城市污水处理的污泥减量技术

综述了目前国内外对污泥减量化研究的主要理论和方法,介绍了隐形生长、生物捕食、微生物强化、代谢解偶联和投加酶等污泥减量技术,比较了各种技术的优缺点,可供相关工程技术人员参考。     

消化污泥脱氢酶活性检测的若干问题

在大量研究工作基础上,对检测消化污泥脱氢酶活性所涉及的内源代谢脱氢酶活性与基质代谢脱氢酶活性的区别、投加基质、样品前处理、酶反应终止剂、三苯基甲（ＩＦ）的萃取剂及其浓度问题进行了探讨。     

低温下投加臭氧控制丝状菌膨胀的生产性试验研究

某污水处理厂的生物处理单元采用MSBR工艺,该厂在低温条件下丝状菌大量繁殖,菌丝向外延伸使得菌胶团之间交织缠绕,导致污泥絮体松散、沉降性能变差,泥水分离效率降低甚至出现出水跑泥的现象。为解决这个问题,向系统投加低剂量臭氧,使其与回流污泥反应。对系统DSVI、MLSS、MLVSS等值进行监测,并定期镜检观察污泥絮体形态。投加臭氧后系统DSVI值整体呈下降趋势,污泥絮体也更加密实。结果表明,低剂量的臭氧与活性污泥反应能够抑制丝状菌的生长和改善污泥絮体结构,改善沉降性能,控制了污泥膨胀的发生。同时臭氧反应并没有破坏其他微生物的代谢功能,保证了出水水质达标。     

浓缩时间对剩余污泥性质及PAC调理特性的影响

通过静态沉降试验模拟浓缩池剩余污泥的浓缩过程,考察不同浓缩时间下污泥性质和浓缩效能的变化规律,并分别对浓缩时间为12、20、32、48 h的浓缩污泥进行聚合氯化铝(PAC)调理,考察浓缩时间对污泥化学调理特性的影响。结果表明,在污泥浓缩过程中,污泥自身代谢活动使氧化还原电位(ORP)降低,胞外聚合物(EPS)作为代谢基质被降解消耗,产生挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs),导致污泥p H值降低,上清液Zeta电位升高,污泥体积平均粒径从81.6μm降至63.04μm,污泥絮体的絮凝能力减弱,毛细吸水时间(CST)从23.4 s升高至42.3 s,污泥脱水性能恶化。其中当浓缩时间为32~36 h时,部分污泥絮体和好氧微生物解体,导致污泥体积平均粒径急剧降低,CST急剧升高。随着浓缩时间的延长,污泥含水率逐渐降低,浓缩时间12 h时,浓缩后污泥的含水率98%;PAC调理效果逐渐减弱,调理后污泥的CST降低程度和体积平均粒径增大程度均逐渐减小。浓缩时间为12和20 h时,污泥调理效果较显著;而浓缩时间为32和48 h时,污泥调理效果并不显著。因此,试验条件下剩余污泥的最佳浓缩时间为12 h。     

碳源和进水pH值对聚糖菌代谢的短期影响

通过连续流A/O工艺驯化富集了聚糖菌(GAOs),在此基础上利用静态批次试验分别考察了碳源(乙酸、丙酸和葡萄糖)和进水pH值(6.5、7.0和7.5)对GAOs代谢的短期冲击影响。结果表明,在厌氧阶段,GAOs污泥可以较快的速率吸尽乙酸和丙酸,而葡萄糖仅部分被吸收。对比消耗单位碳源合成的聚-β-羟基烷酸(PHA)量,以葡萄糖为碳源时最大,以丙酸作为碳源时最小。同时,GAOs污泥吸收单位碳源所消耗的糖原量以丙酸最少;而以葡萄糖为碳源时,与乙酸和丙酸情况不同的是其在厌氧反应后期糖原量略有增加。另外,在考察进水pH值对GAOs污泥代谢的短期冲击影响时发现,随着进水pH值的升高,GAOs污泥对挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)的吸收速率减缓,但进水pH值的短期波动对于胞内物质(糖原、PHA)代谢的影响不大。     

好氧颗粒污泥中TOC和NH_4~+-N的代谢途径研究

采用SBR反应器,研究了两种不同负荷条件下好氧颗粒污泥中TOC和NH4+-N的代谢途径(直接用于细胞合成和维持生命活动)。以人工配水为处理对象,接种污泥取自西安市北石桥污水厂氧化沟的回流污泥,R1、R2的负荷分别为2.4、0.8kgCOD/(m3.d)。结果表明,R1、R2中微生物的比增殖率分别为0.69和0.72gVSS/gTOC,分别有62%和61%的TOC被微生物用于维持生命活动。R1、R2对NH4+-N的去除率分别为90%和79%,其中在R1中30%的氨氮被用于合成细胞,33%通过硝化反硝化途径被去除,其余部分转化为硝态氮;在R2中用于合成和反硝化的氨氮比例则分别为8%和19%。由此推断,有机负荷对好氧颗粒污泥中TOC代谢途径的影响并不明显,但对NH4+-N的代谢过程有着显著的影响。     

对梅州市城镇生活污水处理厂污泥处置工作的几点探析

梅州市已按省要求建成了"一县一厂"城镇污水处理厂,污泥处置问题成为了梅州市环境保护面临的主要问题。污水处理厂产生的污泥属严控废物,产量日愈增加且污泥成分复杂,若污泥处理处置不当,不仅会对环境造成二次污染,同时也是对资源的一种浪费。本文针对梅州市污泥产生基本情况和处置现状,分析了污水处理厂污泥处理和处置中存在的问题,并针对存在问题提出了污泥处理和处置的建议,为梅州市尽快制定和完善污泥处置方案提供技术支撑,使污泥从产生、处理、处置得到全过程监管,保证环境安全。     

厌氧/好氧工艺中微生物强化原位污泥减量机理

利用静态试验研究了微生物菌剂对活性污泥水解酸化的强化作用,发现菌剂组的p H值明显降低,其上清液中的有机物(如SCOD、TP、TN、氨氮、蛋白质、多糖)和金属离子(如Na、K、Ca、Mg、Fe)等含量明显升高,菌剂组液相中乙酸和丙酸的最大累积量分别为空白组的4.87倍和5.73倍。依托模拟罗芳污水厂运行工况的A/O中试装置考察了微生物强化污泥减量效果,并研究了微生物强化对中试系统理化性质的影响。沿程组分分析显示菌剂组各区的MLVSS/MLSS值均低于空白组,活性污泥中有机质含量明显降低;菌剂组厌氧区单位质量污泥对应的SCOD、TP、TN、氨氮、蛋白质和多糖含量较空白组高出18%~57%不等,微生物强化增强了活性污泥代谢活性,菌剂组的维持代谢SOUR和内源呼吸SOUR均高于空白组。可见,微生物强化污泥减量技术是通过强化污泥溶胞和隐性增长实现污泥减量的。     

广州市萝岗区市政污泥电厂焚烧处置环境问题探讨

概述了广州市萝岗区污水处理厂污泥的产生、特性、处理和处置问题。介绍了国内主要污泥处理和处置的方法,并论述某电厂掺烧污泥试验的结果,提出了电厂焚烧污泥的环境问题和建议。     

国内外含油污泥处理现状与建议

针对含油污泥污染和处理问题依然严峻的现状,简述含油污泥来源、危害,以及国内外含油污泥 污染现状,介绍了美国、加拿大、部分欧洲国家对含油污泥的处理要求及土壤中油含量限值,分析了我国含油污 泥管理的国家政策及相应法律法规。指出含油污泥处理处置主要面临历史遗留的含油污泥数量大、部分含油 污泥处理难度较大、国内含油污泥处理标准不明确、国外含油污泥问题复杂等问题与挑战,并针对性地提出了 含油污泥资源化、历史含油污泥减量化、新增含油污泥减量化、加强合规管理等对策与建议。     

好氧颗粒污泥处理实际污(废)水的研究与工程化应用进展

好氧颗粒污泥以反应器中污泥浓度高、沉降速度快、耐冲击负荷能力强、能够同时实现脱氮除磷等特点成为目前污(废)水处理领域的研究热点之一。介绍了好氧颗粒污泥在实际城市生活污水、工业废水处理中的研究现状,以及基于好氧颗粒污泥的技术开发与工程化应用的最新研究进展,指出其在污水处理设施升级改造或新工艺设计中具有良好的应用前景。     

白龙港污水处理厂污泥厌氧消化系统的设计和调试

白龙港污泥处理工程主要处理白龙港污水处理厂200×104 m3/d污水处理产生的污泥,采用浓缩、中温厌氧消化、污泥脱水和部分脱水污泥干化处理工艺,消化产生的沼气用于加热消化池污泥,多余的沼气作为能源干化脱水污泥。干化处理后冷凝水的余热回收辅助用于污泥消化系统供热。介绍了污泥厌氧消化系统的设计参数、工艺特点及调试情况,可供设计人员参考。     

甲萘胺生产废水处理技术研究

根据实验研究,提出了治理硝基萘废水的酸化回收、氧化絮凝法和治理甲萘胺废水的聚铁化学沉降及生化法．     

城市排水领域应用HACCP体系的研究与实践进展

介绍了危害分析和关键控制点（HACCP）体系的基本原理，分析了城市排水领域应用HACCP体系的特点。回顾了近年来国内外污水和污泥处理及资源化领域应用HACCP体系的研究与实践进展。HACCP体系提供了识别和预防危害的系统方法，有利于加强污水和污泥处理及资源化过程的质量控制和风险管理，从而保障人体健康安全。     

Comparison of humification processes occurring during sewage purification in treatment plants with different technological processes

The course of the humification process of sewage sludge collected from three biologic-mechanical treatment plants with different treatment technologies was studied. The maturity of sewage sludge and its usefulness for agricultural purposes was also discussed. The physical-chemical properties of humic acids extracted from sewage sludge received from comparable stages of sludge purification were described. Changes of the sludge properties during sewage purification and the progress of the humification process were investigated with EPR, IR and UV/VIS spectroscopic methods. The content of the elements and the carboxylic groups in humic acids extracted from each stage of the sewage treatment were also determined. It was found that the humification processes take place in all three treatment plants but with different intensities resulting from the differences in the individual cleaning processes in these plants. The most intensive changes of physical-chemical parameters in the extracted humic acids were observed in the anaerobic digester where mesophilic fermentation occurs. The sludge oxygenation processes also significantly affect the course of the humification process during sewage treatment.     

基于BioWin的污水处理工艺数学模拟与工程应用

借助于计算机技术，活性污泥工艺数学模型已发展成为一种成熟的工程工具，并在国外得到了广泛应用，成为一种标准的工程实践，而我国在该方面的研究和应用还处于起步阶段。介绍了基于BioWin污水处理工艺的数学模拟概念和方法，包括非常成熟的活性污泥工艺模型以及为整个污水处理厂工艺过程模拟而开发的新模型，如厌氧消化模型、pH模型、化学沉淀模型和污泥上清液的处理工艺模型（厌氧氨氧化模型）；同时还介绍了BioWin模型在智利某污水厂水费谈判中采取的动态模拟、纽约市环保局管辖污水厂生物脱氮除磷升级改造、F．Wayne Hill污水处理工艺优化的全厂模型及高碑店污水四系列改造项目中的应用，说明了该模型在污水处理厂优化设计、运行以及改造中作为一种管理工具具有较高的实用价值和良好的应用前景。     

A Review of Treatment Process Options to Meet the EC Sludge Directive

New UK regulations from June 1989 will enforce the provisions of an EC Directive on the use of sewage sludge in agriculture. Among the requirements is one that sludge should be treated before surface application to farmland. Treatment is needed to reduce 'significantly' both the fermentability of sludge and the health hazards resulting from its use on farms. In the UK, the health risks associated with sludge are principally beef tapeworm ( Taenia saginata and cysticercosis) and Salmonellosis. Research on the effects of various treatment processes on pathogens has shown the conditions required to produce a 90% reduction of T. saginata and Salmonellae. This information has been used as a basis for describing a list of 'effective' treatment processes and process conditions - as given in a new UK National Code of Practice on the use of sludge in agriculture. The uprating of existing treatment plant, or provision of new plant, to meet the Code of Practice recommendations could involve significant costs. A comparison of the economics of each of the 'effective' treatment processes for different population sizes shows a fairly wide range of net present costs. In general, increased sludge quality means increased costs.     

Minimization of excess sludge production for biological wastewater treatment

Excess sludge treatment and disposal currently represents a rising challenge for wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) due to economic, environmental and regulation factors. There is therefore considerable impetus to explore and develop strategies and technologies for reducing excess sludge production in biological wastewater treatment processes. This paper reviews current strategies for reducing sludge production based on these mechanisms: lysis-cryptic growth, uncoupling metabolism, maintenance metabolism, and predation on bacteria. The strategies for sludge reduction should be evaluated and chosen for practical application using costs analysis and assessment of environmental impact. High costs still limit technologies of sludge ozonation-cryptic growth and membrane bioreactor from spreading application in full-scale WWTPs. Bioacclimation and harmful to environment are major bottlenecks for chemical uncoupler in practical application. Sludge reduction induced by oligochaetes may present a cost-effective way for WWTPs if unstable worm growth is solved. Employing any strategy for reducing sludge production may have an impact on microbial community in biological wastewater treatment processes. This impact may influence the sludge characteristics and the quality of effluent.     

污泥脱水性能调理技术研究进展

简要介绍了目前污泥脱水性能调理技术现状,介绍了几种新型的污泥脱水性能改善技术——微波技术、微生物絮凝剂技术和壳聚糖絮凝剂理论及在污泥处理方面应用研究现状,提出了这三种技术今后在污泥处理领域应用的研究重点。     

Clear model fluids to emulate the rheological properties of thickened digested sludge

Optimising flow processes in wastewater treatment plants requires that designers and operators take into account the flow properties of the sludge. Moreover, due to increasingly more stringent conditions on final disposal avenues such as landfill, composting, incineration etc., practitioners need to produce safer sludge in smaller quantities. Anaerobic digestion is a key treatment process for solids treatment and pathogen reduction. Due to the inherent opacity of sludge, it is impossible to visualise the mixing and flow patterns inside an anaerobic digester. Therefore, choosing an appropriate transparent model fluid which can mimic the rheological behaviour of sludge is imperative for visualisation of the hydrodynamic functioning of an anaerobic digester.Digested sludge is a complex material with time dependent non-Newtonian thixotropic characteristics. In steady state, it can be modelled by a basic power-law. However, for short-time processes the Herschel-Bulkley model can be used to model liquid-like properties.The objective of this study was to identify transparent model fluids which will mimic the behaviour of real sludge. A comparison of three model fluids, Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC), Carbopol gel and Laponite clay revealed that these fluids could each model certain aspects of sludge behaviour. It is concluded that the rheological behaviour of sludge can be modelled using CMC in steady state flow at high shear rates, Carbopol gel for short-time flow processes and Laponite clay suspension where time dependence is dominant.