废水生态处理技术比较分析

污水土地处理生态工程通常被称为自然净化技术,分为慢速渗滤、快速渗滤、地表漫流、地下渗滤和湿地系统5类。文章对这5类系统进行了全面的概括和比较分析,以推动废水生态处理技术在中小城镇的应用。     

CRI处理氧化沟出水的效果及菌群分析

采用改进型人工快速渗滤系统(CRI)对氧化沟出水进行深度处理,对比分析添加/不添加玉米芯作为固体碳源的CRI系统对COD、氨氮、TN、TP的去除效果和机制,并对饱水段和非饱水段的微生物菌群进行Illumina高通量测序分析。结果表明,CRI对COD、NH4+-N、TN和TP的去除率分别达到60%~73. 3%、62. 5%~100%、57. 1%~89. 3%和85. 9%~99. 4%。CRI去除TP的主要途径是化学沉淀、渗滤介质吸附和微生物代谢等,其中海绵铁的高效化学除磷是主要作用。高通量测序结果表明,Proteobacteria、Bacteroidetes、Firmicutes和Acidobacteria是CRI内主要的门级菌群;但在属水平上,饱水层和非饱水层的厌氧菌、兼性菌、好氧菌、聚磷菌、硝化菌和反硝化菌等存在明显差异,这可能与溶解氧浓度和外加碳源有关。     

发明专利公报涉及建材的专利信息（七）

利用粉煤灰处理废水、污水的方法(CN273944A)一种利用粉煤灰处理废水、污水的方法,用发电厂的粉煤灰堆存场作为渗滤床和氧化场,将待处理的废水、污水输送到发电厂的粉煤灰堆存场使其流经粉煤灰层,渗滤进入集水构筑物内,再由集水构筑物中排出,调节集水构筑物的排水流量,使废水、污水的渗滤速度不大于0.06m/h。利用火力发电厂排放堆存粉煤灰的设施,使废水和污水受到粉煤灰的渗滤、吸附和阳光、空气的生物氧化分解净化作用。效果达到或超过了二级生化处理。一种低羟基石英管的生产方法(CN1273948A)一种低羟基石英管的生产方法,将拉制好的石…     

滇池流域村镇生活污水污染及处理技术

由于种种原因 ,滇池受到严重污染 ,其中面源污染对滇池污染的影响越来越大 .滇池流域村镇生活污水在面源污染中占相当大比重 ,对该污水进行处理已成为当务之急 .笔者介绍了土地处理工艺处理该生活污水的环境影响及去除机理 .综合考虑多项因素 ,土壤毛管渗滤系统、慢速渗滤系统和湿地系统成为处理滇池流域村镇生活污水三种优先考虑的工     

改良化粪池/地下土壤渗滤系统处理农村生活污水

上海部分农村地区采用改良型化粪池/地下土壤渗滤系统组合工艺处理农村生活污水,通过对构筑物的改进设计以及参数的合理选取,取得了较好的处理效果,出水水质达到<城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准>(GB 18918-2002)的一级B标准.系统运行稳定,处理效果好,操作简单,维护成本低,占地面积小,对于农村地区生活污水治理具有推广应用价值.     

盐度对人工渗滤系统脱氮效果的影响

模拟人工渗滤系统处理不同盐度的污水,考察了盐度对人工渗滤系统脱氮效果的影响.结果表明,系统对总氮的去除率随盐度的升高而下降,当进水盐度分别为0、0.5％、1％、1.5％和2％时,对总氮的平均去除率分别为95％、92％、89％、73％、68％;各系统出水TN浓度分别为(1.66±0.49)、(2.81±0.71)、(3.86±O.87)、(8.87±0.71)、(10.5±0.92) mg/L.在O～1％的低盐度范围内,渗滤系统中的硝化细菌受到的影响较小,出水中有亚硝酸盐积累,耐盐的氨氧化细菌(AOB)能较好地适应盐度的冲击,而亚硝酸盐氧化细菌(NOB)受到明显的抑制.在1.5％ ～2％的高盐度范围内,渗滤系统出水总氮主要为氨氮,AOB和反硝化菌(DNB)均受到明显的抑制作用,系统硝化过程很不稳定,反硝化进程可能为亚硝酸盐型反硝化.通过MPN法测得低盐度下各渗滤系统AOB有小幅度减少,但NOB却急剧减少;高盐度下各渗滤系统的AOB、NOB均明显减少.     

生态水处理在自然环境区域的应用

随着可利用水资源的日渐紧张,污水排放处理污染地表和地下水源成为焦点倍受关注。尤其在自然风景区,郊外新农村或高档别墅、度假酒店如何在污水处理系统中采用生态环保的方式成为当前需要研究的课题。本文介绍了关于土壤法的几种类型,结合某风景区别墅小区对污水采用毛管渗滤法处理优势作了介绍,最后对毛管渗滤法的投资成本进行了比较。     

生物基质强化地下渗滤系统脱氮效果的研究

针对地下渗滤系统(SWIS)处理污水时对总氮去除效果欠佳的问题,建立了土壤-煤渣分层装填(系统1)及土壤-煤渣-生物基质分层装填(系统2)的两套SWIS,在对比两系统对污水处理效果的基础上,分析了添加生物基质强化系统脱氮的机理。结果表明,系统1对COD、总磷和氨氮的去除率均大于85%,对总氮的去除率为74.70%,在相同试验条件下,系统2对总氮的平均去除率可达到84.58%,同时对COD、总磷和氨氮的去除率均大于90%,出水水质可达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)中的一级A标准。添加生物基质能有效改善系统的氧化还原环境,从而显著提高系统脱氮效果。     

氨氮污水在河流渗滤系统中的环境效应研究

河流渗滤系统作为天然的过滤器及生物地球化学反应器,可以除去河水中多种污染物。本文采用自行设计的室内土柱实验装置来模拟渭河渗滤系统,模拟研究了含有氨氮污染的河水在渗滤系统中的环境行为及净化机制,其环境行为包括阳离子交替吸附作用、硝化作用和反硝化作用。得出河流渗滤系统对氨氮污水有一定的净化作用,其净化率为86%。     

陕南农村生活污水处理实例

陕西省安康市平利县2016年建设了5座村级污水处理站,结合农村的现实情况,设计采用改进的厌氧生物池结合人工湿地技术。厌氧生物池由三格式化粪池改进而来,更适用于农村生活污水前端处理。人工湿地技术采用快速渗滤湿地结合两级垂直潜流人工湿地工艺。污水处理站建成后,出水水质稳定达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)的一级B标准,运行成本为0. 52～0. 73元/m~3。     

人工快渗工艺设计的若干问题探讨

人工快渗工艺在三峡库区小城镇污水处理厂的应用十分广泛,在广泛调查的基础上,对人工快渗工艺中的调节池设计、砂滤池反冲洗排水处理、人工快渗池设计、曝气方式改良、污水消毒和污泥处理等关键技术问题进行了总结和探讨,对比分析了各种具体设计形式的利弊,并提出了一些合理化设计的建议。     

新型混合填料人工快渗系统处理污染河水的试验研究

为了提高人工快速渗滤系统的处理效果和水力负荷，设计了天然河砂分别与火山岩和沸石组合的新型混合填料地下式人工快渗系统，并以受污染河水为处理对象，进行了为期3个月的现场试验。结果表明，新型混合填料渗滤系统对受污染河水的净化效果较好，系统的水力负荷也较单独以河砂为填料的渗滤池有大幅提高。其中以火山岩与河砂混合填料滤池的综合处理效果最佳，其出水的NH3-N和COD平均浓度可达到地表水环境质量标准的Ⅲ类标准，平均水力负荷为4．1m／d，是传统土地处理系统水力负荷的10倍。     

Fate of trace organics during rapid infiltration of primary wastewater at Fort Devens, Massachusetts

Transport and fate of trace organics were studied during rapid infiltration of primary wastewater at a land application facility in Fort Devens, Massachusetts. A preliminary sampling trip was made to compare trace organic concentrations in the infiltrating wastewater and in ground water samples from three monitoring wells around the site. Trace organic concentrations were reduced by the rapid infiltration process. However, significant concentrations of specific compounds could be detected in ground water down-gradient of the site.Therefore, a field study was undertaken to determine the primary region where trace organics were removed in the system. Teflon monitoring wells were installed at a depth of 1.2 m in one of the basins at the site prior to flooding. Flooding was initiated and samples of the raw wastewater, the wastewater entering the basin, the infiltrate at 1.2-m depth and the ground water down-gradient of the site were analyzed for six compounds selected for the study.Results from replicate samples during the 6-day flooding period demonstrated that most of the removal for the six compounds occurred in the top meter of the soil, although concentrations of each compound increased substantially in the basin infiltrate from two of the sample points after the fourth day of flooding. No removal of p-dichlorobenzene, p-(I,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol and 2-(methylthio)benzothiazole was apparent in the aquifer itself, as indicated by relatively high concentrations of these compounds in the contaminated monitoring well down-gradient of the site.These data indicate that trace organic concentrations in primary effluent can be reduced by rapid infiltration and that most of the removal occurs in the top meter of the soil during the early phase of the flooding cycle. This removal capability can rapidly diminish, however, and result in ground water contamination by trace organics above background levels.     

Techno-economic evaluation of soil-aquifer treatment using primary effluent at Ahmedabad, India

A pilot study was carried out in Sabarmati River bed at Ahmedabad, India for renovation of primary treated municipal wastewater through soil aquifer treatment (SAT) system. The infrastructure for the pilot SAT system comprised of two primary settling basins, two infiltration basins and two production wells located in the centre of infiltration basins for pumping out renovated wastewater. The performance data indicated that SAT has a very good potential for removal of organic pollutants, nutrients as well as bacteria and viruses. The SAT system was found to be more efficient and economical than the conventional wastewater treatment systems and hence recommended for adoption. A salient feature of the study is the introduction of biomat concept and its contribution in the overall treatment process.     

厌氧系统的快速启动研究

厌氧系统的快速启动是厌氧工艺运转的前提和关键.试验摒弃了单纯依靠增加有机负荷来驯化系统适应新水质的传统方法,而是通过将接种污泥所属厌氧系统出水和油漆厂待处理废水的混合水作为进水,这一方法同时具有补充菌种和帮助微生物尽快适应进水水质的优点.结果表明:厌氧系统仅需16 d就实现了快速启动,当进水COD值在6 500 mg/L左右时,出水COD值能降到2 200 mg/L左右,去除率稳定在65%左右,系统运行性能稳定.     

A bacterial bioassay for assessment of wastewater toxicity

A bioassay using freeze-dried Nitrobacter as the test organism has been shown to successfully detect various toxicants in municipal and industrial wastewaters. The test is simple, sensitive, rapid and inexpensive; as a result, this test shows potential as a quantitative measurement technique for wastewater toxicity.The bioassay technique was applied in the analysis of a wastewater treatment system at a fiberboard plant near Portland, Oregon. The fiberboard is manufactured from a slurry of chipped wood, shavings and sawdust.Wastewater from the process is treated at an on-site facility consisting of settling ponds, activated sludge basin, clarifier and holding ponds. Treated water is recycled to the mill for reuse. Recently the removal of BOD by the activated sludge system dropped significantly and soluble and particulate organics began to accumulate. The influent and effluent flows for the treatment facility were tested with the Nitrobacter bioassay and both were determined to have significant toxicity. Further tests at points in the process showed that the toxicity was not associated with a single waste stream and was prevalent throughout the entire wastewater treatment system. In an effort to identify the toxicant, toxicity tests were conducted for known chemicals used in the process. The wastewater was treated with various physical and chemical unit processes to determine the most effective method for toxicity removal.Due to the complexity of the wastewater composition, no specific agents have been identified as solely responsible for the observed toxic response, however, several possible explanations for the apparent toxicity are discussed.     

地下渗滤污水处理系统的工艺类型

介绍了现有的地下渗滤系统工艺类型及其应用现状，并对国内工程实例进行了总结。指出地下渗滤系统是一种比较适合我国国情的污水生态处理技术。     

Quantification of groundwater infiltration and surface water inflows in urban sewer networks based on a multiple model approach

The management of sewer systems requires information about discharge and variability of typical wastewater sources in urban catchments. Especially the infiltration of groundwater and the inflow of surface water (I/I) are important for making decisions about the rehabilitation and operation of sewer networks. This paper presents a methodology to identify I/I and estimate its quantity. For each flow fraction in sewer networks, an individual model approach is formulated whose parameters are optimised by the method of least squares. This method was applied to estimate the contributions to the wastewater flow in the sewer system of the City of Dresden (Germany), where data availability is good. Absolute flows of I/I and their temporal variations are estimated. Further information on the characteristics of infiltration is gained by clustering and grouping sewer pipes according to the attributes construction year and groundwater influence and relating these resulting classes to infiltration behaviour. Further, it is shown that condition classes based on CCTV-data can be used to estimate the infiltration potential of sewer pipes.     

化学沉淀/人工快渗工艺处理酸洗磷化废水

采用化学沉淀预处理/人工快渗工艺深度处理酸洗磷化废水。运行结果表明:当进水磷酸盐为80～90 mg/L时,出水磷酸盐浓度<0.12 mg/L,去除率达到99.8%以上。出水水质能稳定达到《污水综合排放标准(》GB 8978—1996)的新扩改二级标准。该新工艺具有处理效果好、运行费用低、出水水质稳定等优点,为酸洗磷化废水的工程设计提供了一种新思路。