A review of benchmarking, rating and labelling concepts within the framework of building energy certification schemes

Energy certification schemes for buildings emerged in the early 1990s as an essential method for improving energy efficiency, minimising energy consumption and enabling greater transparency with regards to the use of energy in buildings. However, from the beginning their definition and implementation process were diffuse and, occasionally, have confused building sector stakeholders. A multiplicity of terms and concepts such as energy performance, energy efficiency, energy ratings, benchmarking, labelling, etc., have emerged with sometimes overlapping meanings. This has frequently led to misleading interpretations by regulatory bodies, energy agencies and final consumers.This paper analyses the origin and the historic development of energy certification schemes in buildings along with the definition and scope of a building energy certificate and critical aspects of its implementation. Concepts such as benchmarking tools, energy ratings and energy labelling are clarified within the wider topic of certification schemes. Finally, a seven steps process is proposed as a guide for implementing building energy certification.     

A study of energy performance and efficiency improvement procedures of Government Offices in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

A study of energy performance in 19 Government Offices in Hong Kong has been carried out. The characteristics of Government Offices, difficulties and results in assessing their building energy performance are discussed and reported. An average Energy Use Index based on unit floor area has been derived for the Government Offices using energy consumption data in the past three years. A number of factors that are likely affect the energy use in buildings, such as year of construction and total gross floor area are reviewed. Energy management opportunities are identified and proposed after carrying out energy audit to the Government Offices. Operational practices to improve energy performance are also recommended.     

建筑节能在推广应用中存在的问题探析

从分析我国建筑节能工作现状入手，指出建筑节能工作中存在的问题，并提出了解决的思路。     

How committed are swiss utilities to energy saving without being obligated to do so?

In Switzerland, where utilities are not subject to energy savings obligations, their performance in improving their clients' energy efficiency (EE) differs strongly. We established four groups of utilities and analyzed their incentives and constraints for promoting EE. Their perceptions varied in many aspects, including the profitability of EE programs and the role of leadership. However, the majority favors collaboration and does not see the lack of an adequate policy framework as a constraint. We hypothesize about the underlying reasons and conclude that collaborations among utilities can help with knowledge sharing, EE program design, and common measurement and verification methods.     

电梯可再生电能评估与节电效果研究

在传统的电梯能耗模型的基础上引入工作场所、有效提升高度等影响因子,并结合统计学原理重新建模分析,提出一套科学、完整的电梯可再生电能的预测和评估方案,为建筑电气设计人员提供可靠的数据参考,为电梯节能的可行性、可观性提供技术支撑。     

北美的门窗热工性能认证

本文综述了NFRC和"能源之星"对门窗热工性能认证要求、热效标识和北美对采用节能门窗的激励措施.     

A simulation of the energy consumption monitoring in Mediterranean hotels: Application in Greece

Due to the competitiveness the importance of reducing cost and the growing sensitivity to environmental factors in the hotel design, is leading to the introduction of environmental friendly elements; if will be added the considerable increase in the cost of fossil fuel, it is obvious that all these factors create conditions favorable to the optimization of energy resources.     

曳引式电梯的运行状态与能量的转化和处理

首先利用模糊理论中的隶属度对电梯负载概念进行了拓展,分加速、匀速、减速3种情形分别对电梯运行状态进行了分析。然后针对电梯运行过程中发生于电网、电梯及其承载物之间的能量流动与转化情况,根据电梯曳引机的两种工作状态分别进行了深入讨论,揭示了能量在3者之间的流动与转化规律。最后总结了电梯在其运行过程中产生的再生能量的3种处理方法（即转化、存储和回馈）,并比较了各自的优缺点以及在电梯中的应用情况。     

既有办公建筑节能改造示范及能耗监测系统研究

本文对某办公大楼示范的节能改造措施进行探讨,通过建筑节能改造前后的能耗情况进行对比分析,明确了适宜的节能改造方向,并提出利用建筑能耗监测系统对改造后的建筑能耗进行分析,有利于用能管理。     

The Energy Concept Adviser—A tool to improve energy efficiency in educational buildings

Educational buildings such as kindergartens, schools and universities display many similar design, operation and maintenance features in most countries. The two most noteworthy similarities amongst these building types are the high energy consumption and the necessity for retrofitting many buildings within this sector. However, studies have shown that during retrofit, energy saving measures are only rarely applied, because the decision-makers lack knowledge of investments and the efficiency of potential energy saving measures. The main goal of the International Energy Agency ECBCS Annex 36 is to provide the educational building decision-makers with sufficient data, information and tools to improve their learning and teaching environments by improving the energy efficiency of their buildings.     

BEMS建筑能源监控系统解决方案

基于当前的能源环境与能源管理现状,本文介绍了达实智能BEMS建筑能源监控系统解决方案,它以能源计量和持续有序的数据采集为基础,以管理人员为主体,实现能源管理的可视化、可量化和可考核目标,并帮助管理者持续改进。     

Energy conservation in small enterprises

Compared to other non-residential buildings that have been widely researched, industrial buildings have higher thermal loads, higher air-change rates, longer operating hours and greater pollution control requirements. This paper presents the results of preliminary audits carried out on a sample of 12 representative small business enterprises in Greece including food, marble, wood, paper, plastic, metallurgical and service companies. Energy intensity varied from 50 to just over 300 kWh/m² with heavier industry buildings having values up to 1300 kWh/m². The successful adoption of energy conservation measures in key energy waste areas was assessed, including: (1) building envelope, (2) artificial lighting, (3) heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) and refrigeration systems, (4) space and water heating, (5) electrical and mechanical equipment and (6) distribution and transportation. It was found that businesses were more sensitized to energy conservation in the area of air conditioning followed by electromechanical equipment (important energy waste area that may yield the biggest energy conservation results, still in need of great improvement though the cost may be very high) and space/water heating; compliance with energy conservation measures was worst in the areas of artificial lighting (least important energy waste area in the case of most businesses) and the building envelope. A more detailed modeling study on a larger sample is proposed as a next step.     

Reflections on China–US energy cooperation: Overcoming differences to advance collaboration

This article discusses the developments achieved during the 2012–2013 working group sessions on the China–US Energy Cooperation Program held in Shanghai, China and New York, United States. A panel of experts and scholars from both countries discussed the progress made in advancing the cooperation, the opportunities that the collaboration will create, and the challenges that hinder definitive collaboration. The current issues that confront the initiative indicate that the major obstacle to cooperation between China and the US is a matter of different viewpoints. For the two countries to move forward in their intention to establish a joint undertaking, they should come to a compromise on policy issues, perceptions on energy security, and market intervention.     

建筑电气节能技术研究与探讨之三：建筑能耗分析方法与思路

建筑能耗分析是进行建筑节能的必要手段,本文对如何正确简单地进行建筑能耗分析进行了论述,并结合综合实例和图表进行了说明。     

户式空调系统的节能设计

通过对户式中央空调应用情况的调查研究,找出了影响建筑节能的原因,从技术角度阐述了户式空调的节能设计应注意的问题,对减少建筑能耗,缓解能源供应紧张状况,阐述了自己的观点。     

全热换热器应用于空调系统节能的研究进展

空调系统的大量使用导致了空调能耗所占社会总能耗的比重越来越大。因此,降低空调系统的能耗对降低建筑物耗能、节约能源有重要意义。全热交换器是一种可以降低空调负荷、节约系统能耗、提高系统效率的高效节能产品。它有效地解决了改善室内空气品质与空调节能之间的矛盾,在空调系统节能领域中是不可替代的。     

Comparison of energy systems in Small Island Developing States

Small Island Developing States (SIDS) have been amongst the most neglected group with regard to energy access until recently when several voices were raised to highlight the vulnerabilities of these small nations. Since then, their levels of energy access have become the focus of significant attention. These levels vary over a wide range, where some SIDS still have a low energy access although they may have the resources. The energy mix for electricity production is mostly dominated by fossil fuels where the transportation cost results in high cost of fossil fuels and this leads to a high cost of electricity.     

Geological compressed air energy storage as an enabling technology for renewable energy in Ontario,Canada

As renewable resources are increasingly used to provide power to the world’s demand centres, dealing with the intermittent nature of these resources and their affect on the power grid is becoming a significant issue. Compressed air energy storage (CAES) is one technology that is proposed to increase flexibility when integrating renewable energy sources such as wind, solar and tidal generation with the power grid. By creating a storage medium where the energy produced from these sources can be stored and dispatched to the grid as required, a higher penetration of renewable energy generation can be achieved.     

Climate proofing island energy infrastructure systems: Framing resilience based policy interventions

One of the most discernible impacts of climate change is the increasing severity and unpredictability of extreme weather conditions. Small island developing states are particularly vulnerable to these conditions, with one of the impacts being on energy supplies due to damaging energy infrastructure, resulting in power outages and economic losses. Drawing on resilience theory to frame the discourse, we present an updated overview of how island energy infrastructures have been and continue to be negatively impacted. This same framework also provides a lens through which we identify the challenges involved in recovery, rebuilding and returning energy security in these contexts.     

西安地区既有居住建筑节能改造初探

针对西安地区既有居住建筑能耗大的问题,本文通过论述既有居住建筑改造现状和能耗现状,并对其能耗进行分析,指出西安地区既有居住建筑节能改造的重点在于围护结构的改造和周边环境的改进。同时,提出了相关的节能改造措施,希望能为西安地区既有居住建筑节能改造提供参考。