复合高铁酸盐对含铜绿微囊藻原水的净化效果

采用复合高铁酸盐处理含铜绿微囊藻原水,考察了其除藻的影响因素和对原水的净化效果,同时考察了其与聚合氯化铝(PAC)的联用效果及除藻机理.结果表明,原水pH值和复合高铁酸盐的氧化时间均对铜绿微囊藻的去除具有明显影响,最佳pH值为5～6、最佳氧化时间为15 min;在一定范围内增加复合高铁酸盐的投量可明显提高除藻效果.另外,复合高铁酸盐预氧化可降低TP浓度,但由于藻细胞的破裂,TN和UV254值会升高.当复合高铁酸盐与PAC联用时,两者对除藻及去除TP和UV254具有协同效果.复合高铁酸盐的除藻机理为直接破坏铜绿微囊藻的细胞壁,使胞内物质流出从而导致藻细胞死亡.     

氯离子对硫酸根离子在混凝土中扩散的影响

研究了不同氯离子浓度对硫酸根在混凝土中扩散的影响,以单一硫酸根离子浓度溶液、不同氯离子浓度与硫酸根离子为复合溶液作为侵蚀溶液对混凝土试块进行连续浸泡,采用比浊法对一定龄期的混凝土中的硫酸根离子含量进行测定,结果表明:氯离子的存在并不改变硫酸根在混凝土中的扩散规律,即硫酸根随着侵蚀深度的增加含量逐渐减少;氯盐浓度变化对硫酸根在混凝土中的扩散速度有较大的影响,硫酸根在混凝土中扩散速度随着氯盐浓度的增加而下降。     

浮游式太阳能超声波除藻装置的构建及其效能研究

利用超声波和太阳能构建浮游于水体表面的超声波除藻装置,用于去除水体中的藻类,以解决富营养化水体的蓝藻水华问题。因此研究了该装置即时去除和持续性抑藻效果,以及对实际水体的除藻效果。结果表明:浮游式太阳能超声波除藻装置能有效去除与抑制藻类的生长,对常见蓝藻-铜绿微囊藻的最大即时去除率为40%,且能长期抑制藻细胞的分裂增殖速率;超声波除藻装置能有效去除自然水体中的藻类,作用时间越长,除藻效果越好,处理60 min后藻类的去除率可达80%以上。因此,该装置可用于去除富营养化水体的蓝藻,并且具有良好的应用前景。     

铜绿微囊藻分泌物对超滤膜污染的影响

通过对实验室培养的铜绿微囊藻及其胞外分泌物进行研究,证实在不同生长阶段胞外分泌物的主要成分均为亲水性的大分子物质(30 ku)。在对分泌物的重要组成物质(碳水化合物和蛋白质)进行分析后发现,其浓度均随藻细胞的生长繁殖而逐渐增加。随着时间的变化,碳水化合物与溶解性有机碳(DOC)的比值逐渐降低,而蛋白质与DOC的比值以及蛋白质与碳水化合物的比值均呈增加的趋势。在采用超滤膜过滤含藻水时,藻细胞浓度及胞外分泌物浓度对膜污染的影响相当明显。藻细胞和腐殖酸间的协同作用,造成了更加严重的膜污染。相比藻液,单独的胞外分泌物能引起更为严重的膜污染现象。     

氨基酸对铜绿微囊藻生长及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

为研究氨基酸对铜绿微囊藻Microcystis aeruginosa生长及叶绿素荧光参数的影响,设定藻的初始密度为2×10⁶ cells/mL,以6种氨基酸(天门冬氨酸、丝氨酸、精氨酸、谷氨酸、丙氨酸和甘氨酸)为唯一氮源,分析在实验室模拟自然水体不同氨基酸浓度(12、25、50、75、100μmol/L)条件下,铜绿微囊藻细胞数量、叶绿素a含量及相关叶绿素荧光参数(F_v/F_m、ETR)的动态变化。结果表明:无氮对照组的藻细胞数量、叶绿素a含量及相关叶绿素荧光参数均显著低于各氨基酸试验组(P<0.05);随着氨基酸浓度的升高,6种氨基酸均能促进铜绿微囊藻的生长及相关叶绿素荧光参数的提高,且多种氨基酸在浓度为100μmol/L时达到最高值;随着培养时间的延长,除谷氨酸试验组各项指标波动明显外,其余各氨基酸试验组的藻细胞数量、叶绿素a含量及相关叶绿素荧光参数总体上均呈先上升后下降趋势,其结果基本符合藻细胞延滞期、对数生长期、稳定期的规律。研究表明,不同浓度和不同种类的氨基酸对铜绿微囊藻生长及叶绿素荧光参数提高均表现出有利特征,且氨基酸的作用程度依次为天门冬氨酸>丝氨酸>精氨酸>丙氨酸>谷氨酸>甘氨酸,本研究结果可为揭示自然水体中氨基酸对铜绿微囊藻的影响机制提供数据参考。     

电脉冲加速磷酸钾镁水泥硫酸盐侵蚀方法初探

为研究电脉冲对硫酸根在磷酸钾镁水泥中侵蚀扩散的影响,分别以两端不同的侵蚀溶液、不同侵蚀电压、频率及侵蚀时间作为变量进行电脉冲试验,通过分光光度法测定不同深度的硫酸根离子浓度来判定侵蚀效果。结果表明:当阴极端为MgSO_4溶液、电压为60 V、频率为30 s时侵蚀效果最明显,同时硫酸根浓度及其侵蚀深度随侵蚀时间的增加而增大。     

硫酸盐对氯离子在地下结构混凝土中传输过程的影响

基于地铁工程混凝土实际配合比,进行了水灰比为0.35的双掺(粉煤灰、矿渣)混凝土试件在四种不同浓度的氯盐-硫酸盐复合溶液中的浸泡腐蚀试验,测定了氯离子含量随深度与时间变化的分布以及混凝土结合氯离子能力,运用XRD测试方法对混凝土微观组成试验前后的变化进行了分析。试验结果表明:单一氯盐情况下溶液浓度越高,侵入混凝土中的氯离子含量越多;硫酸根的存在,能够抑制氯离子侵入混凝土,且硫酸根浓度越高,该抑制作用越强;硫酸根离子能够显著降低水泥材料对氯离子的结合作用,并且氯离子结合量变化幅度受其浓度影响较大。XRD测试结果表明,硫酸根影响水泥材料结合氯离子能力的原因在于其反应生成钙矾石,消耗了C3AH6的含量,释放了部分固化的氯离子。     

上海市区原水中藻细胞控制及水华处理对策研究

以藻细胞浓度表征原水中的藻毒素含量,考察了上海市黄浦江和长江原水中的藻细胞浓度及其在静止环境下的增殖情况,同时研究了水库水暴发水华后的处理对策。研究表明,一般情况下上海市区原水中藻细胞浓度为1×104~1×107个/L,未超过9.1×106个/L的藻细胞浓度限值;在静止环境下,原水中的藻细胞会迅速增殖,当其停留时间过长时有藻细胞浓度超限及微囊藻毒素超标的危险;如在黄浦江上游建立水库蓄水,则原水停留时间应控制在2~3 d,从而起到净化水体和抑制藻细胞过度增殖的效果;当水库水暴发水华后,可采用大比例更换水体的方法增加其浊度和流动性,以有效控制藻类的水华现象。     

混凝土中氯离子–硫酸根离子耦合传输模型

针对氯盐–硫酸盐耦合作用环境下混凝土及其结构的耐久性退化问题,根据硫酸根离子扩散反应机理及氯离子吸附结合机制,利用Fick定律及质量守恒定律,建立了混凝土中氯离子–硫酸根离子的耦合传输模型;以水泥砂浆替代混凝土,开展了混凝土圆柱体试件在单一氯盐、单一硫酸盐及复合氯盐–硫酸盐溶液中的浸泡腐蚀试验,测试了不同浸泡时间时试件中氯离子和硫酸根离子含量,并与模型计算结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,模型计算结果与实验测试结果基本一致;耦合传输过程中氯离子和硫酸根离子之间存在相互抑制作用,且复合溶液中试件内氯离子和硫酸根离子含量分别低于单一氯盐和单一硫酸盐溶液中试件的氯离子和硫酸根离子含量。     

生物制剂H对水华优势藻的生长抑制作用

生物制剂H是新开发的一种抑制藻类生长的药剂,对应用该生物制剂控制景观水体水华优势藻种--铜绿微囊藻和小球藻的效果及生态安全性进行了研究.结果表明,在铜绿微囊藻初始密度为10^8 cell/L数量级时投加1～15 mg/L的生物制剂H具有很好的生长抑制作用,且优于在初始藻密度为10^9 cell/L数量级时加药的效果;在小球藻初始密度为10^8 cell/L数量级时投加5～15 mg/L的生物制剂H具有较好的生长抑制作用.对加药前后小球藻的扫描电镜（SEM）观察结果显示,加药后其细胞结构发生了破坏性改变.对青鳉鱼的急性毒性试验结果表明,生物制剂H具有良好的生态安全性,其48 h半致死浓度为934.5 mg/L,96 h半致死浓度为718.8 mg/L,安全浓度为93.5 mg/L.     

Enhancement of waste activated sludge aerobic digestion by electrochemical pre-treatment

Electrochemical technology with a pair of RuO₂/Ti mesh plate electrode is first applied to pre-treat Waste Activated Sludge (WAS) prior to aerobic digestion in this study. The effects of various operating conditions were investigated including electrolysis time, electric power, current density, initial pH of sludge and sludge concentration. The study showed that the sludge reduction increased with the electrolysis time, electric power or current density, while decreased with the sludge concentration. Additionally, higher or lower pH than 7.0 was propitious to remove organic matters. The electrochemical pre-treatment removed volatile solids (VS) and volatile suspended solids (VSS) by 2.75% and 7.87%, respectively, with a WAS concentration of 12.9 g/L, electrolysis time of 30 min, electric power of 5 W and initial sludge pH of 10. In the subsequent aerobic digestion, the sludge reductions for VS and VSS after solids retention time (SRT) of 17.5 days were 34.25% and 39.59%, respectively. However, a SRT of 23.5 days was necessary to achieve equivalent reductions without electrochemical pre-treatment. Sludge analysis by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images and infrared (IR) spectra indicated that electrochemical pre-treatment can rupture sludge cells, remove and solubilize intracellular substances, especially protein and polysaccharide, and consequently enhance the aerobic digestion.     

阴阳两极联合降解对硝基苯酚的研究

以铁掺杂PbO2／Ti为阳极、气体扩散电极为阴极，构建了新型电催化反应体系，研究了阴阳两极联合降解水中对硝基苯酚的效果，考察了电流密度、初始浓度、pH值、曝气量对去除效果的影响，初步探讨了反应动力学和氧化机理。结果表明，在阳极电流密度为24mA／cm^2、曝气量为20mL／s的条件下，处理浓度为100mg／L的对硝基苯酚废水，电解55min后去除率达100％；对硝基苯酚的降解符合表观一级反应动力学。该体系能耗低、效率高，且对pH的适用范围广，有较好的应用前景。     

The role of nitrobenzene on the yield of trihalomethane formation potential in aqueous solutions with Microcystis aeruginosa

Algae are one of the most important disinfection by-product (DBP) precursors in aquatic environments. The contents of DBP precursors in algae are influenced by not only environmental factors but also some xenobiotics. Trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) in both the separate and interactive pollution of Microcystis aeruginosa and Nitrobenzene (NB) was investigated in batch experiment to discover the effects of xenobiotics on the yield of DBP precursors in the algal solution. The results show that in the separate NB solution, NB did not react with Cl₂ to form trihalomethane (THM), whereas in the algae solution, THMFP had a significant positive linear correlation with M. aeruginosa density in both solution and extracellular organic matter (EOM). The correlation coefficients were 0.9845 (p = 3.567 × 10⁻⁴) and 0.9854 (p = 1.406 × 10⁻⁴), respectively. According to regression results, about 77.9% of the total THMFP came from the algal cells, while the rest came from EOM. When the interactive pollution of M. aeruginosa and NB occurred, the growth of algae was inhibited by NB. The density of M. aeruginosa in a high concentration NB solution (280 μg/L) was only 71.1% of that in the solution without NB after 5 days of incubation. However, THMFP in the mixture (algae and NB) and the EOM did not change significantly, and the productivity of THMFP by the algae (THMFP/10⁸cells) increased with the increase in NB concentration. There was a significant linear correlation between THMFP/10⁸cell and NB concentration (r = 0.9117, p < 0.01), which shows the contribution of the algae to THM formation was enhanced by NB. This result might be caused by the increased protein productivity and the biodegradation of NB by M. aeruginosa.     

电化学/过硫酸盐耦合体系降解水中有机药物卡马西平

采用电化学/过硫酸盐耦合体系(E-PS过程)降解水中的有机药物卡马西平(CBZ)。实验采用了分批模式进行,研究了温度、过硫酸钠浓度、初始pH值、电压等因素对E-PS过程降解CBZ的影响。反应100min后,单独过硫酸钠、电解和E-PS过程对卡马西平的降解率分别为25.5%、59.3%、78.1%,TOC去除率分别为8.25%、23.48%、26.68%。升高温度可以有效提高CBZ的降解率。反应100min后,在288K,CBZ降解率为60.2%;在298K,CBZ降解率达到78.1%;而在308K,CBZ降解率为90.1%。CBZ的降解率随着过硫酸盐浓度的增加而提高。当过硫酸盐浓度为40g/L时,反应100min,CBZ降解率达94.7%。初始pH值对CBZ降解率的影响为pH 3.0pH 5.0pH 7.0;电压对CBZ降解率的影响为6V5V4V。     

Effectiveness and mechanism of potassium ferrate(VI) preoxidation for algae removal by coagulation

Jar tests were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of potassium ferrate preoxidation on algae removal by coagulation. Laboratory studies demonstrated that pretreatment with potassium ferrate obviously enhanced the algae removal by coagulation with alum [Al2(SO4)3 . 18H2O]. Algae removal efficiency increased remarkably when the water was pretreated with ferrate. A very short time of preoxidation was enough to achieve substantial algae removal efficiency, and the effectiveness was further increased at a prolonged pretreatment time. Pretreatment with ferrate resulted in a reduction of alum dosage required to cause an efficient coagulation for algae removal. The obvious impact of cell architecture by potassium ferrate was found through scanning electron microscopy. Upon oxidation with ferrate. the cells were inactivated and some intracellular and extracelluar components were released into the water, which may be helpful to the coagulation by their bridging effect. Efficient removal of algae by potassium ferrate preoxidation is believed to be a consequence of several process mechanisms. Ferrate preoxidation inactivated algae, induced the formation of coagulant aid, which are the cellular components secreted by algal cells. The coagulation was also improved by increasing particle concentration in water, because of the formation of the intermediate forms of precipitant iron species during preoxidation. In addition, it was also observed that ferrate preoxidation caused algae agglomerate formation before the addition of coagulant, the subsequent application of alum resulted in further coagulation.     

Copper desorption from Gelidium algal biomass

Desorption of divalent copper from marine algae Gelidium sesquipedale, an algal waste (from agar extraction industry) and a composite material (the algal waste immobilized in polyacrylonitrile) was studied in a batch system. Copper ions were first adsorbed until saturation and then desorbed by HNO(3) and Na(2)EDTA solutions. Elution efficiency using HNO(3) increases as pH decreases. At pH=1, for a solid to liquid ratio S/L=4gl(-1), elution efficiency was 97%, 95% and 88%, the stoichiometric coefficient for the ionic exchange, 0.70+/-0.02, 0.73+/-0.05 and 0.76+/-0.06 and the selectivity coefficient, 0.93+/-0.07, 1.0+/-0.3 and 1.1+/-0.3, respectively, for algae Gelidium, algal waste and composite material. Complexation of copper ions by EDTA occurs in a molar proportion of 1:1 and the elution efficiency increases with EDTA concentration. For concentrations of 1.4, 0.88 and 0.57 mmoll(-1), the elution efficiency for S/L=4gl(-1), was 91%, 86% and 78%, respectively, for algae Gelidium, algal waste and composite material. The S/L ratio, in the range 1-20gl(-1), has little influence on copper recovery by using 0.1M HNO(3). Desorption kinetics was very fast for all biosorbents. Kinetic data using HNO(3) as eluant were well described by the mass transfer model, considering the average metal concentration in the solid phase and the equilibrium relationship given by the mass action law. The homogeneous diffusion coefficient varied between 1.0 x 10(-7)cm(2)s(-1) for algae Gelidium and 3.0 x 10(-7)cm(2)s(-1) for the composite material.     

Binding of Cu(II) to algae in a metal buffer

The interactions of Cu(II) with algal surfaces and exudates were studied in metal-NTA buffers by a combination of several analytical techniques. Suspensions of living algae in the presence of NTA were titrated at constant pH with Cu(II). The various Cu species were determined as follows: a copper ion selective electrode was used reliably in the pCu range 9–12; differential pulse polarography was used to measure separately Cu(II)-NTA complexes and labile Cu(II) species and to evaluate the complexation of copper by ligands in solution; copper bound to the algal surfaces was extracted by acid treatment and measured by AAS. Thus, we determined both the binding of Cu to the algal surfaces and to exudates excreted by the algae. The results were interpreted in terms of conditional equilibrium constants valid at a given pH; the conditional constants, both for the binding to the surfaces and with the exudates increase in the pH range 5.0–6.5. Simple equilibrium models using the experimentally determined binding capacities and equilibrium constants were able to simulate the results and to evaluate the speciation of copper. Under the experimental conditions used, the binding of Cu(II) to algal exudates has a more significant effect on copper speciation than the binding to the algal surfaces. These extracellular ligands may play an important role in decreasing the concentration of free copper ion and thus mitigating the potential toxic effects in organisms.     

电极工作面积和孔隙液pH值对钢筋脱钝临界氯离子浓度的影响

基于模拟混凝土孔隙液中的钢筋脱钝试验,揭示了钢筋电极的工作面积和模拟混凝土孔隙液的pH值对钢筋脱钝过程中开路电位、极化电阻和腐蚀电流密度的影响规律,确定了不同钢筋电极工作面积和pH值条件下钢筋脱钝的临界氯离子浓度,分别建立了钢筋电极工作面积和模拟混凝土孔隙液pH值与钢筋脱钝临界氯离子浓度之间的定量关系.结果 表明:随着钢筋电极工作面积的增大,钢筋脱钝的临界氯离子浓度降低;随着模拟混凝土孔隙液pH值的增加,以自由氯离子浓度[Cl-]表征的临界氯离子浓度增加,而以[Cl-]/[OH-]表征的临界氯离子浓度降低;与开路电位和极化电阻相比,钢筋脱钝过程中腐蚀电流密度的突变点更加明显.     

Bio-reaction of nitrobenzene with Microcystis aeruginosa: characteristics, kinetics and application

The bio-reaction of nitrobenzene (NB) with Microcystis aeruginosa was investigated at different initial algal densities and NB concentrations by performing static experiments. The results showed that the elimination of NB was enhanced by the bio-reaction, and the reaction rate varied as a function of the reaction time. Moreover, the reaction rate was significantly affected by the algal density and NB concentration. A kinetic analysis showed that the elimination of NB in a solution without algae appeared to be pseudo-first-order with respect to the NB concentration, whereas a first-order model was too oversimplified to describe the elimination of NB in a solution with algae. Assuming that different algal cells have the same effect on the bio-reaction under the same conditions, the bio-reaction can be described as dC_NB = −k₀C_A^mA_NBⁿdt (where k₀ is the reaction rate constant, C_A is the algae density and C_NB is the concentration of NB). When the growth of algae was not considered, the value of k₀, m and n were 8.170 × 10⁻⁴, 0.5887 and 1.692, respectively. Alternatively, when algae were in the exponential growth phase, the value of k₀, m and n were 1.6871 × 10⁻⁵, 0.7248 and 2.5407, respectively, according to a nonlinear fitting analysis. The kinetic model was also used to elucidate the effect of nutritional limitation on the bio-reaction.     

Use of artificial neural network in the prediction of algal blooms

A model to quantify the interactions between abiotic factors and algal genera in Lake Kasumigaura, Japan was developed using artificial neural network technology. Results showed that the timing and magnitude of algal blooms of Microcystis, Phormidium and Synedra in Lake Kasumigaura could be successfully predicted. As for the newly occurring dominant Oscillatoria, results were not satisfactory. The evaluation of the importance of factors showed that Microcystis, Phormidium, Oscillatoria and Synedra were alkalophilic. The algal proliferation for Microcystis, Oscillatoria and Synedra decrease due to the increase in total nitrogen, while the growth of Phormidium is enhanced with more nitrogen. In addition, the algal density is affected by zooplankton grazing but with the exception of Phormidium due to it being poor food source. Algal responses to the orthogonal combinations of the external environmental factors, chemical oxygen demand, pH, total nitrogen and total phosphorus at three levels were modeled. Various combinations of environmental factors enhance the proliferation of some algae while other combinations inhibit bloom formation.