美国得克萨斯州奥斯汀们格斯特降国际机场

当你行走于广袤的美国大陆时,你会惊喜地发现每个地方都具有不同韵味的内在美;而这种内在美恰恰体现在丰富的自然特征和人类文明所构建的乡土景观中.美国设计师早已通过不同的手法来表现本土景色、植被和地质特色.奥斯汀伯格斯特隆国际机场便是一个通过乡土景观来讲述自然历史故事的成功典范.     

Sustaining creativity in the creative archetype: The case of Austin, Texas

Recently, the popular literature on creative industries and the urban creative landscape has been largely dominated by the work of one scholar, Richard Florida. The popularity of Richard Florida’s work has led to a zealous implementation of his creative class thesis by many city officials, policymakers, and urban planners. Recent studies have investigated the impact of creative city implementation in previously working class and industrial cities, but given Florida’s popularity and influence, it is also necessary to evaluate the sustainability of cities touted as creative success stories by Florida and others. This article examines the case of Austin, Texas, seeking to evaluate Florida’s model city in light of recent empirical research. This research suggests that while Austin has witnessed impressive economic prosperity, the “externalities” or unforeseen challenges associated with creative development are equally evident. Further, this research suggests that previously overlooked socio-cultural challenges (e.g. loss of urban cultural character, sense of detachment, over-commercialization) in Austin threaten to potentially undermine the sustainability of this mode of development.     

ALLOCATING SERVICES FOR PARKS AND RECREATION: A Model for Implementing Equity Concepts in Austin,Texas

ABSTRACT: This article examines the equitability of park and recreation service allocation decisions. The importance of equity as a concern for planners is discussed, a sampling of related literature is reviewed, and a typology of eight equity models is' proposed. Research data showing that equity preferences are measurable and that they differ by service and decisionmaking group are presented. A conceptual planning model including an equity assessment process is then described, as are current efforts by the Austin Parks and Recreation Department to include equity considerations in its planning process.     

A spatial autoregressive multinomial probit model for anticipating land-use change in Austin,Texas

This paper develops an estimation strategy for and then applies a spatial autoregressive multinomial probit model to account for both spatial clustering and cross-alternative correlation. Estimation is achieved using Bayesian techniques with Gibbs and the generalized direct sampling (GDS). The model is applied to analyze land development decisions for undeveloped parcels over a 6-year period in Austin, Texas. Results suggest that GDS is a useful method for uncovering parameters whose draws may otherwise fail to converge using standard Metropolis-Hastings algorithms. Estimation results suggest that residential and commercial/civic development tends to favor more regularly shaped and smaller parcels, which may be related to parcel conversion costs and aesthetics. Longer distances to Austin’s central business district increase the likelihood of residential development, while reducing that of commercial/civic and office/industrial uses. Everything else constant, distances to a parcel’s nearest minor, and major arterial roads are estimated to increase development likelihood of commercial/civic and office/industry uses, perhaps because such development is more common in less densely developed locations (as proxied by fewer arterials). As expected, added soil slope is estimated to be negatively associated with residential development, but positively associated with commercial/civic and office/industry uses (perhaps due to some steeper terrains offering view benefits). Estimates of the cross-alternative correlations suggest that a parcel’s residential use “utility” or attractiveness tends to be negatively correlated with that of commercial/civic, but positively associated with that of office/industrial uses, while the latter two land uses exhibit some negative correlation. Using an inverse-distance weight matrix for each parcel’s closest 50 neighbors, the spatial autocorrelation coefficient is estimated to be 0.706, indicating a marked spatial clustering pattern for land development in the selected region.     

The new intra-urban dynamics: Suburbanisation and functional specialisation in French cities

This article examines the relationships between the employment suburbanisation from central cities towards their suburbs, and the process of intra-urban specialisation that occurred simultaneously in the fifty largest French metropolitan areas. A methodology is proposed to identify urban subcentres and to analyse the effects of the intra-urban specialisations on suburbanisation patterns. We conclude that the specialisation of both subcentres and central cities has a significant effect on suburbanisation rates. Lastly, an intra-metropolitan shift/share analysis provides additional insights into the employment dynamics of central cities and suburbs during the last twenty years. Received: 25 July 2000 / Accepted: 29 May 2001     

The role of ethnic retailing in retrofitting suburbia: case studies from Toronto,Canada

Today’s immigrants to Canada are increasingly and directly settling into suburban areas of major cities; a trend that has resulted in new retail opportunities: suburban ethnic shopping centres are a growing phenomenon in areas with major immigrant settlement. This paper discusses the development and retrofitting processes of three suburban Chinese shopping malls in the Toronto area. The paper explores how these malls successfully regenerated areas once affected by business decline and how they can act as a catalyst to develop a new urban form that makes the suburban landscape less uniform and more sustainable. Various perspectives from key players involved in ethnic retail activities and developments were collected, including surveys with entrepreneurs and shoppers, and semi-structured interviews with city councillors, city planners, developers and an architect. The paper suggests that municipalities could invest in established ethnic retail places as an innovative means of “retrofitting suburbia.”     

Using energy audits to investigate the impacts of common air-conditioning design and installation issues on peak power demand and energy consumption in Austin, Texas

This study presents an analysis of a unique dataset of 4971 energy audits performed on homes in Austin, Texas in 2009–2010. We quantify the prevalence of typical air-conditioner design and installation issues such as low efficiency, oversizing, duct leakage, and low measured capacity, and estimate the impacts that resolving these issues would have on peak power demand and cooling energy consumption. We estimate that air-conditioner use in single-family residences currently accounts for 17–18% of peak demand in Austin, and we found that improving equipment efficiency alone could save up to 205 MW, or 8%, of peak demand. We estimate that 31% of systems in this study were oversized, leading to up to 41 MW of excess peak demand. Replacing oversized systems with correctly sized higher efficiency units has the potential for further savings of up to 81 MW. We estimate that the mean system could achieve 18% and 20% in cooling energy savings by sealing duct leaks and servicing their air-conditioning units to achieve 100% of nominal capacity, respectively. Although this analysis is limited to the City of Austin, understanding the methods described herein could allow electric utilities in similar climates to make better-informed decisions when considering efficiency improvement programs.     

On the dual nature of intra-urban borders: The case of a Romani neighborhood in Istanbul

This essay questions the nature of intra-urban borders from a politico-ethical point of view. Namely: to what extent are intra-urban borders acceptable at a time of proliferating discourses about a borderless world, and open cities? We discuss this through a case study of Sulukule – a historic neighborhood home to a millennium old Roma community located within the historic city center of Istanbul – in the context of the urban renewal project launched by the local municipality. The often cited “humanitarian” pretext for the renewal project is “incorporating” the Sulukule’s poor Roma community into the city and tearing down the borders demarcating their ghetto. Eventually, this discourse of incorporation served to instigate a rapid episode of gentrification in the area. Offering a critical perspective on the municipality’s renewal project, and through a discussion of the often conflicting premises of the discourses of the “right to the city” and the “group right to difference,” this essay argues that intra-urban borders are “undecided” separators and calls for policy tools that are responsive to the enabling aspects of bordering processes.     

Estimation with heteroscedastic and correlated errors: A spatial analysis of intra-urban mortality data

Regression analyses using data collected across contiguous areal units of varying size often fail to satisfy the statistical assumptions of ordinary least-squares estimation, since errors are neither homoscedastic nor uncorrelated. This paper considers regression analysis in the case of mortality data collected across 87 contiguous Community Medicine Areas defined for the Greater Glasgow conurbation.Data properties are identified using exploratory techniques. A statistical model is specified, parameters estimated under alternative assumptions about the errors, and the fit assessed using both confirmatory and exploratory methods. A principal objective of the study is to identify areas that have particularly high or low mortality rates.     

美国得克萨斯州奥斯汀约翰逊总统夫人野生花卉中心

美国得克萨斯州奥斯汀约翰逊总统夫人野生花卉中心是一座建于1995年占地42英亩(约合17万平方米)的本土植物园.其修建目的就是教育公众认识到保护和利用本地植物的重要性.     

连续多跨大柱距空旷厂房的空间结构设计

以鞍钢大型厂房改造工程为例,介绍了一种打破常规的空间设计方法,并阐述了大跨度吊车桁架支座、节点等重要传力部位的构造形式及其利弊,可供同类工业厂房改造工程设计时参考。     

加大钢筋混凝土结构伸缩缝间距初探

从“防”和“抗”两方面探讨加大钢筋混凝土结构伸缩缝间距的必要性和可能性。     

A comparative static analysis of intra-urban business location and land use

It is well-known that theories of urban land use and location, set forth by von Thünen and his followers, explained quite successfully the agricultural and residential locations. Unfortunately, there has been virtually no comparative static analysis performed to probe their underlying properties. The present paper attempts accordingly to take further steps in the direction of generalizing the theory of intra-urban location and land use and to present a general comparative static analysis. It will be shown that, in general, the intra-urban optimum location is a function of the wage rate, the transport rate on the final product, the elasticity of demand, the population of the city and the income (or wealth) of the city. In the process, it is demonstrated that characteristics of production function are crucial in conducting our comparative static analysis.     

基于水平土拱效应的排桩支护结构合理桩间距的研究

在对排桩支护结构间水平土拱效应分析的基础上,给出了一种新的成拱桩间距计算模型,提出应在引入普氏理论的前提下,以桩间静力平衡条件、跨中截面强度条件以及拱脚处截面强度条件共同控制来确定桩间距。经过理论分析,推导出了桩间距、拱高和拱厚的计算公式,最后,通过工程算例证明本文算法的合理性。     

Sectoral and cross-sectoral effects of retailing firm demographies

Firm births and deaths are interrelated. Johnson and Parker (1994) have summarized the various causality relationships according to three different effects: (1) the Multiplier, (2) the Competition and (3) the Marshall effect. This article proposes an enlarged analytical framework by introducing the sectoral and cross-sectoral dimensions of firm demography. The expected interrelationships between firm births and deaths are different when studied within a single industry, or between different industries. In the first case, Competition effects should prevail while, in the second case, Multiplier effects are more probable. The discussion suggests, however, that even for firms with similar activities, complementarities and Multiplier effects may occur. An econometric model that allows for (cross-)sectoral and spatial interactions is specified and tested using Belgian data. Results lead to the conclusion that sectoral and cross-sectoral dimensions in firm demography are relevant. It is also clear that these issues definitely deserve further attention in firm demographic research.The author is grateful to the National Bank of Belgium for financial support. Thanks are due to Frédéric Gaspart, Martin Carree, seminar and congress participants in Bordeaux, Maastricht, Paris, Caen and Dortmund, invited editors of this journal and two anonymous referees for their comments on earlier versions of this article.     

The Texas Rangers: Notes from an Architectural Underground

The sixties saw the emergence of a field known as design methodology. This period also witnessed some of the lowest design standards in housing and related environmental areas. Reima Pietilä, who was professor of design in the School of Architecture at the University of Oulu from 1973 to 1979, argued that the “shopping list” of a design program needed the addition of a framework that considered nature, culture, and function. In light of the failure of pseudoscientism in architectural education during the sixties and its recent revival in a number of American schools of architecture, Pietilä's approach is examined with the object of illuminating an alternative approach to that of purely numerical or “measurable” design methods.