气候变化对办公建筑极端负荷的影响

利用TRNSYS能耗模拟软件模拟了1961—2009年天津市典型办公建筑的供暖和供冷负荷,结合同期气象资料,着重分析了建筑极端负荷与气候变化的关系。结果表明,1961—2009年办公建筑供暖极端负荷日数极显著下降,而供冷极端负荷日数无显著变化;供暖期和空调期过渡月份的极端负荷日数出现较少,供暖期极端负荷占总负荷的比例呈减小趋势,在空调期的变化不大;供暖极端负荷日数主要受气温的影响,而供冷极端负荷日数除受气温影响外,还与相对湿度的变化有关。     

基于量纲分析的既有建筑供暖空调能耗模型

分析了既有建筑供暖空调能耗的主要影响因素,利用量纲分析理论建立了能反映供暖空调能耗与其相关影响因素之间关系的能耗模型,得出了能耗的数学解析式.以一实际建筑为例,根据模型计算得到的2007年的供暖空调能耗与实际能耗的偏差在4%以内.     

严寒地区室内多层贯通空间热湿环境实测研究

通过对严寒地区贯通空间温湿度在水平方向及垂直方向上的连续实测，分析了供暖前后，太阳辐射、建筑开口、供暖等因素对贯通空间热湿环境的影响有很大差异。结果表明供暖前贯通空间受到太阳辐射、建筑开口的影响较大，温湿度波动明显；供暖期间受供暖因素影响，温差波动不稳定但幅度小。水平方向上非供暖期最大温差为2℃，供暖期最大温差为8℃；垂直方向上非供暖期的最大温差为3℃，供暖期最大温差为7℃。     

住宅供暖与空气调节(四)

随着经济的发展和生活水平的提高,人们对居住条件的要求愈来愈趋向舒适和优雅。住宅的采暖与空调作为保障居住质量不可缺少的因素之一,正处在迅速发展的阶段。本刊为满足广大暖通空调设计人员、房地产开发商、业主及物业管理人员的要求,特开辟《技术讲座》专栏,诚挚邀请业内人士和专家撰写文章或教材,供设计住宅供暖与空调、设备选型、安装施工和运行管理时参考。自2002年4月刊开始,本栏目陆续连载《住宅供暖与空气调节》。此文集住宅供暖和空调理论、设计、工程之大成,分五篇15章,全面、系统地讲述了住宅供暖技术和住宅空调技术。文中既有理论知识、设计标准,也有实际计算方法,同时还列举了大量工程实例,是暖通行业不可多得的好教材。该文章分六期载完,望广大读者按时阅览和品味。     

住宅供暖与空气调节(二)

随着经济的发展和生活水平的提高,人们对居住条件的要求愈来愈趋向舒适和优雅。住宅的采暧与空调做为保障居住质量不可缺少的因素之一,正处在迅速发展的阶段。本刊为满足广大暖通空调设计人员、房地产开发商、业主及物业管理人员的要求,特开辟《技术讲座》专栏,邀请业界人士和专家撰写文章和教材,供设计住宅供暖与空调、设备选型、安装施工和运行管理时参考。自2002年4月刊开始,本栏目陆续连载《住宅供暖与空气调节》。此文集住宅供暖和空调理论、设计、工程之大成,分五篇15章,全面、系统地讲述了住宅供暖技术和住宅空调技术。文中既有理论知识、设计标准,也有实际计算方法,同时还列举了大量工程实例,是暖通行业不可多得的好教材。该文章分六期载完,望广大读者按时阅览和品味。     

住宅供暖与空气调节(三)

随着经济的发展和生活水平的提高,人们对居住条件的要求愈来愈趋向舒适和优雅。住宅的采暖与空调作为保障居住质量不可缺少的因素之一,正处在迅速发展的阶段。本刊为满足广大暖通空调设计人员、房地产开发商、业主及物业管理人员的要求,特开辟《技术讲座》专栏,诚挚邀请业内人士和专家撰写文章或教材,供设计住宅供暖与空调、设备选型、安装施工和运行管理时参考。自2002年4月刊开始,本栏目陆续连载《住宅供暖与空气调节》。此文集住宅供暖和空调理论、设计、工程之大成,分五篇15章,全面、系统地讲述了住宅供暖技术和住宅空调技术。文中既有理论知识、设计标准,也有实际计算方法,同时还列举了大量工程实例,是暖通行业不可多得的好教材。该文章分六期载完,望广大读者按时阅览和品味。     

住宅供暖与空气调节(五)

随着经济的发展和生活水平的提高,人们对居住条件的要求愈来愈趋向舒适和优雅。住宅的采暖与空调作为保障居住质量不可缺少的因素之一,正处在迅速发展的阶段。本刊为满足广大暖通空调设计人员、房地产开发商、业主及物业管理人员的要求,特开辟《技术讲座》专栏,诚挚邀请业内人士和专家撰写文章或教材,供设计住宅供暖与空调、设备选型、安装施工和运行管理时参考。自2002年4月刊开始,本栏目陆续连载《住宅供暖与空气调节》。此文集住宅供暖和空调理论、设计、工程之大成,分五篇15章,全面、系统地讲述了住宅供暖技术和住宅空调技术。文中既有理论知识、设计标准,也有实际计算方法,同时还列举了大量工程实例,是暖通行业不可多得的好教材。该文章分六期载完,望广大读者按时阅览和品味。     

住宅供暖与空气调节(五)

随着经济的发展和生活水平的提高,人们对居住条件的要求愈来愈趋向舒适和优雅。住宅的采暖与空调作为保障居住质量不可缺少的因素之一,正处在迅速发展的阶段。本刊为满足广大暖通空调设计人员、房地产开发商、业主及物业管理人员的要求,特开辟《技术讲座》专栏,诚挚邀请业内人士和专家撰写文章或教材,供设计住宅供暖与空调、设备选型、安装施工和运行管理时参考。自2002年4月刊开始,本栏目陆续连载《住宅供暖与空气调节》。此文集住宅供暖和空调理论、设计、工程之大成,分五篇15章,全面、系统地讲述了住宅供暖技术和住宅空调技术。文中既有理论知识、设计标准,也有实际计算方法,同时还列举了大量工程实例,是暖通行业不可多得的好教材。该文章分六期载完,望广大读者按时阅览和品味。     

塔里木油田生活基地游泳馆暖通空调设计

介绍了塔里木油田生活基地游泳馆空调系统的设计要点.冬季供暖采用地板辐射供暖、散热器供暖和空调供暖相结合的方式,空调供暖采用热回收装置.利用纤维织物空气分布系统对外窗结露进行控制,达到了较好的运行效果.     

DOE-2在住宅建筑能耗分析中存在的问题探讨

为了定性检验DOE-2软件对居住建筑能耗分析及节能评价的合理性，利用DOE-2软件模拟计算了两种体形系数差别较大的模型建筑在广州、重庆、杭州等8个城市围护结构改进前后单位建筑面积的全年空调和供暖能耗量。研究了围护结构性能改进、体形系数变化及换气次数增加等因素对建筑全年空调、供暖能耗相对变化率的影响规律。     

对热舒适、空气感觉质量及能耗的模拟研究

室内空调设计温度和新风量对热舒适，室内空气质量及能耗量有重要影响，然而对它们之间相互关系进行研究的文献却较少。通过计算机模拟空调系统在7种室内设计温度和7种新风量条件下的运行情况，得到不同的设计条件组合对热舒适、人体感觉空气质量及建筑能耗量的影响。基于这项分析，提出了此办公建筑合理的室内设计温度和新风量取值。     

Energy, comfort and indoor air quality in nursery and elementary school buildings in the cold climatic zone of Greece

Schools are the most suitable type of building for the application of energy efficiency and good indoor air quality measures. This is justified by the fact that such measures can promote sustainability to the future citizens, and even more, ensure a comfortable and healthy environment for educational purposes. Unfortunately, in practice school buildings face the same, or even more intense, energy performance and indoor air quality problems as any other building. The purpose of this study is to investigate the energy efficiency, thermal environment and indoor air quality in public nursery and elementary school buildings in the city of Kozani, located at the cold climatic zone of Greece. The survey, conducted both by in-field measurements and by questionnaires, reveals the main parameters affecting the overall performance of the investigated buildings. The problematic building envelope, the improper control of heating and lighting systems, the absence of proper legislative measures and, above all, the lack of interest concerning the efficiency of such buildings are the main factors in the reported efficiency.     

轻钢结构住宅体系节能系统的研究

基于冷弯薄壁轻型钢结构住宅构造特征研发了一种具有呼吸功能的节能环保双层空气循环系统,运用Fluent、Airpak软件三维数值模拟探讨该系统对室内热环境的影响机理。考察空气循环系统各个组件在运行过程中速度场、温度场、PPD-PMV分布等各项指标特性及影响因素,据此对室内气流组织及空气品质进行评价。研究表明,空气缓冲层能为内、外空气层提供良好空气源;外空气层利用烟囱效应能动态地隔绝室内外热量;整个双层空气循环系统能够在较低能耗的前提下,改善室内热环境,为室内居住者24 h提供新鲜空气,达到节能环保的目的。     

Energy analysis of the personalized ventilation system in hot and humid climates

Personalized ventilation (PV) is an individually controlled air distribution system aimed at improving the quality of inhaled air and the thermal comfort of each occupant. Numerous studies have shown that PV in comparison with traditional mechanical ventilation systems may improve occupants’ health, inhaled air quality, thermal comfort, and self-estimated productivity. Little is known about its energy performance.In this study, the energy consumption of a personalized ventilation system introduced in an office building located in a hot and humid climate (Singapore) has been investigated by means of simulations with the empirically tested IDA-ICE software. The results reveal that the use of PV may reduce the energy consumption substantially (up to 51%) compared to mixing ventilation when the following control strategies are applied: (a) reducing the airflow rate due to the higher ventilation effectiveness of PV; (b) increasing the maximum allowed room air temperature due to PV capacity to control the microclimate; (c) supplying the outdoor air only when the occupant is at the desk. The strategy to control the supply air temperature does not affect the energy consumption in a hot and humid climate.     

Advanced fuzzy logic controllers design and evaluation for buildings’ occupants thermal–visual comfort and indoor air quality satisfaction

The aim of this paper is to present and evaluate control strategies for adjustment and preservation of air quality, thermal and visual comfort for buildings’ occupants while, simultaneously, energy consumption reduction is achieved. Fuzzy PID, fuzzy PD and adaptive fuzzy PD control methods are applied. The inputs to any controller are: the PMV index affecting thermal comfort, the CO₂ concentration affecting indoor air quality and the illuminance level affecting visual comfort. The adaptive fuzzy PD controller adapts the inputs and outputs scaling factors and is based on a second order reference model. More specifically, the scaling factors are modified according to a sigmoid type function, in such a way that the measured variable to be as closer as possible to the reference model. The adaptive fuzzy PD controller is compared to a non-adaptive fuzzy PD and to an ON–OFF one. The comparison criteria are the energy required and the controlled variables response. Both, energy consumption and variables responses are improved if the adaptive fuzzy PD type controller is used. The buildings’ response to the control signals has been simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK.     

Numerical simulation of the indoor environment

The CFD program VORTEX which has been developed for predicting the indoor environment in occupied spaces is described. The flow equations are the continuity equation, the Navier-Stokes equation, the thermal energy equation, the concentration equation and the equations for the kinetic energy of turbulence (k) and its dissipation rate () of the k- turbulence model. The equations are solved for the 3-D Cartesian system using the SIMPLE algorithm. The program produces a direct simulation of the thermal comfort indices PMV and PPD and the air quality of room air. Some applications involving mechanically ventilated (heating and cooling) and naturally ventilated rooms are presented. Results in the form of velocity vectors and contours for temperature, thermal comfort indices (PMV and PPD) and CO₂ concentration are produced for the cases investigated. Simulations using this program can provide design data as required by thermal comfort and indoor air quality standards and guides.     

Associations of perceived indoor environmental quality with stress in the workplace

Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) is a general indicator of the quality of conditions inside a building. We investigated associations of perceived IEQ including air quality, thermal comfort, noise, and light quality with stress at work and the extent to which workplace location modifies these associations. We recruited 464 full-time workers from four companies in Singapore. Data on socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle/health-related factors, and workplace factors were collected through self-administered questionnaires. Perceived IEQ satisfaction scores of all four factors were collected using the validated OFFICAIR questionnaire. We fitted a logistic regression model to assess associations between each perceived IEQ score and stress at work, adjusting for potential confounders. The odds ratio for stress at work associated with a 1-unit increase in perceived air quality score was 0.88 (0.82-0.94), 0.89 (0.82-0.97) for thermal comfort, 0.93 (0.87-0.98) for noise, and 0.88 (0.82-0.94) for light quality. Significant associations were found in office and control rooms for all four perceived IEQ, except for thermal comfort in office rooms. Higher satisfaction levels of perceived air quality, thermal comfort, noise, and lighting, were significantly associated with a reduction in stress at work. Our findings could potentially provide a useful tool for environmental health impact assessment for buildings.     

Multicriteria analysis of ventilation in summer period

This paper presents a multicriteria analysis of ventilation during summertime in Europe. Multicriteria analysis theories are used to determine the most suitable ventilation strategy on a university building, that is to say to ensure the best possible indoor air quality, thermal comfort of the occupants and the lower energy consumption in case of accelerated diurnal or nocturnal ventilation and/or air conditioning. After defining the possible actions, the criteria of quality regarding thermal comfort, indoor air quality and energy consumption are defined. The possible actions are then assessed relative to each of these three criteria and ranked from the best to the worst ones using two different multicriteria analysis methods.     

地下空间病态建筑综合症调查及其诊治

介绍了一个芬兰地下空间病态建筑综合症调查实例,分析了地下空间的热环境特点和影响其空气品质的主要因素,提出了改善地下空间空气品质的方法。     

Combined comfort model of thermal comfort and air quality on buses in Hong Kong

Air-conditioning settings are important factors in controlling the comfort of passengers on buses. The local bus operators control in-bus air quality and thermal environment by conforming to the prescribed levels stated in published standards. As a result, the settings are merely adjusted to fulfill the standards, rather than to satisfy the passengers' thermal comfort and air quality. Such "standard-oriented" practices are not appropriate; the passengers' preferences and satisfaction should be emphasized instead. Thus a "comfort-oriented" philosophy should be implemented to achieve a comfortable in-bus commuting environment. In this study, the achievement of a comfortable in-bus environment was examined with emphasis on thermal comfort and air quality. Both the measurement of physical parameters and subjective questionnaire surveys were conducted to collect practical in-bus thermal and air parameters data, as well as subjective satisfaction and sensation votes from the passengers. By analyzing the correlation between the objective and subjective data, a combined comfort models were developed. The models helped in evaluating the percentage of dissatisfaction under various combinations of passengers' sensation votes towards thermal comfort and air quality. An effective approach integrated the combined comfort model, hardware and software systems and the bus air-conditioning system could effectively control the transient in-bus environment. By processing and analyzing the data from the continuous monitoring system with the combined comfort model, air-conditioning setting adjustment commands could be determined and delivered to the hardware. This system adjusted air-conditioning settings depending on real-time commands along the bus journey. Therefore, a comfortable in-bus air quality and thermal environment could be achieved and efficiently maintained along the bus journey despite dynamic outdoor influences. Moreover, this model can help optimize air-conditioning control by striking a beneficial balance between energy conservation and passengers' satisfaction level.