GMS在长江三角洲(长江以南)深层地下水资源评价中的应用

长江三角洲地区地下水的过量开采已引起地裂缝、地面沉降等地质灾害 ,严重制约了该区社会经济的可持续发展。必须加强地下水资源的管理 ,其基础和前提是对该区地下水资源量进行调查和评价。由于长江三角洲面积大 ,含水层系统结构复杂 ,所以准确评价该区的地下水资源是一项十分困难的工作。本文采用GMS ,实现了对该区长江以南深层地下水的三维数值模拟。应用过程及模拟结果表明GMS具有操作简便、三维可视效果好、前后处理能力强等突出优点 ,即便用于长江三角洲如此大范围、条件复杂、实际工作量非常大地区的地下水数值模拟 ,仍可以达到较高的精度要求。     

Grundwasserschutz in Karstgebieten

Am europ?ischen Koordinierungsprogramm (COST Action 65) über hydrogeologische Aspekte des Grundwasserschutzes in Karstgebieten beteiligten sich 16 Staaten. Aus den Erfahrungen dieser L?nder mit ihren hohen Anteilen an Karstgebieten wurde versucht, ein einheitliches übertragbares Konzept zur Sicherung der Karstwasservorkommen zu entwickeln. Das Schutzprogramm differenziert zwischen dem Ressourcen- und dem Trinkwassergewinnungs-Schutz. Zur Bewertung der erforderlichen Ma?nahmen wird ein auf der Aquifer-Vulnerabilit?t sowie dem Gefahrenmanagement abgestütztes Sicherungssystem vorgeschlagen.

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Sixteen countries took part in the European Coordination Program (COST Action 65), which dealt with hydrogeological aspects of groundwater protection in karstic terrains. Based on the experiences gained in these countries with large karst areas, efforts were undertaken to develop a uniform and transferable concept for the protection of karst groundwater resources. This protection program differentiates protection measures for groundwater resources as such, from those which are used for the abstration of drinking water. For the evaluation of required protection measures, a safety system is proposed that takes into consideration the concept of aquifer vulnerability and risk management.

     

Integrated Catchment Modelling as a Water Resources Management Tool

Groundwater models are becoming increasingly important in water resources management. Most aquifers in the UK are closely linked with river systems, to which they contribute baseflow from seepages and springs. As a result, major groundwater abstractions almost inevitably affect river flows. To assess with confidence the effect of utilizing ground-water resources, an aquifer and river system has to be linked within an integrated model which can simulate varying hydrogeological conditions throughout the catchment.
The main features of an integrated catchment management model, which links aquifer and river systems, are described in this paper. The model has been applied to a number of catchments in southern England including the River Darent in Kent, which is probably the most well-known and worst-affected of all rivers identified nationally as suffering from over-abstraction.
The process of model preparation and calibration is illustrated with reference to the River Darent. Twenty years of river flow and groundwater hydrograph records were used in producing a close simulation of modelled and actual hydrological conditions. The model was then operated to assess a large number of possible options for restoring flows to the river. Examples of various management strategy simulations are given, leading to formulation of a water resources management plan for the Darent. This involved (a) reductions in selected abstractions, (b) flow augmentation using river support boreholes, and (c) meeting peak groundwater supply demands in drought periods.     

山东省汶泗河冲洪积平原地下水资源潜力评价

汶泗河冲洪积平原位于京杭运河以东,南四湖以北的山前地带,是以汶河冲洪积扇、泗河冲洪积扇、邹西冲洪积扇为主的多个大小不同的冲洪积扇组成的山前倾斜平原,总面积4983.3km2。本文在阐述水文地质条件、开采现状和地下水资源评价基础上,分别对孔隙水资源和岩溶水资源进行了开采潜力分析。并根据目前存在的主要环境地质问题(地下水超采形成的地面沉降等),制定出地下水开发利用规划,划分了调减开采区、控制开采区和可增强开采区,对今后进行城市规划和经济建设及合理开发利用地下水,保护地下水资源,促进经济可持续发展等方面具有理论指导和实用价值。     

邯郸市地下水埋深变化及其影响因素定量分析

地下水是邯郸市的主要水源,探究地下水埋深变化及其影响因素对合理开发和保护地下水资源具有重要意义。文章基于2006—2015年邯郸市地下水观测数据,获得地下水埋深变化空间分布特征,并运用地理探测器定量分析自然因素(高程、坡度、坡向、土壤类型、降水量变化和土壤质地类型)和社会经济因素(土地利用与土地覆盖类型、GDP、人口、农业用水量变化、工业用水量变化和生活用水量变化)对邯郸市整体、邯郸市平原区和山区的地下水位变化的影响。结果表明,就邯郸市整体而言,对地下水变化解释力较大的是高程、土地利用与土地覆盖类型、农业用水变化和生活用水变化;平原区与山区的各因子解释力差别较大,平原区的主要影响因子为工业用水变化和降水量变化,而山区为土地利用与土地覆盖类型。     

地下水资源管理研究

在研究区水文地质条件概化的基础上 ,建立水文地质概念模型和地下水流数值模拟模型 ,并对地下水位进行预报。针对地下水资源开发利用中存在的主要问题 ,在地下水流数值模拟模型基础上 ,建立地下水资源管理模型 ,为新乡市地下水资源科学管理提供决策方案     

丘陵区采矿排水对周边地下水流动系统影响分析

丘陵地区地下水资源相对紧缺,然而为保证矿区安全开采,地下开采工程要求排出大量的地下水,尤其是承压水的流失对上覆渗水性强的含水层水位下降可能存在不可忽视的影响,甚至影响到周边居民的饮水安全。为此,本文以皖西丘陵地区霍邱铁矿群开采为例,在建立地下水水流数值模型基础上,分析采矿排水对上覆第四系孔隙水的影响程度,结果表明：矿床...     

可持续发展与地下水资源管理研究

本文根据可持续发展的最新理论， 针对地下水资源管理存在的问题， 提出在可持续发展目标下进行地下水资源管理的思想。结合地下水水量水质耦合模型，提出地下水系统环境容量的概念。并给出一种考虑地下水资源与社会、经济、环境相协调的地下水资源优化管理模型框架     

Delineating cost‐effective wellhead protection zones in a rural area in Greece

The aim of this study is the protection of groundwater resources from nitrate pollution by regulating land use and by establishing guidelines for agricultural activities within specific wellhead protection areas. Wellhead protection zones are specifically designed in four wells in the municipality of Nea Moudania, an area of intensive agricultural activities in northern Greece. Recent water samples from these wells indicate high levels of nitrates concentrations. Wellhead protection areas are delineated through a geographic information systems (GIS) analysis in order to determine the boundaries of protection zones, as well as to identify the land use patterns and the specific crop types around the contaminated wells. Different land use management techniques for groundwater protection zoning are also examined with respect to their implementation cost. The purpose of this analysis is to identify the least expensive management strategy for wellhead protection. The results show that land use changes are always more expensive than implementing agro‐environmental measures.     

Excel规划求解在地下水资源管理中应用

由一个简单例子介绍了Excel规划求解步骤。通过两个示例介绍了Excel在应用嵌入法和响应矩阵法建立地下水资源管理模型求解中的应用。示例计算表明,Excel作为普及、简易的工具,应用于地下水资源管理线性规划模型求解具有简明、方便实用的特点。     

GMS在临汾盆地地下水数值模拟中的应用

针对临汾盆地地下水降落漏斗、地面沉降和地裂缝等许多环境地质问题 ,通过GMS建立了地下水水流三维数值模型 ,提出了合理利用地下水资源的措施 ,为地下水资源的优化管理提供了科学依据。     

Modellierung der Randüberströme zwischen Erftscholle, Rurscholle und Venloer Scholle durch Kopplung von Großraum-Grundwassermodellen

Three large-scale groundwater models were developed for the purpose of water resources management during open pit mining activities. The area of interest is a part of the Lower Rhine Embayment, the modelling areas cover the geological units (blocks) of the Venlo terrain, the Rur terrain and the Erft terrain, which are separated by geologic faults. The groundwater interchange between the three blocks is modelled by setting shared boundary conditions at which the interchange was equilibrated in an iterative process. By coupling the three models numerically using finite beam elements, the process of adjusting the boundary conditions can be avoided. The beam elements only model the interchange paths between the blocks, but not the block-separating faults themselves. Therefore, this method is appropriate for large-scale modelling, because arbitrary interchange paths can be modelled without describing the faults in detail.     

三工河流域地下水资源与可持续利用

三工河流域地处新疆天山北坡经济带,流域发源于天山博格达峰,是独立的小流域。而流域的自然景观和地貌单元的完整性,具有大流域的分布规律。目前流域供水水源以河道来水和开采地下水为主,由于长期的超采地下水,已经造成该流域地下水位持续下降。本文在系统地阐述流域地质条件以及含水层组特征的基础上,利用流域多年基础资料,采用水均衡方法,对现状进行水资源平衡分析、地下水平衡分析、耗水量平衡分析,构建出合理地下水数值模型,并进行了地下水水位、水量远景预报,确定出合理的地下水资源量以及合理的地下水可开采量。根据流域的不同地貌单元,制定出不同的地下水开发利用模式与保护区,按照限制开采、调蓄开采、调控开采和禁止开采等四个区域确定地下水利用模式。     

Enhanced vulnerability assessment in karst areas by combining mapping with modeling approaches

The objective of this work is to facilitate a sustainable regional planning of water resources in karst areas by providing a conceptual framework for an integrative vulnerability assessment. A combined mapping and modeling approach is proposed, taking into account both spatial and temporal aspects of karst groundwater vulnerability. The conceptual framework comprises the delineation of recharge areas, vulnerability mapping, numerical flow and transport modeling and the integration of information into a combined vulnerability map and time series. The approach is illustrated at a field site in northwest Switzerland (Gempen plateau). The results show that the combination of vulnerability mapping and numerical modeling allows the vulnerability distribution, both in the recharge and discharge areas, to be identified, and at the same time, the time dependence of karst groundwater vulnerability to be assessed. The combined vulnerability map and time series provide a quantitative basis for drinking water management and for regional planning.     

Suburbanisation of important aquifers in England and Wales: estimating its current extent

The UK rate of conversion of rural into suburban land cover will increase as the UK population is projected to rise to 70 million by 2056, household size continues to decline and previously developed land becomes scarcer and less attractive. The resultant change in landuse will significantly impact underlying groundwater resources. Geographical information system (GIS) analysis is used to estimate the current extent of suburbanised land cover overlying locally and nationally important aquifers in England and Wales. The effect on groundwater catchments will be marked in southern, central and eastern England, where high groundwater dependence and intense pressure for new housing will inevitably lead to a rise in suburban land cover on periurban catchments that are currently rural land. Water resource planning implications would be better understood with more catchment-scale research. Meanwhile, areas of aquifer most likely to urbanise by 2050 and public supplies most vulnerable to the consequent changes need identifying.     

Revitalisation of Common Use in Management of Modern Multifunctional Landscapes

Land areas in collective ownership or use are traditionally referred to as commons. Through history, the common use and ownership has been a widespread means of regulating the use of natural resources. Changing economic conditions and technology spawned a process however where land use rights and landowner rights aggregated into the modern form of private ownership of individual farms with full management and owner rights. This process had obvious rationales in terms of production of marketable agricultural products. However, in the twentieth century increasing awareness of the supply of externalities such as clean groundwater and recreational opportunities from landscapes turned the attention once again to commons as an instrument for managing natural resources. Using groundwater and coastal landscapes as case examples, we pinpoint problems where outputs from the landscape are multiple consisting of a mix of public and private goods. In some instances central intervention is needed to ensure provision of public goods. In situations where transaction costs are too high to justify the guaranteed supply of goods, local initiatives, cooperatives and networks may be suitable regulatory alternatives to the predominant private and individualised ownership. It is concluded that the management regimes chosen should reflect the dominant functionality of the area in question.     

中国西北地区水资源问题及对策研究

中国西北地区地处内陆 ,干旱少雨 ,生态环境恶化 .中国西北地区要实现可持续发展 ,水资源是关键 .中国西北地区优美的水环境在于把水资源的合理配置、统一管理和高效利用放在首要位置 ,协调好人口、资源、经济与环境的关系 ,开源节流并举 ,建立节水、护水型社会 ,注重生态环境建设     

Groundwater Exploitation and Development: Some Current Issues in Scotland

The increasing cost of water in public supply is providing renewed interest in groundwater from industry and other intensive water-users. At present, groundwater in Scotland enjoys considerable advantages: over surface water. However, there are also disadvantages: in some areas groundwater quality is poor due either to anthropogenic activity or the natural occurrence of acidic groundwaters. The future groundwater development and management policy for Scotland is being formed around the Water Resources Framework Directive and the Groundwater Action Programme. However, there are several policy constraints which urgently need to be addressed; these include (a) the role of the Water Order and (b) the need for a licensing system to control abstraction from selected aquifer units.     

Visual Modflow在地下水资源评价中的应用

地下水资源评价是在已建立的三维数值模拟管理系统基础上,应用VisualModflow软件的系统化和可视化特点以及所拥有的强大模拟功能,对长春市城区地下水资源进行整体、分层和分区评价,研究结果表明:长春市地下水开发利用程度是很高的,在开采总量不变的情况下,可适当调整产业结构、开采布局,以实现地下水可持续发展。实践证明VisualModflow所建立的地下水资源评价系统,对于科学制订水资源利用、开发和保护决策方案具有极其重要的理论指导意义和实用价值。