某报告厅利用自然冷源被动通风降温的理论计算与模拟分析

该文拟利用被动复合式下向通风降温技术在过渡季节对武汉某高校报告厅室内热环境进行研究,首先根据武汉市气候条件确定过渡季节该报告厅的室内外设计参数,然后通过理论计算确定报告厅采用该技术通风降温的可行性,最后利用计算流体力学（CFD）软件Airpak对过渡季节室内气流组织进行模拟和分析,验证该设计方案的通风效果。由于报告厅进深较大,为了保证其室内温度和风速分布均匀,该文分别对单向和双向两种送排风方案进行了比较研究,结果证明该系统能够替代常规空调解决武汉地区过渡季节利用自然冷源对报告厅的通风降温,不仅节约了能源,还改善了室内空气品质。     

关于民用建筑通风室内外计算参数的思考

分析了我国民用建筑通风现状,认为现有的通风室内外设计计算参数不尽合理.建议重新确定通风室内外设计计算参数,根据室内热舒适要求确定通风室内设计计算温度.从划分建筑环境工程节能季节入手,确定城市通风季节,进而确定通风时段,根据通风季节通风时段内的室外空气干球温度的最大值确定通风室外设计计算温度.     

天津地区住宅热舒适和建筑空调使用行为研究

通过对天津地区41户家庭室内空气干球温度、相对湿度等热环境参数6个月的长期测试,研究了住宅室内热环境和居民空调使用行为习惯。通过电子问卷调查了居民热感觉和热舒适。采用统计学分析方法得到天津地区住宅热中性温度为24.7℃,80%可接受温度区间为21.0～27.3℃。天津地区家庭人员耐热性要好于办公建筑人员。同时将室内热中性温度和室外空气干球温度联系起来,建立了天津地区住宅适应性热舒适模型。     

贵州省办公建筑夏季通风降温技术的适宜性分析

根据典型气象年数据统计得出贵州省夏季室外干球温度和相对湿度的分布规律,以室外干球温度低于31℃,相对湿度低于90%作为通风降温有效性的判定指标。利用Climate Consultant软件分析毕节、贵阳、遵义三个地区办公建筑应用通风降温措施的适宜性。分析结果表明:毕节、贵阳、遵义地区办公建筑采用通风代替空调,分别可以减少47.1%、69.8%、49.7%的空调使用率。贵州省办公建筑应用通风降温技术每年可节省冷量21~31.5k Wh/m2。因此,在贵州省办公建筑的应用通风降温措施是完全适宜的。     

兰州市冬季办公房间热舒适研究

本文对兰州市41间集中供热的办公房间的冬季室内空气干球温度、相对湿度、风速等热环境参数进行了现场测试,同时以问卷方式对ASHRAE的7级热舒适指标进行了调查.结果表明,81%的办公人员对室内19.5℃的平均温度表示接受.而后通过编程计算热舒适指标PMV-PPD,得出兰州冬季供暖条件下80%的人感到舒适的温度范围为17～24℃,最佳室内空气参数为干球温度21℃,相对湿度20%.     

严寒地区空气-地源热泵耦合系统性能研究

提出一种结合相变蓄热地板的空气-地源热泵系统,为严寒地区机场辅助用房提供室内环境保障,满足供热、供冷和供生活热水的需求,采用数值模拟的方法研究其供暖期性能。相变蓄热地板能够对室内温度起到较好的调节作用,当室外温度为-25~-5℃时,有相变蓄热地板的室内温度在16.9~19.3℃范围内波动,满足人体舒适度的要求,对比无相变蓄热地板的室内温度,有相变蓄热地板的室内温差减小44%左右。室外温度对空气源热泵制热性能系数影响较大,制热性能系数随着室外温度降低而降低。在室外温度为-15℃时,空气源热泵的制热性能系数在2.3以上。随着室外温度降低,地源热泵的制热性能系数增加,室外温度低于-25℃时,地源热泵制热性能系数能够保持在4.4以上。供回水温差对地源热泵的制热性能系数影响较大,对空气源热泵的制热性能系数影响较小。当空气源热泵和地源热泵的启停切换温度为室外日平均温度-15℃时,整个供暖期热泵系统的平均制热性能系数最高达到4.2,最低为2.4,平均值为3.28。在保证土壤热平衡的前提下,通过调整空气源热泵和地源热泵的运行时间,优化了系统经济性和节能性。     

辽宁地区过渡季居住建筑室内甲醛实测分析

随着国民经济的增长、室内装修的快速发展,其带来的负面影响也不得不被人们所重视。通风是目前解决室内空气污染的首要选择,但是辽宁地区的居民在过渡季时开窗受到室外PM2.5污染影响。为了探究辽宁地区自然通风的过渡季室内甲醛污染现状,采用酚试剂分光光度法对该地区机械通风与自然通风共29户住户进行密闭与通风两种工况的实地入户测试。过渡季密闭工况下的平均甲醛浓度为0.090 mg/m~3,通风工况下甲醛浓度为0.044mg/m~3。过渡季节,在室外条件适宜的情况下,居民应多开窗户达到去除室内甲醛的效果。     

相变墙体与夜间通风改善轻质建筑室内热环境

将自制复合有机相变材料,与EPS保温材料相粘和,制作成轻质建筑用墙体材料,结合夜间通风技术,在重庆地区进行了含相变材料层和不含相变材料层轻质房间的室内热环境对比实验,以分析相变材料用量、相变温度及相变墙体结构等因素对相变墙体的蓄热、放热性能及对室内热环境的影响。实验结果表明：相变材料应用于轻质房间,能显著增强围护结构的热惰性,提高室内的热舒适性,采取夜间通风技术,可以有效地将日间蓄积的热量散至室外;含相变墙体材料房间与普通房间相比较,室内温度最高降低11℃左右,节能效果显著;室内平均温度符合《野营住房空间与环境参数限值》(GJB 4306 2002)中6.2条规定的3级要求;相变材料用量及相变温度对室内温度的控制效果较为明显,采用不同的相变温度,并将相变墙体房间相变材料用量提高1倍,两轻质房间室内温差最大值从3℃增大至11℃左右;进行相变墙体结构设计时,采取不同相变温度的材料搭配使用可以大幅提高其使用效果。     

气候变化背景下室外计算干球温度统计时长的选取

阐述了气候变化背景下用于确定室外计算干球温度的气象数据统计时长的方法。基于确定统计时长的两个基本原则,根据标准差方法和最优气候均态模型,分别确定室外计算干球温度最小统计时长和气象要素最优平均数,通过两者的对比选取室外计算干球温度统计时长。以天津为例进行分析,结果表明,天津地区基于ASHRAE方法的累积发生频率为0.4%,1.0%和2.0%干球温度的统计时长应取15年,累积发生频率为99.0%和99.6%干球温度的统计时长应取10年;基于中国方法的供暖室外计算温度、冬季空调室外计算温度和夏季空调室外计算干球温度的统计时长分别应取13,10和15年。     

如何确定发电机房通风降温时的室外计算温度

按一般设计理念,关于室外计算温度的确定原则,如进行空调设计时,采用空气调节室外计算干球温度;如进行通风设计时,采用通风室外计算温度;如进行采暖设计时,采用采暖室外计算温度.不同目的设计形式,采用不同的室外计算参数.但是,对于常年全负荷运行的发电设备而言,如果机房内是采用通风换气降温时,不能错误的采用夏季室外通风计算温度...     

浅析高速公路工程招投标中的最低评标价法

结合目前高速公路施工项目招投标活动的实际情况,阐述了最低评标价法的概念,归纳了其优点及存在问题,对完善最低评标价法提出几点策略,以期促进招标投标市场更加规范有序。     

Place-Making in Megaprojects in Melbourne

This article analyses state-led place-making practices in Melbourne. The two levels of government that influence planning in Melbourne make much of the city as ‘culturally vibrant’ and ‘creative’, and have incorporated creative city-inspired place-making principles into many layers of the planning system. An examination of the development of two mixed-use megaprojects in central Melbourne reveals however that ideals of culturally engaging public places, and indeed of creative landscapes for middle-class consumption, wither in the face of more basic imperatives for economic development. In these case studies the ‘creative city’, no matter how the idea is interpreted, has little traction either as a set of inclusive place-making principles or as a gentrification strategy. The article concludes that the creative city-inspired place-making objectives in the planning system at both state and local levels are ambiguous in their overall intents and completely unsupported by statutory controls. Such place-making objectives as are realised are the compromised results of the interplay of uncoordinated decisions, delivered at the pleasure of the developer.     

Pathogens in septage in Vietnam

Septage is widely acknowledged as a major source of infectious pathogens while disposal of septage, and the operation and maintenance of septic tanks, is not regulated in many developing countries. Twenty untreated septage and septage sludge samples were taken from Can Tho City, Vietnam to examine their pathogen content, and indicator micro-organisms. Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. were detected in all samples, regardless of sludge storage time. Phages were detected in 80% of samples. Salmonella spp. were detected in 70% of the untreated septage and 60% of septage sludge samples. Concentrations of phages and bacteria tested in septage sludge after many years of tank storage were much higher than the expected levels. Helminth ova were present in 95% of untreated septage samples with an average of 450 ova l^− 1, and were detected in all septage sludge samples with an average of 16,000 ova l^− 1. Twelve varieties of helminth ova were identified. More helminth ova varieties in higher concentrations were found in septage than those reported from stool samples. The varieties' frequency ranged from 10% to 50% and Ascaris lumbricoides predominated. Results show that pathogens and indicator micro-organisms, especially helminth ova, accumulate in sludge. Thus helminth ova should be considered when septage sludge is treated and used for agriculture. Proper health protection measures must be applied for people handling septage.     

新时期广东城市化的新特点

新时期广东城市化出现以下特点:知识源导向、城市由单体向群体化发展、产业集群推动、政府主导自上而下的集约化发展、城镇化向城市化转变、由重“数量”发展向重“质量”发展的转变。     

浅谈建筑施工临时用电安全

针对由于建筑施工临时用电安全管理的不完善和不规范操作而导致大量工伤事故频频发生的问题,为消除用电安全隐患,对建筑施工临时用电安全管理进行了归纳和分析,并提出了整改意见,以确保现场人员及电气设备的安全运行。     

谈城市历史保护规划的误区

由于缺乏起码的历史文化知识,忽视历史文化遗产的保护,错误的决策导致了建设性的破坏,要加强城市保护的教育,培养合格人才。     

浅谈我国工程项目建设成本控制存在的问题

结合目前我国施工企业工程项目成本管理现状,对工程项目成本管理过程中存在的问题进行了较详细的分析,并提出了一些解决问题的办法,以做好项目成本控制工作,进而增强企业经济实力。     

Perchlorate exposure in lactating women in an urban community in New Jersey

Perchlorate is most widely known as a solid oxidant for missile and rocket propulsion systems although it is also present as a trace contaminant in some fertilizers. It has been detected in drinking water, fruits, and vegetables throughout New Jersey and most of the United States. At sufficiently high doses, perchlorate interferes with the uptake of iodine into the thyroid and may interfere with the development of the skeletal system and the central nervous system of infants. Therefore, it is important to quantify perchlorate in breast milk to understand potential perchlorate exposure in infants. In this study we measured perchlorate in breast milk, urine, and drinking water collected from 106 lactating mothers from Central New Jersey. Each subject was asked to provide three sets of samples over a 3-month period. The average ± SD perchlorate level in drinking water, breast milk, and urine was 0.168 ± 0.132 ng/mL (n = 253), 6.80 ± 8.76 ng/mL (n = 276), and 3.19 ± 3.64 ng/mL (3.51 ± 6.79 μg/g creatinine) (n = 273), respectively. Urinary perchlorate levels were lower than reference range values for women of reproductive age (5.16 ± 11.33 μg/g creatinine, p = 0.03), likely because of perchlorate secretion in breast milk. Drinking water perchlorate levels were ≤ 1.05 ng/mL and were not positively correlated with either breast milk or urine perchlorate levels. These findings together suggest that drinking water was not the most important perchlorate exposure source for these women. Creatinine-adjusted urine perchlorate levels were strongly correlated with breast milk perchlorate levels (r = 0.626, p = < 0.0005). Breast milk perchlorate levels in this study are consistent with widespread perchlorate exposure in lactating women and thus infants. This suggests that breast milk may be a source of exposure to perchlorate in infants.     

瓷砖放射性研究

通过对瓷砖放射性抽样检测,得到了瓷砖放射性质量状况,与过去检测数据相比较,初步研究发现放射性有增大的趋势。