基于结构易损性理论的三角形钢屋架分析

基于拓扑构形的结构易损性理论,编制了相应的MATLAB结构易损性分析程序,并应用于三角形钢屋架的构形易损性分析,发现仅依靠增大构件截面提高结构构形度不一定能保证结构易损性的降低,而应合理优化构件截面,使结构整体性能达到最优。利用ANSYS软件分析了三角形钢屋架在实际荷载工况下的力学性能,与易损性分析结果相比较,表明结构的最易损失效模式所对应的结点位移达到最大值、同时杆件应力也相对较大,说明所采用的结构易损性分析方法能够有效地反映结构的易损部位,揭示结构的薄弱环节。     

基于构形易损性理论的温室单层球面网壳极限承载力分析

温室单层球面网壳的稳定性在设计中起着控制作用,尤其是非对称(半跨均匀)荷载、初始几何缺陷(节点偏差)、矢跨比和拉索预应力等因素对温室单层球面网壳稳定性的影响还有待深入研究。基于构形易损性理论,提出了判断参数对极限承载力影响的指标,即节点构形度的差异系数。利用ANSYS软件对矢跨比分别为1/3、1/5和1/7的K6、K8型温室单层球面网壳进行了整体刚度矩阵的提取,并通过MATLAB自编程序计算得到节点构形度的差异系数,定性分析了各参数对极限承载力的影响与节点构形度的差异系数的关系。研究表明:判定初始几何缺陷和不对称荷载对温室单层网壳结构极限承载力影响的准则是节点构形度的差异系数越小,结构的极限承载力越大;通过对K6型和K8型温室单层球面网壳的稳定承载力进行计算,验证了提出的判别准则的适用性与合理性。提出的判别准则可推广至其他类型的大跨度温室空间结构中。     

单层球面网壳基于节点构形度的刚度均匀性判定准则

为研究单层网壳结构的失效机理,以3个单层球壳缩尺模型为例,通过对节点构形度进行分析研究提出,节点构形度的对数标准差S_T(lg(q))可作为衡量单层球壳结构整体刚度均匀性的判定参数。通过与试验结果对比可知,节点构形度的对数标准差S_T(lg(q))与结构的倒塌破坏特征及极限状态时输入的峰值加速度密切相关。对跨度为40 m,矢跨比分别为1/3、1/5、1/7的4种杆件截面的凯威特K6型单层球壳结构进行了参数分析（包括节点构形度分析、静力稳定分析和地震作用下的动力时程分析）。研究结果表明,K6型单层球壳结构在杆件质量相近的条件下,节点构形度的对数标准差S_T(lg(q))越小,结构的稳定承载力和极限状态时输入的峰值加速度越高,且地震作用下结构的延性越好,强度破坏特征越明显。通过统计分析建立了适用于跨度为40m的K6型单层球壳结构刚度均匀性判定准则,即当节点构形度的对数标准差S_T(lg(q))不大于0.4时,结构整体刚度均匀,相应的结构稳定承载能力和极限状态时输入的A_PG相对较高,且地震作用下的延性较大。     

网架网壳结构半刚性节点试验研究

为研究网架与网壳等空间结构中常用的半刚性Socket节点在纯弯和压弯荷载作用下的受力性能, 完成了3个Socket节点试件在纯弯荷载作用下的试验和6个Socket节点试件在不同比例的压弯荷载作用下的试验,并将节点在纯弯荷载和压弯荷载作用下节点的受弯承载能力进行了比较。在此基础上,提出了节点弯矩 转角曲线的简化模型。研究表明：Socket节点在纯弯荷载和压弯荷载作用下都表现出了较好的弯曲承载力和延性;节点在压弯荷载作用下的初始弯曲刚度和屈服弯矩要高于其在纯弯荷载作用下的初始弯曲刚度和屈服弯矩;节点的初始抗弯刚度随着压弯荷载比例的增大而增大;对于以Socket节点连接的空间结构,采用纯弯荷载作用下得到的节点抗弯刚度计算结构的承载力偏于保守。     

反复荷载作用下混凝土异形柱结构累积损伤分析及试验研究

反复荷载作用下混凝土结构的累积损伤将加重其力学性能的劣化,实用的结构累积损伤评价模型,可以定量确定结构的剩余刚度和强度,为结构安全评估和修复加固提供理论依据。本文以结构在理想无损伤状态下外力所作的功为初始标量,依据能量耗散原理,提出反复荷载作用下结构累积损伤评价模型。应用该损伤模型结合试验数据分别对L形截面柱、异形柱框架节点和异形柱框架结构进行了累积损伤分析,所得到的损伤评价指标,能较好地反映在反复荷载作用下钢筋混凝土结构的累计损伤状态。     

基于增量动力分析的梁贯通式支撑钢框架地震易损性研究

为了得到梁贯通式支撑钢框架节点刚度及承载力设计方法,基于增量动力分析(IDA)方法,研究了节点性能对多层梁贯通式支撑钢框架地震易损性的影响,得到了不同节点刚度和承载力设置下四种模型(刚接、全强度半刚接、半强度半刚接和铰接模型)的易损性曲线,定量评价了各模型超越各极限状态的概率和倒塌储备系数。研究结果表明：无论节点刚度和承载力如何设置,在8度罕遇地震(地面峰值加速度为0.4g)作用下,该结构发生倒塌的概率均小于1%,能够满足规范规定的“大震不倒”的要求。当节点刚度达到4倍相邻柱线刚度时,无论节点设置为柱端达到全截面屈服或部分屈服,结构在罕遇地震下的地震易损性相差不大,倒塌储备系数均高于FEMA P695中的建议水平;而铰接结构模型的抗倒塌能力则明显低于其他三种结构模型。基于分析结果,建议梁贯通支撑钢框架梁柱节点刚度应不小于相邻柱线刚度的4倍,节点承载力需不小于柱端全截面屈服弯矩的50%。     

大跨度张弦梁结构易损性及评估分析

由于超越荷载和罕遇地震的作用,大跨度张弦梁结构可能由此而发生整体或连续倒塌。考虑结构和抗力的不确定性,分析了在超越荷载和罕遇地震下结构的易损性。首先,基于蒙特卡洛法和拉丁超立方抽样法,研究活荷载的超越幅度与结构失效概率之间的关系,绘制其静力易损性曲线;其次,基于增量动力时程分析方法,研究不同地震波作用与结构失效概率之间的关系,绘制结构倒塌易损性曲线;最后,研究不同预应力水平对其易损性的影响。结果表明,基于易损性曲线可预测结构在超越荷载和罕遇地震下的失效概率;大跨度张弦梁结构易损性较低;适当提高预应力水平,可以改善结构易损性。     

不同构造形式延性节点的钢框架损伤退化滞回性能有限元分析

针对空间钢框架在低周反复荷载作用下的滞回性能、破坏机理和损伤退化性能等进行了有限元分析。研究结果表明:加腋型节点钢框架可以有效降低梁柱翼缘连接焊缝处应力,与其他构造形式节点相比,其耗能能力较强;翼缘板加强型节点可使梁柱翼缘焊缝处应力降低约20%。不同构造形式节点钢框架在低周反复荷载作用下承载力化正负向退化不一致;刚度退化曲线差别很小,钢框架节点形式的构造差异对其刚度退化曲线影响不显著。     

空间裸钢端板连接节点性能有限元分析

利用ANSYS建立了空间中柱端板连接节点、边柱端板连接节点和角柱端板连接节点有限元模型,并分析了这三种空间端板连接节点在空间荷载和平面荷载作用下初始转动刚度和弯矩等性能的变化。研究表明:在空间荷载作用下,空间节点的初始转动刚度要普遍大于平面荷载作用下的初始转动刚度,尤其是空间中柱节点初始转动刚度变化最大;对于节点承载力,空间荷载作用下的承载力小于平面荷载作用下的节点承载力,空间角柱节点受荷载影响最大。最后基于有限元分析了不同荷载作用下空间节点性能差异的原因。     

悬索桥加劲梁的风振特性及损伤识别研究

悬索桥服役一段时间以后,在风荷载的作用下将造成主要构件加劲梁抗弯刚度的削弱进而导致结构损伤。对悬索桥的主要构件加劲梁进行分析,得出加劲梁在侧向风荷载作用下的振动特性,并利用损伤结构柔度差值曲率的变化对其进行损伤识别。     

Influence of damages on static behavior of single-layer cable net supported glass curtain wall: full-scale model test

The single-layer cable net supported glass curtain wall has been applied in many building structures all over the world. In service, it will inevitably be subject to various damages. To study the influence of such damages on the static behavior of the single-layer cable net supported glass curtain wall, a full-scale model with the outside outline size of 4.85 m × 4.85 m and 4 × 4 grids is designed and tested. Two kinds of damages that are the cable prestress loss and cable anchorage end failure are led into the structure model during the test, and their influence has been investigated. The stiffness contribution of glass panels to the single-layer cable net supported glass curtain wall structure with or without damages and its change have been tested and analyzed. The results show that the maximum change rate of nodal deflection is 13.78% for the damage of cable prestress loss, while the change rate of nodal deflection is between 7% and 22% for the damage of cable anchorage end failure. The influence degree of the damages depends on the ratio of the structure initial stress stiffness change caused by damages to the total stiffness of the structure. The stiffness contribution of glass panels increases with the load increase. Under the same loading condition, the stiffness contribution of glass panels to the damaged structure is greater than that to the intact structure. The stiffness contribution of glass panels reduces the effect of the damages on the structural displacement and the cable tension force, but the glass panel could break if its stiffness contribution is too large.     

部分预应力混凝土结构的非线性分析

部分预应力混凝土结构在使用阶段允许截而开裂,但最大裂缝宽度不能超过规定值,由于裂缝的存在,结构处于非线性工作状态.将张拉后预应力筋对结构的作用采用等效荷载法转化为等效外荷载,等效外荷载包括作用在节点处的等效节点荷载及作用在单元上的等效节间荷载,而后利用柔度法处理节间荷载的优势,即柔度法采用内力形函数联系单元的节点和单元内部,节间荷载引起的各截面荷载和变形的变化可以比刚度法更为方便的引人计算这一特点,编制了基于柔度法的非线性分析程序对一榀无黏结预应力框架进行计算.从计算得到的曲线来看,用等效荷载法模拟框架结构梁中预应力的作用,并采用柔度法进行预应力框架的非线性分析,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好.     

预应力砼塔筒截面刚度降低系数与预应力度的关系

在预应力混凝土塔筒的挠度和裂缝宽度计算中 ,截面的刚度是必不可少的基本资料。虽然我国《混凝土结构设计规范》给出了截面刚度的计算公式 ,但由于其形式复杂 ,原高耸结构设计规范没有采用 ,而是给出了一个适用于普通钢筋混凝土塔筒的刚度降低系数。为了适应预应力高耸结构变形和裂缝宽度计算的需要 ,本文在混凝土结构设计规范公式的基础上 ,提出了利用预应力度来求解截面刚度降低系数的简单方法。由混凝土结构设计规范给出的公式可以看出 ,刚度降低系数与预应力、外荷载及截面配筋率等很多因素有关。而预应力度是一个把外荷载和预应力及截面配筋率联系起来的量 ,因此本文利用了预应力度的这个特点 ,通过选取承受不同荷载的各种塔筒截面 ,计算其在不同预应力度配筋情况下的刚度降低系数值。根据计算的结果 ,分析了预应力塔筒截面刚度降低系数随预应力度的变化趋势 ,并拟合出刚度降低系数与预应力度之间的关系曲线和计算公式。为预应力高耸结构的设计计算提供了参考。     

行车荷载作用下隔震双层连续梁桥的舒适度评价

连续梁桥安装铅芯橡胶支座后,由于铅芯橡胶支座的水平刚度较小,会减小桥梁的整体水平刚度,可能会影响桥梁的行车舒适度。为研究某隔震双层连续梁桥在行车荷载作用下的动力响应和行车舒适性问题,本文采用一般考虑剪切变形梁单元的三次Hermite插值函数,通过Matlab编程将车辆移动过桥时的荷载转换成梁各节点的荷载时程;然后用通用有限元程序ANSYS对行车荷载作用下隔震双层桥梁的动态响应进行时程分析。由于行车荷载主要引起桥梁的竖向振动,基本不会引起桥梁的水平振动;所以本文对其竖向振动的时程分析结果进行频谱分析,并对该隔震桥梁进行了行车舒适度评价。结果表明,该隔震桥梁满足舒适度要求。     

空间网格结构施加等效节点荷载的ANSYS实现

对荷载准确的计算是结构分析的关键环节,而通用有限元软件用于空间网格结构在进行均布荷载导算等效节点荷载的工作时,一般都存在一定的局限性,给分析工作带来不便。针对有限元软件ANSYS在对空间网格结构施加等效节点荷载时存在的问题,给出解决问题的思路以及在ANSYS软件中的实现方法和空间网格结构批量施加等效节点荷载的主要宏模块及宏流程,并利用ANSYS软件自带的APDL(ANSYS Parametric Design Language)参数化设计语言编写此宏命令,实现了在ANSYS中选择网格节点后,程序根据所选节点自动搜索网格、导算等效节点荷载等功能。     

Improvement effects of bottom lateral bracings on dynamic performance of curved steel twin I-girder bridges under running vehicles

The torsional stiffness of curved twin I-girder bridges is very low, which may lead to a vulnerability to eccentric dynamic loads. This study is intended to investigate the improvement effect of bottom lateral bracings on dynamic performance of curved twin I-girder bridges under running vehicles, using a developed numerical approach. In this approach, to conduct the running vehicle-bridge interaction analysis, finite element method is used to create the detailed models of both the curved bridge and the running vehicle. Parametric studies are carried out using these numerical models to investigate the effect of bottom lateral bracings on the dynamic performance of the curved bridge under running vehicles. The numerical results indicate that the proposed bottom lateral bracing systems can increase the torsional stiffness of the bridge, whose increasing rate depends on the type of bracing configuration. The bottom lateral bracings can also distribute dynamic loads smoothly between the two main girders, which leads to a more stable structure.     

Configuration optimization of clamping members of frame-supported membrane structures

A method is presented for configuration optimization of frames that have specified properties on nodal displacements, stresses, and reaction forces against static loads. The conventional ground structure approach is first used for topology optimization. A feasible solution with a small number of members satisfying all the design requirements except the stress constraints is obtained by assigning artificially small upper-bound displacement, or by penalizing the stiffness of a thin member. This way, the well-known difficulty in topology optimization under stress constraints is successfully avoided. The nodal locations and cross-sectional areas of the feasible solution are next optimized to obtain an approximate optimal configuration under stress constraints. The proposed method is applied to the design of self-fastening clamping members for membrane structures modeled using frame elements. An optimization result is also presented for a clamping member that adjusts deformation of membrane by applying a clamping force with a vertically attached bolt.     

A computer method for nonlinear inelastic analysis of 3D semi-rigid steel frameworks

This paper presents an efficient computer method for inelastic and large deflection analysis of steel space frames with non-linear flexible joint connections, based on the most refined type of second order inelastic analysis, the plastic zone analysis. The method employs modeling of structures with only one element per member, which reduces the number of degree of freedom involved and the computational time. Gradual yielding of cross-sections is modeled using the nonlinear inelastic force strain relationships, and then using the flexibility approach the elasto-plastic tangent stiffness matrix and equivalent nodal loads vector of 3-D beam-column element is developed. The method ensures also that the plastic bending moment is nowhere exceeded once a full plastified section develops. A zero-length rotational spring element is used for incorporating the connection flexibility into the element tangent stiffness matrix and equivalent nodal forces. The combined effects of material, geometric and connection behaviour nonlinearity sources are simulated into an object oriented computer program automatically. This program was used to study the ultimate response of several steel frames, which have been studied previously by other researchers. The example of computations and the comparisons made have proved the robustness, accuracy and time saving of the proposed analysis method.     

Finite element modeling of concrete beams prestressed with external tendons

In this study, a numerical model based on the finite element method incorporating an arc-length solution algorithm for materially and geometrically nonlinear analysis of concrete beams prestressed with external tendons is established. The second-order effects are taken into account. The effects of external tendons are expressed by equivalent nodal loads of the beam element and therefore analysis of externally prestressed concrete beams can be conducted with the ordinary bonded concrete beams. The section tangent stiffness matrix is derived by the layered approach, and then the nonlinear beam flexural theory is utilized to determine the element tangent stiffness matrix. An updated normal plane arc-length solution algorithm is used to trace the nonlinear response of the beams from zero loads up to ultimate loads. This algorithm can deal well with the changes of response during loading, so that the possible limit points on the load–deflection response prior to the ultimate limit state can be easily passed. Results predicted by the analysis are in good agreement with the experimental data.     

基于能量变分剪切效应空间梁单元刚度矩阵及荷载列阵推导

为了系统研究空间梁单元考虑剪切变形影响时的刚度矩阵及荷载列阵,将能量变分原理应用于空间梁的单元分析。建立了考虑剪切效应的空间梁单元位移函数,利用最小势能原理导出了这种空间梁单元的刚度矩阵和荷载列阵的表达式,显式积分得到单元刚度矩阵,同时计算了平面内部分非节点荷载作用下的等效节点荷载,修正了相关文献中的部分错误。计算结果表明:该方法所得到的单元刚度矩阵与相关文献中其他方法的计算结果完全一致,为编制空间巨型结构的有限元程序奠定基础,对推算其他类型单元刚度矩阵及其荷载列阵也具有理论意义和应用价值。