室内空气中有机污染物处理的研究进展

概述了室内空气污染的类型,全面介绍了目前各种室内空气净化技术及其进展,并分析了各技术的优缺点,提出了今后的研究方向,以解决室内空气的污染问题,从而改善室内空气质量。     

兵团持久性有机污染物（POPs）调查与数据分析

介绍了持久性有机污染物二英的特性、危害,重点分析了兵团持久性有机污染物调查情况,得出了相关结论,并在此基础上对今后兵团持久性有机污染物的控制提出了一些建议。     

城市污水处理厂初沉池对污染物去除效果的研究

通过对拟建中的西安市第四污水处理厂初沉池入流污染物的沉淀试验，得到不同水深和沉淀时间下的ss去除率曲线。当有效水深为3．0m、沉淀时间为2h时，对SS、COD、TN和TP的平均去除率可分别达到63％、20．8％、7．0％和8．1％。试验结果对污水处理厂的设计具有重要的指导意义和实用价值。     

沸石去除饮用水源中有机污染物的展望

１沸石的吸附特性沸石是一种含水架状结构的多孔硅铝酸盐矿物质,构成其骨架的最基本结构是硅氧（ＳｉＯ４）四面体和铝氧（ＡｌＯ４）四面体,在这种四面体中,中心是硅（或铝）原子,每个硅（或铝）原子的周围有４个氧原子,各个硅氧四面体通过处于四面体顶点的氧原子互...     

浅谈地下水有机污染物的监测技术

地下水在生活和生产中具有重要作用,因此地下水污染监测技术的应用有助于改善我国的地下水环境。有机污染物是地下水的主要污染来源。这里分析了有机污染物的监测技术,以确保我国地下水的质量。     

环境监测中有机污染物分析的特点

论述了环境监测中有机污染物分析的特点,包括样品前处理、监测仪器、人员要求等,内容涉及有机污染物监测的流程、各种前处理技术、分析仪器等,提出了我国培养有机污染物监测技术人员的必要性。     

地下水中持久性有机污染物研究综述

持久性有机污染物具有长期残留性、生物蓄积性、半挥发性和高毒性,能够在大气环境中长距离迁移并能沉积回地球,对人类健康和环境具有产重危害。持久性有机污染物对地下水的污染已引起了包括中国在内的许多国家的重视,为保障地下水水质安全,文章介绍了地下水受持久性有机物污染情况,地下水中持久性有机污染物的来源,提出源头控制与污染后处理的控制技术,就当前存在的问题提出了对策与建议。     

土壤对钻井废水中有机污染物吸附作用研究

分析了钻井废水中有机污染物在土壤中吸附的机理，对吸附量和有机负荷的关系进行了阐述；针对钻井废水有机污染物在土壤中的吸附和解吸过程进行了实验研究。实验表明：钻井废水中有机污染物在土壤中的吸附量与土壤有机负荷的关系符合初始质量等温线；土壤中天然有机质含量越高，对钻井废水中有机污染物吸附能力越强；土壤对钻井废水中有机污染物具有一定的持久吸附作用；天然有机质含量越高的土壤对钻井废水中有机污染物的持久吸附能力越强。     

地下水中挥发性有机污染物的测定方法

针对目前中国地下水污染的状况,本文对地下水中挥发性有机污染物的测定方法进行了综述。地下水挥发性有机污染物的样品前处理方法主要有闭环剥离法、固相萃取法和固相微萃取法;主要采用气相色谱法、气相色谱-质谱联用法对地下水中挥发性有机物进行定性和定量分析。通过对上述内容的综述,为地下水中挥发性有机污染物的检测和防控提供了技术上的参考依据。     

MBR对焚烧厂渗滤液中有机污染物的降解特性

采用膜生物反应器(MBR)处理垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液,并采用GC/MS技术考察了MBR处理渗滤液过程中有机污染物的降解特性.结果表明,生化段对C4～C8的有机物有较好的降解能力,而无机膜对C16～C19的有机物的去除效果较好;生化段对渗滤液中酸类有机物的降解效果明显,而无机膜对酮、醇、酸类有机物的去除效果明显;当进水COD为57 000 mg/L、NH3-N为665mg/L时,MBR出水的COD和NH3-N分别可降至457、8.54 mg/L.     

Identification and quantification of major organic foulants in treated domestic wastewater affecting filterability in dead-end ultrafiltration

Ultrafiltration (UF) membranes can be used after conventional wastewater treatment to produce particle free and hygienically safe water for reuse. However, membrane fouling affects the performance of UF to a large extent. Stirred cell tests with UF membrane show high flux decline filtering treated domestic wastewater. Investigation on the impact of size fractioned substances indicates that dissolved substances are major foulants affecting water filterability. Dissolved organic substances in feed and permeate samples of the stirred cell tests are analyzed by liquid chromatography with online organic carbon detection (LC-OCD). The resulting chromatograms displayed a significant difference of feed and permeate samples in the range of large molecules identified as biopolymer peak. The substances detected in this peak (mostly macro polysaccharide-like and protein-like molecules) are almost completely retained by UF membranes. Quantified investigation shows that biopolymer concentration influences filterability of corresponding water sample proportionally. The apparent magnitude of delivered biopolymer to membrane has a striking correlation with fouling resistance. The relationship was verified to be reproducible using different water samples. Mechanism analysis demonstrates that based on the delivered biopolymer load to membrane pore blocking or cake/gel fouling is the main fouling mechanism in the present experiment conditions.     

Removal of micropollutants from urban wastewater using a UASB reactor coupled to a MBR at different organic loading rates

This study examines the removal of micropollutants (MPs) in a hybrid process that combines anaerobic and aerobic redox conditions under different Organic Loading Rates (OLRs).

A laboratory-scale pilot-plant composed of an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket reactor (UASB) combined with a membrane bioreactor (MBR) was operated. Six MPs were analyzed: the hormones estrone, 17-α-ethinyl estradiol and 17-β-estradiol, the plasticizer bisphenol A and the pharmaceuticals carbamazepine and diclofenac. In order to study its influence on removal efficiencies, the system was operated at three different OLRs: high (0.67 ± 0.15 kg COD/m³ d), medium (0.37 ± 0.06 kg COD/m³ d) and low (0.11 ± 0.02 kg COD/m³ d).

The results demonstrated the synergistic effects due to the double biological treatment, with removal rates above 90% for the hormones and the plasticizer. Pharmaceuticals were the most resistant compounds, being only partially removed in the liquid phase. Removal rates of the MPs were higher at high OLR of the influent.     

污泥浓缩池上清液的有机物分子量分布

研究了城市污水处理厂污泥浓缩池上清液有机物中分子量分布与浓缩时间,浓缩温度的关系。通过试验得知,对于高负荷活性污泥系统,当浓缩温度一定时,大,中,小分子均匀随着浓缩时间延长而增加,小分子增加量和比例最大;同样,当浓缩时间一定时,大,中,小分子鬃家缩温度升高的而增加,小分子啬量和比例最大 。     

Heavy metals in domestic wastewater with respect to urban population in Ostrava,Czech Republic

During dry weather periods, domestic wastewater is a major component of urban wastewater influent to a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). For this reason, the quantity and quality of domestic wastewater have a considerable effect on the resultant contamination of urban wastewater and on the subsequent selection of appropriate WWTP technology. The aim of this study was to quantify the amount of hazardous elements in domestic wastewater to determine the average daily production of domestic wastewater and risk elements per inhabitant and quantify the proportion of households in the total load of urban wastewater. Wastewater samples were collected from nine local sewer systems in Ostrava, the Kravare WWTP and the Central Wastewater Treatment Plant of Ostrava (Czech Republic). We found that the average production of wastewater from households is approximately 135 L per person per day. The results also show that the share of households in urban wastewater is approximately 60% in the case of Cd, 35–21% in the case of Zn, Cu, As and less than 15% for Pb, Cr, Fe, Ni and Mn.     

Bioavailability of organic pollutants in boreal waters with varying levels of dissolved organic material

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in 20 surface waters in Eastern Finland were characterized to examine relationships between structural and compositional properties of DOM and partition coefficients (K_p) describing sorption of four model contaminants to DOM and the bioavailability of contaminants by Daphnia magna. The hydrophobic acids (HbA), hydrophobic neutrals (HbN) and hydrophilic (HI) fractions of DOM were separated by XAD-8 resin. The K_Ps were measured by equilibrium dialysis. Model contaminants were benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), naphthalene (NAPH), 3.3′,4.4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) and dehydroabietic acid (DHAA).DOM concentrations varied from 2.0 to 38.3 mg org. C/l in the water series. The percentage of HbA and the aromaticity of DOM, as indicated by the absorptivity at 270 nm (A₂₇₀) and hydrogen/carbon ratio (H/C ratio), increased with increasing DOM concentration. Significant correlations were observed between K_P of BAP, A₂₇₀ and HbA content of the DOM from different sources. For the other contaminants similar kinds of relationships between K_ps and quality parameters of DOM could not be found.The bioavailability of model compounds was decreased by increasing DOM concentration in the water series. For all four model contaminants, measured bioconcentration factors (BCF) correlated well with the A₂₇₀ of a water and HbA content of the DOM. These results show that the total DOM concentration is an important factor controlling the bioavailability of xenobiotics in natural waters. Besides the quantity also the quality of DOM, like proportion of HbA, can contribute in bioavailability.     

有机物分子尺度对纳滤膜污染的影响研究

以市政污水处理厂的MBR出水作为纳滤进水,从有机物分子尺度分布的微观角度分析进水中有机物分布特征与纳滤膜污染的相关性,研究含不同分子质量的有机物水样对纳滤膜通量衰减、脱盐率以及膜表面污染的影响规律.结果表明,随着进水中溶解性有机物分子质量的减小,膜比通量衰减幅度不断增加,特别是分子质量＜1 ku的溶解性有机物引起膜通量衰减幅度最大,连续运行28 h后膜比通量下降了85.2％.电镜扫描分析进一步表明,进水中分子质量＜1 ku的有机物是造成膜有机污染的主要成分.此外,水中有机物在纳滤膜表面的累积会使纳滤膜的脱盐率有所增加.当进水中有机物分子质量在1 ku以下时,纳滤膜的初始脱盐率在94％左右,经28h连续运行后脱盐率上升了3.5％ ～4％;进水中有机物分子质量在100 ku以下时,纳滤膜的初始脱盐率为91％ ～92％,经28 h连续运行后脱盐率上升4％ ～4.5％.     

Atmospheric deposition of persistent organic pollutants to the East Rongbuk Glacier in the Himalayas

To assess levels and seasonal trends of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in a high-altitude mountain region, a 2.1 m snowpack sample was collected from the East Rongbuk Glacier at 6572 ma.s.l. on Mt. Everest in September 2005. This snowpack covered a full year period from the fall of 2004 to the summer of 2005 and reflected the major meteorology of the monsoon and non-monsoon seasons. The most abundant compounds detected in the snow samples were γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH) and α-HCH with mean concentrations of 123 pg L^− 1 and 92 pg L^− 1, respectively. This is the first detection of these compounds in recent snow samples from the Himalayas. Backward air trajectory analysis indicated that the Himalayas could be influenced by the major HCH source regions in both India and China. Among the seven marker PCB congeners (PCB 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, and 180) quantified, PCB 28 and PCB 52 were the only dominant PCB congeners detected, with mean concentrations of 17 pg L^− 1 and 6 pg L^− 1, respectively. In addition, DDT metabolites, p,p′-DDE and p,p′-DDD were detected in some snow samples and mean concentrations of DDTs were 24 pg L^− 1. Seasonal differences were observed for α- and γ-HCH concentrations increasing from the non-monsoon season to the monsoon season. Meanwhile, PCB 28 and HCB showed uniform variations with peak concentrations resulting from an effective scavenging by snowfalls between the monsoon and non-monsoon interval. Compared to other high mountain areas, the levels of POPs deposited into the East Rongbuk Glacier were relatively low, resulting from the highest altitude and remoteness from source regions.     

Evaluation of the effects of greywater reuse on domestic wastewater quality and quantity

This simulation study, based on experimental and literature data, evaluates the influence of onsite greywater reuse on domestic wastewater quality and quantity. For this, three scenarios were studied: no reuse; reuse for toilet flushing; reuse for toilet flushing and garden irrigation. Light greywater reuse reduced the daily household wastewater flows by 25–40%. These reductions mainly occurred during the morning and evening peak wastewater generation. Although daily loads of all pollutants decreased, their concentrations in the discharged wastewater increased owing to exclusion of potable water from the wastewater and replacing it by treated light greywater. The proportional concentration increase of most pollutants was lower than the decrease in wastewater discharge, due to degradation during treatment. The highest concentration increase occurred during the morning peak, coinciding with the highest flow reduction. This study is a first step towards quantification of the effects of onsite greywater reuse on sewers and wastewater treatment plants.     

Biopolymer fouling in dead-end ultrafiltration of treated domestic wastewater

Ultrafiltration (UF) is considered as a suitable treatment process after conventional wastewater treatment to produce reuse water. Nevertheless, fouling affects the performance of UF to a large extent. As biopolymers (mostly macro polysaccharide-like and protein-like molecules) have been identified as major foulants affecting the filterability of water in dead-end UF, the present study focuses on investigating the reversibility of biopolymer fouling occurring at different biopolymer mass loads to the membrane and under different compression conditions. UF-membrane stirred cell tests using five cycles show that filtering treated domestic wastewater leads to a significant permeability reduction due to the accumulation of biopolymers on the membrane surface and/or in the membrane pores. Although they can be removed by hydraulic backwashing, an increased mass load of biopolymers reduces the removal efficiency. This correlation was verified using a UF pilot plant filtering treated wastewater (secondary effluent or slow sand filtrate). The effect of biopolymer fouling layer deformation on its reversibility was studied using multi-cycle membrane filtration tests under different filtration pressures. The results showed that higher filtration pressures result in more compact biopolymer fouling which is more difficult to be hydraulically backwashed. This phenomenon was also confirmed by pilot-scale UF experiments.