动土拱效应对抗滑桩承载力具有重要影响。为了对桩前被动土拱效应几何形态及桩间距的影响规律进行研究,采用平面应变有限元模型对不同桩间距的抗滑桩与桩前土相互作用进行模拟分析,提出了一种具有明确物理意义的土拱厚度的确定方法。通过搜寻土体中σ_xm(桩间土体中心截面处最大σ_x值)等值点的分布规律,拟合了土拱轴线的描述方程。讨论了桩间距对土拱的矢高、厚度的影响规律。通过与单桩计算结果的对比,提出了确定邻桩对桩前土影响范围的方法,进一步证明桩前土拱的存在。结果显示,随着桩身位移增加,桩前土体内主应力方向发生偏转,逐渐形成桩前被动土拱;桩间距为桩宽的2.5~4.5倍时出现被动土拱,3~4倍时土拱效应最明显,土拱厚度和矢高随桩间距线性增加;桩前被动土拱增加了相邻抗滑桩间相互作用范围。研究结果为抗滑桩桩前土受力及承载力研究提供了新思路,对工程实际具有一定参考价值。     

Effect of pH on the physico-mechanical properties of marble

The physico-mechanical properties of rocks are important parameters in the planning and design of mining and civil constructional works. These properties are adversely affected by acidic and alkaline environments. In the present study, marble rock specimens were tested in the laboratory after treatment with different pH solutions for 15 h. The physico-mechanical properties of the marble were determined in both acidic and alkaline conditions. The study revealed that the strength properties are higher at pH 7 and lower in acidic and alkaline conditions. The strength reduction in acidic conditions is greater than that in the alkaline conditions.      

福州近代校园建设研究

福州的近代教育是在教会办学和地方办学的交替过程中发展起来的,以教会办学活动影响最大。本文从教会早期的办学活动、新学及新学堂的建立与推广、教会后期的办学活动、收回教育权后的地方办学状况四个方面对福州近代校园建设进行研究。     

Studies of the rate of migration of radiocesium in some types of soils of Eastern Poland

The activity of Cs-137 and Cs-134 in some types of soils of Eastern Poland was studied. The contribution of Cs-137 from post-Chernobyl fall-out as a function of depth in the soil profiles was calculated from the Cs-134:Cs-137 activity ratio taken from the literature just after the Chernobyl accident. Such information makes it possible to calculate the rate of vertical migration of radiocesium in various types of soils. The rate of the post-Chernobyl Cs-137 migration was found to exceed the rate of migration of Cs-137 from experimental nuclear explosions in the atmosphere. Cs-137 from the Chernobyl accident was found in a layer of soil a few cms thick in most of the soils which were examined. The contribution of post-Chernobyl radiocesium to the total contamination of the surface layer (0–5 cm) with cesium was ≈77%.     

An assessment of the ecological implications of new varieties of seeds

The history of the production and use of high yielding grain crops is outlined. The limitations of the nutritional value of both new and traditional varieties is given. The socio‐economic benefits derived from the new crops is outlined. The environmental costs of the wide spread use of new high yielding varieties of crops in terms of genetic diversity, pest problems in mono‐cultures and the need for greater human attention and increased energy input are discussed.     

建筑形式化之原因初探

长期的封建专制制度造成科学和民主精神的缺乏,是建筑设计失去创造性的根本原因。殖民主义和后殖民主义的历史影响难以在短时间内消除,崇洋、尚洋的心理使建筑设计停留在形式的摹仿。本文从历史文化角度,分析这两方面对中国社会产生的负面影响出发,阐述建筑设计缺乏创造性的历史渊源。     

竖直荷载下群桩受力变形特性弹塑性分析

群桩作为桩基的一种主要形式 ,其受力变形特性的研究一直受到人们的重视。过去的研究主要是通过实验方法和理论分析来进行的。本文用有限元进行近域土和桩的分析 ,对远域土采用无限单元 ,在桩土接触面引入 Goodman接触面单元 ,从而用有限元——接触面单元——无限元的耦合方法将群桩和土体作为一个整体进行弹塑性分析。分析中用修正剑桥模型进行近域土体的模拟 ,对桩土接触面及远域土体进行非线性分析。分析结果表明 ,本文的分析与实测基本吻合 ,说明本文的耦合方法能对群桩的受力变形特性进行较好的模拟     

陡峭岩石边坡随机-模糊可靠度算法

给出了陡峭边坡极限平衡分析中计算随机–模糊可靠度的方法,这种方法将模糊数学原理与可靠性理论结合起来,导出了以模(糊事件)–精(确概率)指标表达的边坡工程随机–模糊可靠度公式,既考虑了岩石边坡工程的客观本质又满足了稳定性定量评价的要求,具有确定的数学表达形式,便于应用。     

海宁市第三水厂加氯系统的改进

对海宁市第三水厂的加氯系统进行了改进,在清水池进口处增设余氯监测点,并将控制加氯量的比例控制器和PID控制器替换为自适应控制器。结果表明,自适应控制器可根据流量、余氯值、滞后时间等参数的变化来自动控制清水池前加氯量和出厂水补氯量,确保清水池出口余氯值和出厂水余氯值稳定在设定范围内,并减少了氯耗和加氯次数,延长了加氯机的使用寿命。     

反分析法在高速公路滑坡治理中的应用

在高速公路滑坡的稳定性分析及治理中,抗剪强度指标c、φ的取值至关重要。应用反分析法视滑坡为大型现场剪切试验,将整个滑体作为剪切试验体考虑,得出反映整个滑动带的合理的综合强度指标,克服了试验方法的不足,为进一步计算、评价、治理提供可靠的依据。     

厦门海峡交流中心二期2号楼基础选型和分析

厦门海峡交流中心二期2号楼高度为215m,高宽比为4.8,属超B级高层建筑,根据岩层存在风化槽的场地地质特点,对2种桩基方案进行比较分析,确定采用桩筏基础,文中的有关方法和结论可为相关工程提供参考.     

北京天然光总照度变化趋势分析

基于北京连续54年太阳辐射数据,结合中国辐射光当量模型,获取北京天然光年总照度值和月总照度值。应用Mann—Kendall检验方法分析北京天然光年和月总照度值年际变化趋势,结果表明：北京天然光年总照度基本变化趋势为明显减少,且在1977年突变发生后其下降趋势明显增加;各月月总照度值基本年际变化趋势为明显减少,其中7月月总照度值下降幅度最大。11月月总照度值下降幅度最小;除5月在1967年发生突变外,其它月份的突变均发生在1975—1981年之间;各月天然光月总照度值年际变化在突变前为不明显波动变化趋势,突变后均为明显增加的下降趋势。云量及由大气污染所产生的气溶胶光学厚度是造成北京年与月总照度值持续下降的重要因素。     

新型膨胀剂对水泥基材料干燥收缩的补偿

研究了掺与不掺膨胀剂HME的水泥净浆、砂浆和混凝土在直接干空养护条件下的收缩变形,分析了膨胀剂HME对水泥净浆、砂浆以及混凝土的干燥收缩影响规律,并探讨了膨胀剂HME在干空养护条件下的减缩作用机理。结果表明,膨胀剂HME在干空养护条件下仍然具有水化反应能力,产生有效膨胀,可以完全消除水泥净浆、砂浆以及混凝土的早期干燥收缩,并对其中后期干燥收缩也有较好的补偿作用。