Cultural landscapes and landscape ecology in contemporary greenway planning, design and management: a case study

The Appalachian Trail traverses 3300 km (2050 miles) of the Appalachian Mountains from Maine to Georgia in the eastern USA. Except for the Cumberland Valley (the Great Valley of the Ridge and Valley region of the Appalachian Mountains) in Pennsylvania, and a few other valley crossings, the Trail passes primarily along forested ridges. The Cumberland Valley is the longest valley crossing of the Trail—26 km (16 miles) of intensively cultivated prime farmland undergoing residential and commercial development. To secure public ownership of the Trail through this urbanizing landscape, the US Department of the Interior, through the National Park Service, acquired a 600 ha (1500 acre) corridor through the Cumberland Valley to be managed and maintained by the volunteers of the Appalachian Trail Conference. This study was developed by a project team from the Department of Landscape Architecture of The Pennsylvania State University, for the Appalachian Trail Conference, as a set of planning, design, and management recommendations for the newly acquired trail corridor. The method of study involves developing (1) an understanding of the Trail, its history, and its users; (2) a general understanding of the natural and cultural conditions of the region; (3) a more specific inventory, analysis, and assessment of the natural and cultural elements of the trail corridor. This process reveals a corridor landscape containing the interpretable evidence of 250 years of agrarian landscape history and a diverse set of physical environments and biotic communities that have been fragmented by that land use.The two central ideas explored in this paper that underlie the planning and design of the Trail greenway across the Cumberland Valley are, first, the conservation and interpretation of the cultural landscape, and, second, the reduction of habitat fragmentation and enhancement of biological diversity. The product of the planning and design of the corridor land is a set of recommendations intended to direct future actions within the valley corridor. The cultural landscape recommendations focus on maintaining the fabric and interrelationships of the cultural landscape by including a complete representation of both the structural and biotic cultural resources. The ecological recommendations focus on protection of existing natural resources, establishment of forest habitat linkages, and restoration of native plant communities. Finally, two examples of the corridor planning, design, and management study are presented as a case study in greenway planning and design in response to cultural landscape conservation and landscape ecology.     

Role of urban greenway systems in planning residential communities: a case study from Egypt

Greenways have long played a significant role in the development of urban and sub-urban areas. They help mitigate the loss of “natural” space, often have scenic qualities, provide for recreation, education, a sense of well-being, and preservation of the natural habitat. This article explores the concept, history and development of urban greenways. The article illustrates the concept of linked parks and urban greenways in structuring urban and sub-urban developments while suggesting a methodological blueprint for their implementation in the planning process. A case study of a sub-urban development west of the city of Cairo, Egypt is presented to demonstrate the role of urban greenway systems in planning residential communities. An in-depth investigation of the planning process, context, approach, and development concept is followed by an overview of the rationale and significance of the method. The objective of this article is thus two-fold. First, to illustrate the concept of urban greenway systems in structuring communities; and second, to suggest a model for the integration and proper application of the concept of linked parks and urban greenway systems in planning residential communities. In conclusion, the article identifies a step-by-step procedure for integrating natural, recreational and cultural greenways and corridors in planning future residential developments.     

Greenways planning in Italy: the Lambro River Valley Greenways System

The greenways movement in Europe developed differently to its counterpart in the USA, influenced by geographical, economic and cultural differences as well as differences in social and urban development.Europe has seen a discontinuous and fragmented process, diversified in the various countries. The explosion of the greenway concept in Europe is a very recent phenomenon: the European Greenways Association and the Italian Greenways Association both date back only as far as 1998. Clearly, before this date the European countries did see a degree of activity both cultural and operational, but it is equally clear that there was a lack of commonality. Specifically, greenway planning in Italy while on the one hand work has been underway on green trails for many years, on the other there is a clear lack of methodology that allows for the planning of a broader network.This paper has two objectives; firstly to define a methodology useful for greenways planning in Italy at regional level, and secondly, to demonstrate the application of this methodology to a case study.The methodology adopted derives from an approach to planning inspired principally by the work of Ian McHarg and Julius Fabos and already applied by the authors to protected areas in Italy. The methodology is structured in four phases: analysis of the landscape resources, the existing green trail and historical route networks; assessment of each element; composite assessment; and definition of the Greenways Plan.A case study for the Lambro River Valley Park is used to illustrate the methodology proposed. The park comprises the municipalities situated along the Lambro River to the north of Milan. This is densely inhabited land and features multiple human activities located within a context conserving residual elements of naturalistic, landscape and historical–cultural interest. The application of the methodology to the Lambro River Valley Park allowed the development of a greenways network incorporating the existing network of green trails: 80% of the network is, in fact, already in place. The methodology also proved to be useful in the definition of a network dedicated to non-motorized traffic capable of connecting the numerous urban centres with the many resources present in the area.     

耦合多元价值的生态风景道规划研究 ——以乌兰察布四横交通带风景道为例

近年来随着中国对交通运输与旅游融合的重视,风景道的研究与建设被提上日程。基于对生态保护、特色景观与休闲游憩的多元需求,由国内对风景道的研究和一系列实例入手,在传统风景道概念的基础上提出建设居于多元价值的生态风景道。同时,以乌兰察布四横风景道的规划为例,研究了基于形态学空间格局分析的生态网络构建、景观视觉评价的景观节点建设及串联沿途旅游资源的绿道系统建设,在实践中探讨了多元价值目标导向下风景道规划设计的策略和方法。     

基于绿道理念的合肥环城公园规划浅析

从绿道产生至今,其含义已从单纯意义上的林荫大道演变成多功能、多价值的绿地系统。而基于绿道理念的环城公园体系对于城市的持续健康发展有着更为深远的意义。本文首先对绿道及环城公园的相关理论研究进行归纳梳理,并选取伦敦绿链、珠三角绿道等具有代表性的国内外绿道实践案例进行分析,总结绿道理念对环城公园规划的影响,指出将绿道与环城公园进行有机结合的意义。通过对合肥环城公园实地调研,分析其中发展现状、优势景观资源以及存在的问题。最后,在绿道理念的指导下,提出合肥环城绿道改进和完善的可行性建议。     

基于多规合一的太湖风景区木渎景区 土地利用规划研究

风景区作为国土生态资源空间和独特的保护地类型,其土地利用规划是中国空间规划体系中的重要一环。针对古镇型风景区中自然与人文资源并重、游赏与生活功能交织、风景区与城镇用地兼具等现实问题与矛盾,基于多规合一,提出通过确定景源利用导向进行景源评价"合一"、整合风景区用地分类进行用地属性"合一"和建立多措施协同机制进行区域管理"合一",构建以木渎景区为代表的古镇型风景区的土地利用规划体系,为古镇型风景区保护和发展提供"一张蓝图"。     

绿道规划理论实践及其在我国城市规划整合中的对策研究

近年来绿道规划设计在我国开始兴起,本文首先以研究范围和关注点为两条脉络,回顾了绿道规划理论的发展脉络及其关注点的演变。接下来阐述了我国当前绿道规划的总体背景和发展现状,并选取了最为典型的广东区域层面珠江三角洲地区绿道网规划和市区层面的佛山市绿道网规划为例来进行解析,在此基础上探讨了绿道理论在我国应用实践所要面临的挑战,以及我国当前城乡规划当中的绿道规划设计过程中所产生的一系列问题,例如城市特性差异性对于绿道发展的挑战,如何将绿道规划良好地整合到我国当前的城乡规划体系当中,以及绿道当中的用地来源、组成与控制、绿道平衡发展等方面的挑战和问题。本文针对我国的国情并借鉴其它国家和城市的规划经验,来探讨应对以上问题和挑战的对策。     

游客体验与资源保护技术框架对广东绿道建设的借鉴与启示

广东绿道网络系统担负着自然和文化资源保护以及为公众提供游憩机会的双重功能。绿道管理者要从资源使用中平衡资源保护和游憩质量、游客体验和绿道经济收益等方面的要求。游客体验与资源保护技术框架对此提供了合理解决问题的办法,并对改善区域绿道总体规划和运营管理起到重要的作用。通过深入探讨该框架的主要研究方法与特色,结合广东区域绿道资源条件与游客对绿道满意度调查研究,总结出游客体验与资源保护技术对绿道环境与游憩管理规划可供借鉴的思路与方法。     

风景资源保护与景区可持续发展——以岳阳市君山景区详细规划为例

针对我国风景区存在较为突出的资源保护与发展问题,以君山景区的详细规划为例,探讨了如何保护景区的自然资源、文化资源和生态系统,分析了在规划中如何挖掘、整理、充实景区历史人文内涵,与景区的发展目标相结合,使保护与发展互相促进.君山景区详细规划以风景资源保护为前提,有机规划景点布局、组织游赏序列、举办主题活动、建构特色植物群落景观,正确处理了景区保护与发展的关系.     

构建与法定规划体系相衔接的绿道规划体系

文章结合珠三角地区绿道规划建设的实践,通过理清各层级绿道规划与法定规划之间的关系和构建与法定规划体系相衔接的绿道规划体系,将绿道规划融入相应的法定规划体系中,使绿道建设变成城市日常建设的一部分,从而达到保障绿道规划建设长期推进的目的。     

上海市绿道网络规划研究初探

绿道是一种具有生态、娱乐、文化、审美等多种功能,可持续发展的绿色线性开敞公共活动空间网络。结合城市发展目标,本文研究了上海市绿道的功能定位,以游憩、交通、生态等功能为主,兼具文化保护功能。绿道网络规划思路依据分区特点采用差异化规划策略,以资源布局为引导要素进行路径识别,利用“反规划”途径选择绿道线路。根据功能定位、资源布局特点以及需求特征,绿道分为区域、市级、社区三级和生态型、滨水型、保护型和交通型4类,并且结合不同的分区特点,研究各分区内绿道适宜的网络模式。     

风景名胜区中乡村类文化景观的保护与管理

我国风景名胜区中拥有大面积乡村地域,但乡村类文化景观未被列入被保护景源.在风景名胜区中保护乡村类文化景观,有助于保护乡村自然文化遗产,合理利用区内自然资源和减少区内社区与管理机构的矛盾.风景名胜区中乡村类文化景观的发展目标和保护原则,并从土地权属与管理责任、社会系统调控、经济发展引导和乡村景观规划方面,探讨保护与管理的行动准则.     

乡村产业绿道选线适宜性评价研究

乡村产业绿道是在现有乡村绿道或美丽乡村精品线规划建设的基础上,以乡村产业融合发展为导向的线性空间规划设计,而乡村产业绿道规划建设的关键步骤就是规划选线。为探究乡村产业绿道规划选线的内在机制,在研究有关乡村产业绿道文献的基础上,提出了乡村产业绿道选线的基本特征,在GIS技术辅助绿道选线的思路下,选取产业资源层、服务需求层、设施基础层和生态基底层作为选线要素,进而确定选线因子,通过层次分析法(AHP)、德尔菲法(Delphi)构建了乡村产业绿道的适宜性评价体系。最后以浙江省嘉兴市油车港镇为例进行GIS应用与乡村产业绿道选线实践探索,验证评价体系的可行性,从而为乡村产业绿道选线提供理论指导。     

风景名胜区与传统村落规划互适性影响 研究——以贵州楼上古村落景区为例

通过对中国传统村落和国家级风景名胜区名录定位数据进行可视化分析,发现二者地理分布呈明显耦合状态,因此研究二者在规划内容和技术手段方面的互相适应性,具有必要性和普适性。以文化空间为线索,分析总结传统村落与景区面临的协调问题,基于2类规划现行编制要求与内容分析,梳理出2类规划的互适性影响因子指标体系,是开展风景名胜区规划和传统村落保护发展规划互适实践的重要切入点。以贵州省石阡县温泉群风景名胜区楼上古村落景区为例的实证研究表明,规划互适的重点问题包括:资源保护规划中的高级别景源和传统建筑的关系,景观与生态保护规划中景区科学规划与传统村落自然保护历史经验充分结合,居民点规划中在搬迁型、缩小型、控制型及聚居型的基础上增加保护型,设施配套规划中结合景区地方居民和游客需求统筹考虑,建设项目整合实施的统筹关系等。     

International greenways: a Red River Valley case study

Building and preserving a network of greenways can be an intricate activity requiring interdisciplinary collaboration. Greenway segments often require local input and participation. In addition, greenways are not necessarily generic open spaces, but can be managed structurally to fulfill specific spatial and temporal requirements. This paper describes local activities in the Fargo (North Dakota)-Moorhead (Minnesota) metropolitan area related to preserving and embellishing the greenway focused around the Red River Valley of the North. This greenway is part of a larger Western Hemisphere greenway, composed of riparian corridors operating as wildlife habitat migration flyways and as resident wildlife habitat. Local activities include demonstration gardens, comprehensive corridor planning, habitat analysis, and revegetation studies. From 1985 to 1990, four spatial treatment investigations were completed, one spatial planning study was prepared, and five demonstration gardens were built. The spatial treatment investigations revealed that the wildlife occupying the greenway could be divided into four habitat-use dimensions, suggesting four important habitat associations for the greenway. The study also revealed three distinct vegetation zones for re-establishing herbaceous vegetation in non-wooded planting conditions. In addition, one experiment indicated that replanting the disturbed woodland corridor was not influenced by seedling size and that Fraxinus pennsylvanica seedlings were highly successful at surviving in a gap opening within the forest corridor. In the last experiment, a seeding application rate study indicated that seeding rates three times higher than recommended rates resulted in improved vegetation cover of non-wooded herbaceous vegetation planting sites. The spatial planning study illustrated landscape patterns for the greenway composed of a continuous tree canopy corridor, augmented by herbaceous vegetation patches, food plots, and snags. To build and manage the greenway, this investigation reaffirms the importance of multi-disciplinary collaboration, local participation, and the potential individualistic structure of a greenway. The study suggests that both broad landscape planning visions and detailed site endeavors are necessary to understand and manage the greenway successfully.     

城市文化资本的挖掘与提升——上海市宝山绿色步道规划设计

以城市文化资本的挖掘和提升为主线,阐述上海市宝山绿色步道规划设计过程中城区风貌资源调查与空间文化特色分析、绿色步道选线规划、区段文化主题定位与分期建设、绿色步道详细设计等核心环节。建设实践表明:城市风貌是城市文化资本的重要载体,兼具大众游憩和文化展示功能的上海市宝山绿色步道建设不仅提升城市形象,改善生态环境,而且进一步整合和积累城市文化资本,促进城市和谐发展。     

Understanding opportunities and challenges for collaborative greenway planning in New England

Protection of natural, cultural, and recreational resources requires a regional approach to greenway planning that transcends political boundaries. Previous research on greenway planning has shown there are four main challenges in multi-jurisdictional greenway implementation: inter-governmental coordination, the lack of regional governance, funding, and public perceptions about greenways. The focus of this study was to understand successful strategies for collaborative greenway planning in the fragmented political landscape of New England (USA). To understand these issues, in-depth interviews were conducted with key greenway planners in New England from federal and state agencies and non-governmental organizations. The results of the study revealed four key strategies that are essential to multi-jurisdictional greenway planning in New England: partnerships, clearly defined goals, public involvement, and regional coordination. This study provides lessons for greenway planners who are implementing regional greenways across state, provincial, and international boundaries.     

Greenway planning in Britain: recent work and future plans

The author's preferred definition of a greenway, as proposed in 1995, remains: ‘a route which is good from an environmental point of view’ (Turner, 1995). This paper is concerned with the condition of British greenway planning in the first decade of the 21st century. The aim was to discover how the concept is understood and how it is being used. A questionnaire was circulated to all local authorities in the UK. An initial set of questions dealt with definition of the greenway concept. The most supported definition was ‘A linear space containing elements planned, designed and managed for multiple purposes including ecological, recreational, cultural, aesthetic and other purposes compatible with the concept of sustainable land use’. A second set of questions dealt with the status of the greenway concept. It was found that the concept was used by 33% of authorities during the past decade but that 75% expected it to become significant during the next decade. A final set of questions dealt with a greenway project selected by the responding local authority. The typical planning period for these projects was 1997–2007 and the average length was 12.9 km. The author concludes that greenways are a landscape planning tool of considerable potential. Though comparatively neglected at the end of the 20th century, there are encouraging signs relating to the prospects for open space planning in 21st century Britain.     

基于生态视角的城乡绿道建设规划的优化策略研究——以珠江三角洲为例

通过对珠三角的绿道的规划实践与考察分析，在此基础上，提出珠三角现有绿道规划优化的若干策略，以期优化现有城乡绿道规划与发展。     

The Greenways of Pavia: innovations in Italian landscape planning

Two Greenway plans for the Pavia area in Northern Italy will be discussed here: the “Battle of Pavia Greenway” and the “Milan–Pavia–Varzi Greenway”. The master plan for the Pavia Greenway was produced in 1999 and the first section was completed in spring 2003; the second greenway is in the advanced phases of the planning process. The idea of the greenway itself and the planning approach to design and implementation of these greenways are probably unique in Italy: although other greenways have been proposed and in some cases implementation started, none are based on such a broad and deep consideration of physical, economic and social factors. In both greenways, great importance has been given to the conceptually simple idea of obtaining the most from the greenway concept, while at the same time minimizing physical impact and implementation costs. This paper will describe the particularities of the local circumstances and the approach and methodology applied to both plans. It will also attempt a general evaluation of successes and failures in the development of these two greenways.