悬浮填料活性污泥法的脱氮效果及影响因素

投加悬浮填料强化传统活性污泥法的脱氮能力，考察了低温、填料投配比和生物膜量等因素对脱氮效果的影响。中试结果表明，投加悬浮填料和采用前置反硝化的运行方式可使系统的氨氮和总氮去除率得到显著提高。     

DO和填料对多级A/O工艺同步硝化反硝化的影响

为了解决低碳源污水脱氮效果不佳的问题,挖掘多级A/O工艺强化脱氮的潜力,在小试装置中开展了多级A/O工艺同步硝化反硝化的研究.结果表明,随着DO浓度的升高,同步硝化反硝化率呈现下降的趋势,低DO浓度(0.5 mg/L)下的同步硝化反硝化率高达37.4％.在系统中投加填料之后,系统的同步硝化反硝化脱氮能力得到提升.但是随着DO浓度的升高,填料对同步硝化反硝化的影响逐渐减弱.通过试验,提出了多级A/O工艺在较低溶解氧浓度下的梯级曝气运行控制模式,并确定了最佳运行工况,即各好氧区的最佳DO分别为0.5、1.0、1.5 mg/L,在低曝气能耗下实现了对氨氮的去除与较大程度的同步硝化反硝化.     

MBBR+磁混凝+反硝化滤池工艺用于全地下污水厂

针对全地下污水处理厂建成后出水标准可能需要进一步提高的技术难题,汕尾市东部水质净化厂采用“MBBR+磁混凝沉淀池+反硝化深床滤池”处理工艺,使出水COD、BOD5、氨氮、总磷指标稳定达到《地表水环境质量标准》（GB 3838—2002）的Ⅳ类标准,总氮、SS指标满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB 18918—2002）一级A标准,且通过调整MBBR填料填充比、反硝化深床滤池运行工况,可使出水水质进一步提升。根据进水水质、水量波动的情况,采用精确曝气、智能加药及智慧化管控平台等技术精细化运行,使电耗降低约7.8%、药耗降低约9%,节约了运营成本。     

悬浮填料床的启动与挂膜机理研究

采用悬浮填料床进一步处理化学生物絮凝工艺的出水,研究了其启动特性及挂膜机理。结果表明,装置运行10 d以后,对NH3-N的去除率80%,出水NH3-N5.0 mg/L,达到了《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)的一级A标准,此时悬浮填料床的硝化性能保持稳定,可认为启动过程已完成。生物膜生长在悬浮填料的球体翼板上,这有利于生物膜的附着和老化脱落。电镜观察和PCR-DGGE的检测结果则表明,悬浮填料表面上生长的微生物种类较为丰富,且整个微生物系统保持相对稳定,有利于系统硝化性能的稳定发挥。     

悬浮填料强化硝化及其最佳填充率研究

以SPR-1悬浮填料为研究对象,通过低温下的硝化速率试验,考察了不同填充率下悬浮填料的强化硝化效果,并对悬浮填料的最佳填充率进行了分析。结果表明,与不投加悬浮填料相比,当填料填充率为16%和40%时,硝化速率可分别提高28%和71%,硝化效率可分别提高22%和53%;另外,通过对试验数据拟合得到的不同填充率下的硝化速率和强化硝化效率方程,可为污水厂的新建和升级改造工程中悬浮填料的合理经济投加提供理论指导。     

复合式A/O工艺处理城市污水硝化性能研究

采用复合式A/O工艺处理城市污水,重点考察了该工艺的硝化性能。试验结果表明,投加悬浮填料能够显著提高活性污泥系统的硝化效果;复合式A/O工艺的硝化效果明显优于投料普通活性污泥法,出水氨氮质量浓度均低于0.5mg/L,完全达到一级A排放标准(GB18918-2002)。     

悬浮填料生物系统处理炼油废水试验

为了提高A／O工艺的脱氮效果，采用悬浮填料生物系统来处理炼油废水。试验结果表明，当装填30％反应器容积的悬浮填料、进水NH3-N和COD分别为54～75mg／L和420～570mg／L、水力停留时间为24h时，对NH3-N和COD的去除率分别达96％和88％以上，出水水质达到了排放标准。此外，在悬浮填料曝气池中还发生了同步硝化反硝化现象。     

悬浮填料强化硝化功能及温度影响试验研究

投加悬浮填料的MBBR工艺近年来在国内开始得到工程应用,但其生产性运行的实际效能及影响因素尚未得到系统研究。以实际运行的污水处理厂MBBR系统为测试对象,分别对活性污泥系统和悬浮填料+活性污泥复合系统的硝化能力及温度影响进行了试验研究,测定了不同温度下的硝化速率,并进行温度系数的比较研究,以判断温度变化对悬浮填料强化复合系统硝化效果的影响。测试结果表明:在填充率为45%的悬浮填料+活性污泥复合处理系统中,当温度分别为11、14、17、20、23、26、29和32℃时,硝化速率分别提高了156%、122%、105%、84%、64%、53%、27%和14%,硝化处理效果分别提高了123%、93%、78%、60%、42%、33%、11%和6.5%。温度变化对硝化过程有较大影响,但悬浮填料的投加可增强低温条件下复合系统的硝化能力,缓解温度变化对硝化功能的不利影响。     

投加悬浮填料改善活性污泥法硝化性能的试验研究

介绍了向暴气池中投加悬浮填料以改善暴气池硝化性能的试验研究。研究结果表明,投加悬浮填料可以降低曝气池的污泥负荷,改善活性污泥去的硝化性能。试验用悬浮填料适宜于微生物生长,生物膜活性强,填料比表面积大,生物膜量高达1g／个,易于流化,投加和更换方便,是一种极优的生物填料。在污泥负荷为0．021kgNH3-N/kgMLSS．d,NH3-N出水可达到国家排放标准。     

短程硝化反硝化快速启动及稳定运行研究

为了考察短程硝化反硝化的影响因素,对短程硝化反硝化快速启动和稳定运行的影响因素,采用实时控制手段研究.结果表明:通过DO和pH联合实时控制,低DO条件下可以实现短程硝化反硝化快速启动.启动成功的短程硝化污泥,过度曝气对NO2-N积累影响较大.合理控制曝气时间,应用实时控制策略,控制NH4+-N刚刚氧化完成时停止曝气,可保证NH4+-N完全氧化,防止NO2-N进一步氧化.实时控制可实现短程硝化,而且可以维持短程硝化稳定运行.     

应用DO、pH和ORP在线控制A/O硝化过程

开展了应用DO、pH和ORP传感器在线控制A/O工艺硝化过程的试验研究,结果表明,好氧区第1格室的DO浓度可以指示进水氨氮浓度高低;好氧区首、末端pH差值与进水氨氮浓度具有较好的相关性;好氧区pH曲线可以指示系统硝化进行的程度及曝气量和碱度是否充足;好氧区末端ORP值与出水氨氮、硝酸氮浓度具有很好的相关性;好氧区最后格室的DO浓度和ORP值呈对数相关性。基于上述在线信息建立的A/O工艺硝化过程控制策略,不但能提高出水水质,而且降低了运行能耗。     

Treatment of landfill leachate using an aerated, horizontal subsurface-flow constructed wetland

A pilot-scale subsurface-flow constructed wetland was installed at the Jones County Municipal Landfill, near Anamosa, Iowa, in August 1999 to demonstrate the use of constructed wetlands as a viable low-cost treatment option for leachate generated at small landfills. The system was equipped with a patented wetland aeration process to aid in removal of organic matter and ammonia nitrogen. The high iron content of the leachate caused the aeration system to cease 2 years into operation. Upon the installation of a pretreatment chamber for iron removal and a new aeration system, treatment efficiencies dramatically improved. Seasonal performance with and without aeration is reported for 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD(5)), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH(4)-N), and nitrate nitrogen (NO(3)-N). Since winter air temperatures in Iowa can be very cold, a layer of mulch insulation was installed on top of the wetland bed to keep the system from freezing. When the insulation layer was properly maintained (either through sufficient litterfall or replenishing the mulch layer), the wetland sustained air temperatures of as low as -26 degrees C without freezing problems.     

全程硝化与短程硝化的特性对比研究

为了深入了解全程硝化和短程硝化的异同,采用SBR反应器研究了全程硝化和短程硝化的脱氮除磷特点。结果表明,在曝气量一定的情况下,短程硝化的DO上升速率大于全程硝化的,而全程硝化的氨氮降解速率大于短程硝化的。全程硝化过程中亚硝态氮的浓度始终较低,而短程硝化的亚硝态氮浓度则逐渐升高且增加速率保持稳定。全程硝化和短程硝化的硝态氮浓度都是从某一时间之后以恒定的速率增长。全程硝化过程中,亚硝态氮的积累率先短期升高之后逐步下降;在短程硝化中,亚硝态氮积累率逐渐上升,在好氧吸磷结束后亚硝态氮积累率保持稳定。     

无外加碳源SBBR脱氮工艺及其控制方法研究

为提高脱氮效果并实现利用内碳源进行反硝化,开展了SBBR（以好氧-缺氧方式运行）处理生活污水的脱氮研究.在好氧阶段,SBBR中的生物膜能创造缺氧微环境并吸收、储存碳,实现了同步硝化反硝化,降低了硝态氮的浓度;在缺氧阶段,可利用内碳源实现剩余硝态氮的反硝化.溶解氧浓度的大小对好氧时间、好氧剩余硝态氮浓度和缺氧反应时间有较大影响,因而可以利用在线检测的DO作为曝气量控制参数.DO、pH和ORP值的变化具有规律性,反映了生物脱氮过程中耗氧和供氧、产酸和产碱、氧化和还原过程的变化.为准确判断好氧和缺氧反应过程的终点,并减少控制的滞后时间,建议以pH值的＂氨谷＂和ORP的＂硝酸盐膝＂作为主控制特征点分别指示硝化和反硝化的终点,而以ORP的＂氨肘＂和pH值的＂硝酸盐峰＂作为参考或辅助控制特征点.     

新型生物反应器处理微污染原水的硝化效果

为探寻适宜的微污染原水处理工艺,将蜂窝陶瓷载体置于内循环管中而构成气升式内循环蜂窝陶瓷反应器(IAL-CHS)。采用该工艺处理上海漕河泾水,考察了HRT、水温、pH值、溶解氧对去除氨氮的影响。在反应器挂膜启动后,连续运行的去除效果比间歇运行的好。HRT是影响硝化效果的重要因素,通过连续运行试验确定了最佳的HRT为1.03 h,此时对氨氮的去除率稳定在84.8%～99.2%。对氨氮的去除率与水温近似呈直线关系,温度越高则去除效果越好;河水的pH值对硝化反应影响不大;DO达到3.16 mg/L就能获得较好的处理效果,此时的曝气量为0.15 m3/h。此外,该反应器还具有抗冲击负荷能力强、不易堵塞等优点。     

SBR中海水对短程硝化的影响

采用SBR工艺研究了海水进入城市污水处理系统后，对氨氮去除率和短程硝化的影响．试验结果表明，在较高游离氨情况下，生活污水中海水比例为0％时，并未出现短程硝化；生活污水中海水比例为30％时可以实现短程硝化，而且氨氮的去除率并未明显降低．应用该法处理海水冲厕污水是可行的．     

Nitrification with high nitrite accumulation for the treatment of wastewater with high ammonia concentration

The objective of this paper was to determine the best conditions for partial nitrification with nitrite accumulation of simulated industrial wastewater with high ammonia concentration, lowering the total oxygen needed in the nitrification step, which may mean great saving in aeration. Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and pH were selected as operational parameters to study the possibility of nitrite accumulation not affecting overall ammonia removal. A 2.5L activated sludge reactor was operated in nitrification mode, feeding a synthetic wastewater simulating an industrial wastewater with high ammonia concentration. During the start-up a pH of 7.85 and a DO of 5.5mg/L were used. The reactor was operated until stable operation was achieved at final nitrogen loading rate (NLR) of 3.3kgN- NH(4)(+)/m(3)d with an influent ammonia concentration of 610mg N-NH(4)(+)/L.The influence of pH was studied in continuous operation in the range of 6.15-9.05, changing the reactor pH in steps until ammonia accumulation (complete nitrification inhibition) took place. The influence of DO was studied in the same mode, changing the DO in steps from 5.5 to 0.5mg/L.The pH was not a useful operational parameter in order to accumulate nitrite, because in the range of pH 6.45-8.95 complete nitrification to nitrate occurs. At pH lower than 6.45 and higher than 8.95 complete inhibition of nitrification takes place. Setting DO concentration in the reactor at 0.7mg/L, it was possible to accumulate more than 65% of the loaded ammonia nitrogen as nitrite with a 98% ammonia conversion. Below 0.5mg/L of DO ammonia was accumulated and over a DO of 1.7mg/L complete nitrification to nitrate was achieved.In conclusion, it is possible under the conditions of this study, to treat high ammonia synthetic wastewater achieving an accumulation of at least 65% of the loaded nitrogen as nitrite, operating at a DO around 0.7mg/L. This represents a reduction close to 20% in the oxygen necessary, and therefore a considerable saving in aeration.     

低DO下曝气方式对分段进水脱氮工艺的影响

采用分段进水生物脱氮工艺处理小区生活污水,考察了在低DO条件下,不同曝气方式对硝化率及污泥沉降性能的影响。结果表明,在曝气量为0．27m^3／h、MLSS平均为2700mg／L左右、好氧区的DO为0．26～2．5mg／L的条件下,当进水氨氮为44～55mg／L时,对氨氮的去除率保持在95％以上,对COD的去除率〉90％;当控制好氧区第1、2格室的DO分别为0．5～0．7和1．0～1．2mg／L时,系统的硝化率维持在90％以上,出水中的氨氮〈2mg／L;在恒定曝气量下,向进水中投加有机碳源,当水质改变较快时,容易引起丝状菌污泥膨胀,但通过恒DO曝气控制,可使污泥的沉降性能得到改善。     

Nitrogen removal in a single-chamber microbial fuel cell with nitrifying biofilm enriched at the air cathode

Nitrogen removal is needed in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for the treatment of most waste streams. Current designs couple biological denitrification with side-stream or combined nitrification sustained by upstream or direct aeration, which negates some of the energy-saving benefits of MFC technology. To achieve simultaneous nitrification and denitrification, without extra energy input for aeration, the air cathode of a single-chamber MFC was pre-enriched with a nitrifying biofilm. Diethylamine-functionalized polymer (DEA) was used as the Pt catalyst binder on the cathode to improve the differential nitrifying biofilm establishment. With pre-enriched nitrifying biofilm, MFCs with the DEA binder had an ammonia removal efficiency of up to 96.8% and a maximum power density of 900 ± 25 mW/m², compared to 90.7% and 945 ± 42 mW/m² with a Nafion binder. A control with Nafion that lacked nitrifier pre-enrichment removed less ammonia and had lower power production (54.5% initially, 750 mW/m²). The nitrifying biofilm MFCs had lower Coulombic efficiencies (up to 27%) than the control reactor (up to 36%). The maximum total nitrogen removal efficiency reached 93.9% for MFCs with the DEA binder. The DEA binder accelerated nitrifier biofilm enrichment on the cathode, and enhanced system stability. These results demonstrated that with proper cathode pre-enrichment it is possible to simultaneously remove organics and ammonia in a single-chamber MFC without supplemental aeration.