Participation of Informal Settlers in Participatory Land Use Planning Project in Pursuit of Tenure Security

A majority of the urban population in Dar es Salaam City in Tanzania lives in informal (unplanned) settlements. The living conditions in these settlements lack among other things, security of tenure. In response to the growing need for tenure security, the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania adopted participatory land use planning (PLUP) approaches to help local people secure rights over land and to strengthen the local management of institutions. However, the PLUP approaches often are subverted by inadequate participation of the local community. By way of a methodology, the study evaluates PLUP project under the Business and Property Formalization Programme (MKURABITA) towards enhancing tenure security of informal settlers in Baruti informal settlement in Dar es Salaam City. The research examines the perception of informal settlers in PLUP project and their level of participation in the PLUP process. Based on research findings, the researchers suggest a strategic and collaborative framework to have a lasting and sustainable impact of PLUP approach towards improving land tenure security. This research will help scholars and practitioners to understand the current state of the literature in participatory land use planning for improving tenure security. This case study as an example will shed the light on means that can be utilized in improving the level of participation of informal settlers in PLUP process.     

欧美国家棕地开发策略研究

基于利益相关者理论,分析了欧美国家"棕地"开发过程中各利益相关者之间的关系以及所承担的责任,探寻"棕地"开发在规划、法规以及经济三个层面上的策略,以期指导我国"棕地"开发少走弯路。     

This land can sustain us: cooperative land use planning on the Oneida Reservation

Land use planning in indigenous communities often takes place within state-based planning initiatives, leaving indigenous governments to serve as token participants. Through these initiatives, state-based governments have the ability to wield their power and control the planning process to the detriment of indigenous governments. This study sets forth an alternative option involving cooperative land use planning practices where neither government controls the planning process. Drawing upon a case study of the Oneida Reservation in Wisconsin, USA, this study explores ways to increase cooperative land use planning relationships between indigenous and state-based governments. As one of the few empirical studies to apply critical planning theory to advocate for increased cooperative land use planning, this paper proposes a series of recommendations that can help indigenous and state-based governments avoid conflicts and work toward cooperative relationships.     

Integration and decentralization: the evolution of Dutch regional land policy

The implementation of planning objectives in the public interest depends on the land laws and land policies of a state. Public stakeholders are not only enabled or constrained in their actions by these laws and policies, they also (re)formulate these laws and policies to support their actions. The objective of this paper is to understand how different stakeholders in spatial development processes influence land policy dynamics (both the (re)formulation and the implementation of policies) and vice versa. The paper explores the changes in land policies in the Netherlands, in particular how changes have enabled the regional planning level. The Policy Arrangement Approach is used to analyse the strategic behaviour of agencies and their use of structure in spatial development processes. The findings show that the arrangement rapidly changed from the 1980s onwards, due to changes in the underlying political discourses and the effectuation of these discourses via regulation and instruments. With objectives of decentralization and integration, the national government has enabled the regional planning level to become more active in spatial development processes. Although the provinces were enabled by new laws and policies, this did not significantly change their role within the Dutch planning system.     

The impact of urbanization policy on land use change: A scenario analysis

The rapid urbanization has led to extensive land use change particularly in those developing countries. In line with the development of urbanization, arable land is decreasing dramatically, which presents the threat to the food security for human being. It is therefore essential to understand the level of impacts of urbanization on the land use change. This paper introduces a dynamic systems based method for assessing the impacts of urbanization policy on land use change with reference to the urbanization practice in China. Four typical policy scenarios are identified in implementing urbanization in China, including balanced development driven by planning, uneven development driven by planning, balanced development driven by market and uneven development driven by market and their impacts on land use change are analyzed through a dynamic system model. Land use change is considered as a dynamic system model composing five subsystems: urbanization, social, economic, environmental and land use subsystems. The key attributes in these five subsystems are interactive and they are dynamic variables. The assessment on the impacts of urbanization policy to land use change is demonstrated through employing the software iThink to the land use change dynamic model, using the data collected from the Jinyun County in China. The findings suggest that the urban construction land will continue to increase in the foreseeable future in China, whilst the agricultural land will gradually decrease. Nevertheless, different policy scenarios will have different impacts on these land changes. Thus decision makers can adopt different policies to control the rate of land use change.     

Investigation of attitudes towards the effects of land use change using image editing and Q sort method

Image capture and editing techniques were combined with the Q sort method to investigate public preferences for the effects of proposed changes to land use in the New Zealand high country. Stakeholders expressed preferences for information cards that presented the effects of a range of land use options, including forestry, agriculture and conservation. Several indicators of environmental effects for each land use option were presented, including the predicted visual effects of both the land use and its consequential impacts such as wilding spread, and estimates of non-visual socio-economic and environmental effects such as changes in local farm income and employment, and in soil status. Seventy-seven stakeholders assessed a total of 36 options covering four land forms. Analysis of results has identified several clear ‘themes’, or sets of preferences for a distinctive set of land use options and distinctive combinations of effects. Results were integrated into a comprehensive decision support system that provides information on socio-economic effects of land use change. The method was successful in integrating stakeholder preference into resource planning for a complex set of potential environmental effects, but some problems have been identified, and these are discussed.     

Conflicts and governance of landfills in a developing country city, Accra

A key challenge associated with rapid urbanization in much of the developing world (including Ghana) is the disposal of municipal solid waste. This has engendered numerous conflicts between municipal authorities and communities located near landfills. While these conflicts have attracted much media concerns in Ghana, not enough academic research has been carried out to unearth the root causes and consequences of these conflicts. More importantly, increased urbanization and concomitant growth of real estates in peri-urban areas of large Ghanaian cities such as Accra, have meant that landfills must compete with residential land use resulting in closer proximity of landfill sites to residential neighbourhoods. Thus, increasingly due to the intense competition for land the capacity of the peri-urban areas of large cities to absorb urban-generated waste is compromised. This paper attempts to bridge this knowledge gap by highlighting the issues of conflicts and governance using two peri-urban landfills in Accra as a case study. It argues that landfill-related conflicts are the result of the existing land ownership system and the consequent outcomes of poor spatial planning and management of metropolitan fringe areas. The study concludes that resolving landfill-related conflicts must start with tackling the land question which should then create a space for promoting forward planning involving the active participation of chiefs and community members. Again, studies on the acquisition, management and governance of landfills in the developed world could provide useful lessons for Ghana and other developing countries.     

Revisiting a programmatic planning approach: managing linkages between transport and land use planning

The body of knowledge on transport and land use planning shows considerable overlap with management theories and practices. Notable examples can be found in project management and strategic management. Recently, in the field of management theory, the idea of programme management has gained prominence in response to the need to coordinate on a tactical level. Programme management links to both strategic management and project management, as it focuses on the coordinated management of related projects in order to realize strategic objectives. In line with the tradition to integrate management theories into spatial planning, the aim of this paper is to explore the power of a programme management approach in a transport and land use planning context. We investigate whether and how a programme management approach when applied in transport and land use planning can deal with three important interrelated challenges that emerge between the strategic and operational level in transport and land use planning: (1) linking strategic goals to operational projects, (2) developing the accompanying joint organizational structures, and (3) moulding fixed and separate procedures into more adaptive joint decision-making processes. To do so, we conducted an in-depth case study of two recent programme management approaches in Dutch transport and land use planning. We show that both programmes function as platforms where different parties come together and where a wide range of management and monitoring tools are used to guide the programme in a specific direction.     

风景区规划中的社区旅游理论源流探讨

近年来中国风景区规划与旅游规划人员正设法将"社区参与式规划"引入他们的工作中.然而,社区旅游--或称社区参与式旅游发展的概念,已经与它在西方世界的原始定义有了很大差别.从政治学、社会学等学科角度对西方的社区参与式旅游概念进行了回顾,力图梳理出一个比较清晰的理论发展脉络.研究认为,发展中国家社区参与式旅游实践得以成功的关键在于协调社区参与各方的利益关系、降低社区参与的制度改革成本、分散并落实话语权.     

The dual land management systems as an influence on physical development outcomes around Kumasi, Ghana

Uncoordinated urban dispersal, driven by demand for housing and space on the part of growing populations, is a common outcome around many major cities. The lack of co-ordination is often associated with technical and political weaknesses in land management systems. However, in developing countries, this outcome is also shaped by the tension between co-existing traditional and official land management systems. The paper explores that idea in an analysis of the urban fringe of Kumasi, Ghana. Here, unpredictable land release by semi-autonomous village chiefs is matched with a parallel set of official land sector institutions that attempt to manage, monitor and enforce regulatory mechanisms. To analyze this situation, the paper uses interviews with actors in both the traditional land tenure system and the official planning system, as well as with homebuilders in urban fringe locations. After describing each system, it explores local scale problems seen in disputes in the traditional system and delays and lack of enforcement in the official system. This analysis shows how these problems arise in part as the two systems operate side-by-side but use very different perspectives on ownership, spatial units and time horizons. In order to reduce the uncertainties that contribute to the dispersal of homeowners, the paper proposes that some of the weaknesses of traditional land administration may be addressed through education and by incorporating some of the functions into the official system. However, change will also require shifts in the regulatory powers in the traditional system and major improvements in the operation of the official approaches.