模拟岩体失效全过程的连续–非连续变形体离散元方法及应用

 岩石、混凝土等材料,由于存在细观构造的非均匀性,其损伤–破碎发展过程及破损特征与材料中含有的微裂隙分布相关。基于有限–离散耦合分析的思路,在变形体离散元法的基础上引入基于弹塑性断裂力学的黏聚力模型,在细观单元之间插入界面单元,并对界面单元的刚度等参数进行推导,通过界面单元的起裂、扩展和失效,实现岩体开裂扩展的数值模拟。以岩石单轴压缩、单个颗粒破碎以及边坡失稳3个算例对该方法进行验证,结果表明：所提出的方法能较好地模拟计算裂纹的开裂萌生与扩展,反映岩石介质从小变形到大变形再到破坏的全过程。     

压缩条件下岩石断裂模式与断裂判据的研究

针对岩石类材料压缩断裂中可能发生的Ⅰ型张拉断裂和Ⅱ型剪切断裂的现象 ,依据裂纹尖端应力集中引发的微裂纹损伤性质 ,提出了主裂纹尖端“微裂纹单元应力模型”的概念。通过对不同方位微裂纹尖端Ⅰ、Ⅱ型应力强度因子变化规律的研究 ,以比应力强度因子和比断裂韧度作为表征参数函数方程 ,提出了压缩条件下岩石类材料复合型裂纹断裂模式与断裂破坏的判据。该判据既可以预测岩石内部斜裂纹在压应力下的Ⅰ型扩展 ,也可以预测它的Ⅱ型扩展。由此判据 ,还给出了Ⅱ型断裂出现的条件 ,讨论了不同的影响因素。其结果较好地说明了实验现象     

岩石断裂力学的扩展有限元法

针对岩石材料的断裂力学问题阐述扩展有限元法的单元位移模式的选择、确定平面裂纹空间位置的水平集法和特殊单元的数值积分方法。介绍最大周向应力裂纹扩展判据和计算应力强度因子的相互作用积分法,进而建立岩石断裂力学的扩展有限元法。建立Ⅰ型裂纹和Ⅱ型裂纹的岩石断裂力学的扩展有限元计算模型,对I裂纹的应力强度因子和Ⅱ型裂纹的裂纹扩展路径进行扩展有限元法数值模拟计算。结果表明,建立的岩石断裂力学扩展有限元法可对岩石材料的断裂力学参数和裂纹扩展路径进行数值模拟分析,验证了数值计算结果的合理性,能有效地描述岩石断裂力学特性。     

花岗岩材料在动态压应力作用下力学特性的实验和模型研究

 博士学位论文摘要　岩石材料动态力学特性是评价岩石结构在爆炸以及地震载荷作用下稳定性的重要参数, 是国防和民用防护工程研究的基本资料, 具有重要的学术价值和应用价值。对花岗岩材料在动态压应力(单轴和三轴) 作用下的力学特性进行了较系统的实验和理论研究。首先通过实验研究了花岗岩材料的动态断裂特性以及在单轴和三轴动态压应力作用下的强度以及变形特性。结果表明, 花岗岩的动态断裂韧度随加载速率的增加以及加载时间的减小而增加。在单轴情况下, 花岗岩的抗压强度随应变速率的增加而增加, 杨氏模量以及泊松比随应变速率的变化很小。在三轴情况下, 花岗岩的抗压强度也随应变速率的增加而增加, 强度的增加幅度随围压的增加有减小的趋势, 杨氏模量以及泊松比随应变速率的变化不大; 花岗岩的杭压强度随围压的增加明显增加, 在不同的应变速率下具有相同的趋势, 花岗岩的杨氏模量以及泊松比随围压的增加有小幅度的增加趋势。在实验研究的基础上, 应用滑移型裂纹模型对花岗岩材料在压缩应力作用下的力学特性进行了理论研究。在单轴情况下, 采用一组与轴向应力平行的滑移型裂纹系列模拟岩石材料的劈裂破坏模式同时考虑裂纹间的相互作用。根据裂纹的动态扩展准则以及能量平衡理论, 得到了不同应变速率下花岗岩的理论强度值以及应力应变关系, 这些理论结果与实验结果符合得非常好。本部分的研究还表明, 在动载荷作用下, 裂纹的扩展速率以及岩石材料的动态断裂韧度的率相关特性导致岩石材料的单轴抗压强度随应变速率的增加而增加。当应变速率为10- 4～ 100S- 1范围时, 裂纹的扩展速率对岩石材料的破坏影响可以忽略, 岩石材料的抗压强度随应变速率的增加仅仅由于岩石材料的动态断裂韧度的率相关特性造成。在三轴情况下, 用一组与轴向应力成一定夹角的滑移裂纹系列模拟岩石材料的剪切破坏模式, 并根据虚拟力方法得到了该裂纹系列的应力强度因子表达式。根据动态裂纹扩展准则以及能量平衡理论, 也得到了不同围压以及不同应变速率下花岗岩的理论强度值以及应力应变关系。结果表明, 花岗岩的抗压强度以及应力应变关系随应变速率的变化规律与实验结果符合得比较好。模型结果还表明, 由模型得到的强度以及应力应变曲线随围压的变化规律在较低围压时(小于110M Pa) 与实验结果符合得比较好。本项研究在实验研究的基础上, 创新性地从研究岩石内部固有的微裂纹在动载荷作用下的扩展聚合特性入手, 结合细观力学以及动态断裂力学的相关理论, 揭示了花岗岩的率相关特性机理, 初步建立了岩石材料宏观动态力学特性与岩石内部固有的裂纹动态扩展特性的关系以及岩石材料强度与应变速率的关系和率相关的岩石材料本构模型, 构筑了系统研究岩石材料率相关特性的基本框架。     

类岩石材料微裂纹损伤模型分析

本文建立了压缩荷载作用下类岩石材料的二维和轴对称微裂纹损伤的有效场模型及三维微裂纹损伤的Ｔａｙｌｏｒ模型,分析了微裂纹随外加应力而发生扩展的运动过程,根据扭折型裂纹模型建立限损伤柔度的求解公式,并给出了算例。二维模型和轴对称模型的数值模拟结果表明本文提出的有效场模型的计算结果介于Ｔａｙｌｏｒ模型和自洽模型的计算结果之间,与实验结果具有良好的一致性。三维模型的数值模拟结果则表明中主应力对类岩石材料的     

单轴压缩岩石不同边界裂纹扩展数值模拟研究

对于单轴压缩的岩石试件,其破坏形式主要是微裂纹的摩擦滑移、自相似平面扩展和弯折扩展.基于断裂力学机制,运用FLAC的显式有限差分数值模拟技术,对单轴压缩荷载下三种不同边界形状,即直边、凸形、凹形情况下含近边界预置斜裂纹的岩石模型进行了数值模拟研究.研究结果表明,基于Interface界面单元建立的裂纹扩展模式以Z型翼裂纹扩展为主,可以较好地模拟裂纹扩展过程.预置裂纹倾角和边界形状对近边界裂纹起裂应力及裂纹扩展过程都有一定的影响.凹边界情况下裂纹扩展较为稳定,无非稳定扩展情况的出现,而直边界和凸边界情况裂纹扩展均由稳定扩展到非稳定扩展逐步进行.     

岩石三维表面裂纹扩展机理数值模拟研究

岩石破坏的本质原因是由于内部裂隙的萌生、扩展与贯通过程。从三维的角度出发,采用细观损伤数值模拟方法,模拟单轴压缩下含预制三维表面裂纹的岩石试样的破坏过程。数值模拟得到了表面裂隙内部扩展、贯通过程,动态再现翼型裂纹、壳体裂纹的形态,探讨三维裂纹内部的受力机制,推测可能发生的断裂类型,进一步探讨三维裂纹扩展规律。研究结果表明：①反翼型裂纹并不一定萌生于预制裂纹端部,是由于翼型裂纹扩展后应力释放后的拉应力引起;②壳体裂纹的萌生与扩展阶段是由Ⅲ型加载断裂主导,而翼型裂纹扩展至一定长度之后停滞不前;③除了反翼型裂纹之外,还新发现了一种由壳体裂纹萌生出的次生裂纹,这种裂纹的扩展引起试样整体失稳崩溃;④岩石Ⅲ型加载（反平面剪切）难以获得Ⅲ型断裂破坏,壳体裂纹是由于Ⅲ型加载下的拉应力引起,实际上属于Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型复合裂纹;⑤非均匀性对岩石表面裂纹扩展影响很大,相对均匀岩石中难以出现曲线翼型裂纹或反翼裂纹。研究结果对于岩石三维裂隙扩展机理的物理力学实验与理论分析都具有参考意义。     

三轴压缩情况下岩石变形特征的滑移型裂纹模拟

根据滑移型裂纹模型,基于裂纹扩展过程中的能量平衡原理,建立了三轴压缩情况下岩石材料的变形模型,并模拟了围压为20,50,80 MPa时花岗岩的变形特征。研究结果表明,模拟结果与实验结果符合得比较好,为通过裂纹模型定量研究岩石材料在三轴压缩情况下的变形特征提供了一种可行方法。     

孔隙水压力作用下热处理北山花岗岩变形特性试验研究

为研究热-水-力耦合作用对岩石变形特性的影响,利用岩石THM耦合试验系统,对高温热处理后的岩石试样开展高孔隙水压力作用下三轴压缩试验,研究了热处理北山花岗岩在水-力耦合作用下的应力-应变曲线、力学特性、破坏特征以及损伤演化过程。研究结果表明,不同孔隙水压力作用下的s_1-e_1曲线在微裂隙压密和线弹性变形阶段基本重合,轴压增大到裂纹扩展阶段s_1-e_1曲线开始明显偏离,孔隙水压力越大,s_1-e_1曲线向1e轴偏离得越快,试样的峰值强度越低,峰值轴向应变越小,剪切破坏面倾角越陡,损伤演化的速度越快。研究成果表明:孔隙水压力对岩石损伤破坏的影响主要表现在加速岩石从裂纹不稳定扩展到宏观失稳的过程。     

压缩应力条件下花岗岩损伤演化特征及其对渗透性影响研究

基于岩石三轴压缩应力–应变全过程渗透特性试验,结合三维声发射监测信息,研究花岗岩在不同围压条件下力学损伤演化机制及其对岩石渗透特性影响规律。本研究对常规渗透试验方法进行改进,通过在试样两端加工渗透小孔,实现岩石不同破坏形式下渗透性变化规律的测量。试验结果表明,在压缩应力作用下,花岗岩的损伤演化始于微裂隙的产生和扩展,并在岩石破坏时和峰后阶段发展迅速。该损伤演化的阶段性特征与声发射监测数据一致,进一步说明了裂隙扩展是导致花岗岩力学特性劣化的根本原因。随着微裂隙的扩展,岩石渗透性不断增强,但在峰前加载阶段渗透性变化明显滞后于损伤演化过程。该结果表明,在裂隙贯通并产生宏观破坏面之前,裂隙扩展对花岗岩渗透性影响非常有限。在低围压条件下,岩石渗透性随围压增大迅速减小;当围压增大到一定程度后,该趋势逐渐减弱。结合声发射监测数据,对不同应力条件下损伤演化与渗透特性的相互关系进行分析,并提出花岗岩渗透率与损伤和围压的相关经验公式。     

Estimation of cracking and damage mechanisms in rock under triaxial compression by moment tensor analysis of acoustic emission

In highly stressed conditions, the excavation damaged zone induced by stress redistribution and disturbance must be evaluated after tunnel excavation. Therefore, the deformation and fracture characteristics of rock must be investigated. In this study, the fracture and damage mechanisms of rock induced by the accumulation of microcracks were investigated by moment tensor analysis, as well as by the moving point regression technique, both of which were applied to acoustic emission (AE) and strain data obtained from triaxial compression tests. Damage thresholds before the peak strength of rock under triaxial compression were determined by the moving point regression technique using acoustic emission data. The results showed that damage thresholds, except the crack closure stress, increased linearly with confining pressure. The results of the moment tensor analysis showed that shear failure was a major microscopic failure mechanism of rock under triaxial compression. In addition, shear failure became more dominant as the confining pressure increased. In this analysis, the expression of the damage magnitudes in each AE source as relative crack volumes leads to accurate prediction of macroscopic failure mechanisms, as well as major failure planes in the rock. In addition, the orientation of the macroscopic failure plane could be estimated by the orientational distribution of microcracks.     

含孔洞硬岩破坏过程的离散元分析

基于颗粒离散元理论,采用数值试验模拟含孔洞凝灰质砂岩在单轴、双轴和三轴压缩条件下的破坏过程,并从峰值强度、微裂纹数目和能量等角度分析不同加载方式的影响。研究结果表明：无论采用何种加载方式,试样破坏均是从孔洞周边开始的;单轴压缩的孔洞变形与双轴及三轴压缩不同,且在试样侧面中间形成一条明显的贯通拉裂缝;三轴压缩对试样承载能力的提高明显大于双轴压缩,且围压越大,两者对试样承载能力的提高幅度之差越大;双轴压缩条件下试样的起裂应力随着围压的增大而减小,而三轴压缩条件下试样的起裂应力随着围压的增大而增大;应变能的变化过程可以反映试样的破坏过程,其峰值主要受围压影响;耗散能的变化过程可以体现试样破坏过程中细观颗粒的滑移、摩擦程度,其变化规律与加载方式和围压均有关。     

脆性岩石各向异性损伤和渗透性演化规律研究

 在压应力作用下,脆性岩石的渗透性随着裂纹的扩展而演化。通过试验观察和微观机制分析,提出渗透系数计算方法。在已建立的细观损伤力学模型的基础上,对摩擦准则和加载函数进行改进,采用改进模型模拟Lac du Bonnet花岗岩三轴压缩试验。根据力学模型中得到的损伤变量和裂纹的法向、切向位移,引入连通系数描述裂纹扩展过程中,裂纹逐渐贯通形成渗流通道,采用立方定律作为单个裂纹中渗流方程,利用细观力学定义裂纹半径和等效开度,对各方向裂纹上的渗流速度进行平均化,得到渗透系数张量计算方法。采用此方法对Lac du Bonnet花岗岩现场试验结果进行模拟,比较轴向和侧向渗透系数的不同演化规律,预测不同围压条件下轴向渗透系数的演化规律。分析结果表明,模型的计算值与试验值非常吻合,验证了模型的适用性。     

渗透环境下化学腐蚀裂隙岩石破坏过程的CT 试验研究

 通过CT扫描试验研究渗透及无渗透环境下受化学腐蚀及未受化学腐蚀预制裂隙砂岩的三轴压缩破坏过程,分析试件破坏过程中各层面的CT数变化规律,并对渗透环境下不同试验阶段试验参数的变化规律以及渗透环境对砂岩强度的影响进行分析。试验结果表明,在微裂隙扩展与主裂隙贯通的过程中,对于无渗透环境,由于微裂隙发育导致裂尖处有所密合,之后随着试件的破裂CT数逐步减小;而对于渗透环境,由于孔隙水压力作用,在此过程中裂尖处无密合现象,而是继续开裂,CT数继续减小直至破坏。试件破坏后,无渗透环境下试件破坏时产生的裂隙较单一,而渗透环境下由于渗透作用和孔隙水压力作用,试件破坏时产生的裂隙相对来说较复杂,说明渗透环境对试件的破坏损伤作用较大。在试件变形从应力–应变曲线的线性阶段开始到裂尖破裂阶段,渗透环境的影响对应力以及变形所经历的时间大小起主要决定作用;在试件变形从裂尖破裂到裂隙贯通阶段,应力以及变形所经历的时间受化学腐蚀程度和渗透环境共同影响。渗透环境对砂岩强度的影响非常明显,无渗透环境下试件的强度远大于渗透环境下试件的强度,如试件经浓度为0.01 mol/L,pH值为2的NaCl溶液腐蚀后,其强度只有无渗透环境下的16.6%。     

岩石在三轴加卸荷过程中的一种本构模型研究

岩石被视为包含有随机分布、无充填的椭球形微裂纹的各向同性体,岩石变形分解为岩石母体的线弹性变形和微裂纹的变形之和。基于压剪裂纹模型,推导了岩石在三轴卸荷过程中微裂纹的变形,从而建立了一种岩石三轴卸荷的本构模型。一组石膏模型的三轴实验结果显示,实验数据与理论计算结果能基本吻合。     

Influence of microwave treatment on mechanical behaviour of compact basalts under different confining pressures

The realisation of microwave-induced fracturing of hard rocks has potential signiflcance for microwave-assisted mechanical rock fracturing and stress release in deep rock masses.In this context,compact basalts were treated by microwave heating in a multi-mode cavity at a frequency of 2450 MHz,and then,we investigated the mechanical behaviour of basalt samples after microwave treatment under uniaxial compression and conventional triaxial compression(CTC)tests.After microwave exposure,cracks appeared on the surface and inside of the rock sample,and the temperature of the sample's surface was unevenly distributed.The results show that the conventional triaxial compressive strength(CTCS)of basalt samples decreased linearly with microwave exposure time,and the higher the confining pressure,the smaller the reduction in the strength of basalt samples after microwave treatment.Under uniaxial compression,microwave exposure greatly affected the axial deformation,suggesting that deformation resistance of the samples gradually decreases with increasing microwave exposure time.Under triaxial compression,some microcracks induced by microwave exposure closed due to the effect of confining pressure,resulting in the confining pressure inhibiting any rightward shift of the axial deformation curve.Furthermore,under uniaxial compression,the elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio of basalts also decreased in a quasi-linear manner with elapsed microwave exposure time.Under triaxial compression,microwave exposure has slight influence on elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio.After microwave treatment,the changes in rock strength and deformation mainly result from changes in between the mineral structures.Confining pressure results in the closure of microcracks produced by microwave exposure,so that effects of microwave treatment on strength and deformation decrease,thus reducing the influence on elastic constants.The cohesion decreases with increasing microwave exposure time and shows an approximately linear decrease over time.In the basalt samples,new microcracks in various directions generated by microwave exposure can increase the discreteness of test results,while the discreteness of test results caused by microcracks gradually reduces with increasing confining pressure.     

Crack pattern evolution and a fractal damage constitutive model for rock

To understand the deformation and fracture behavior of rock, it is useful to observe the variation of cracks in rock, and characterize the crack pattern as well as deduce a constitutive model. In this study, the development of microcracks on the surface of rock specimens under increasing stress is monitored under direct SEM observation. The initiation, extension and coalescence of cracks are photographed and then analyzed. The Box fractal dimension of cracks and its variation with stress level for a small unit of specimen is determined. Based on the test results, a fractal damage constitutive relation for the deformation and brittle fracture of rock materials is proposed. The damage variables are defined according to the fractal characteristics of microcracks and microcavities in rock media. The evolution equations for both isotropic and anisotropic damage variables are derived. Predictions of a uniaxial compression test on Fangshan marble are found to agree with the experimental results.     

The stress-strain-permeability behaviour of clay rock during damage and recompaction

Characterisation and understanding of the stressestrainepermeability behaviour of a clay host rock during damage and recompaction are essential for prediction of excavation damaged zone and for assessment of its impact on the repository safety. This important issue has been experimentally studied in triaxial compression tests on the Callovo-Oxfordian clay rock in this study. The samples were sequentially loaded by(1) hydrostatic precompaction to close up sampling-induced microcracks,(2)applying deviatoric stresses to determine damage and permeability changes, and(3) recompression along different loading paths to examine reversibility of the damage. The critical stress conditions at the onset of dilatancy, permeability percolation, failure strength, and residual strength are determined. An empirical model is established for fracturing-induced permeability by considering the effects of connectivity and conductivity of microcracks. The cubic law is validated for the variation of permeability of connected fractures with closure. The experiments and results are also presented and discussed.     

岩石剪切裂隙渗流特性试验与理论研究

 通过在三轴应力条件下对丹江口库区辉绿岩进行剪切破坏得到剪切裂隙,然后对剪切裂隙进行不同围压和裂隙水压力(渗透压差)作用下渗透性能的试验研究。研究结果表明：绝大部分岩样在剪切破坏后会形成单条贯穿剪切裂隙,这种剪切裂隙的渗透系数与净围压的关系符合指数函数特征,且受环向应变影响很大,但受轴向应变影响较小;裂隙水压力对裂隙渗透系数影响明显,在相同净围压下,裂隙水压力越大,渗透系数越大,其主要原因是较大的裂隙水压力使裂隙两侧基岩产生附加变形,导致隙宽增加。基于试验数据和理论分析,根据三维应力下的裂隙–岩块位移模型推导考虑裂隙水压力的渗透系数计算公式,该公式可以较好地描述不同围压和裂隙水压力下实测渗透系数的变化趋势,并且公式中的参数均可根据简单的三轴压缩试验得到,计算结果与实测数据符合较好。     

Evolution of poroelastic properties and permeability in damaged sandstone

This paper is devoted to experimental investigation of mechanical behavior, poroelastic properties and permeability in saturated sandstone. The emphasis is to study the evolution of Biot’s coefficients and permeability with the growth of microcracks. Basic mechanical responses are first investigated through triaxial compression tests, showing nonlinear stress–strain relations, volumetric dilatancy, pressure sensitivity, elastic modulus degradation and induced anisotropy. Original tests are then performed for the determination of Biot’s coefficients in the axial and radial directions at different levels of stress. It is shown that the evolution of Biot’s coefficient is clearly anisotropic in nature due to the oriented closure of initial microcracks and growth of induced microcracks. The rock permeability in axial direction is also measured for different values of stress; it decreases in the first stage with the closure of microcracks and then progressively increases due to the opening of induced microcracks. However, the permeability significantly increases only when the coalescence of microcracks occurs.