高放废物工程屏障的热–水–力耦合作用分析

采用多相多类方法，提出热–水–力耦合作用分析的综合模型。分析考虑多孔介质的三相(固、液、气)和三类(矿物、水分、空气)模型，该模型是根据控制方程、本构关系和平衡条件来建立的；并提出用于模拟高放废物地下处置体系附近场地性状的热–水–力耦合分析通用程序。热–水–力耦合分析可将工程屏障中不同过程间发生的主要相互作用，以及附近岩石的散热和水化现象都考虑进去。通过试验结果的验证，得出一些关于热–水–力方面的重要结论。     

轴对称荷载下饱和地基热-水-力耦合动力响应

基于Biot波动理论,通过建立饱和地基的热-水-力耦合动力响应的控制方程,对轴对称荷载作用下半无限地基的热-水-力耦合动力响应问题进行探讨。利用Hankel变换技术,得到外荷载作用下地基中温度增量、应力、位移和孔隙水压力积分形式的解答。利用Hankel数值逆变换得到计算结果,对热-水-力耦合条件下地基土体中温度增量、应力、位移和孔隙水压力响应的分布进行分析,并与水-力耦合动力响应情况下的结果进行比较。     

核废料地质贮存介质黏土岩的三维各向异性热-水-力耦合数值模拟

为了解黏土岩在放射性废料长期贮存中的热-水-力耦合过程,结合MontTerri核废料贮存地下岩石试验工程中黏土岩各种物理量的各向异性特点,应用多孔介质力学耦合理论研究了该黏土岩在加热和冷却全过程中由于热荷载引起的耦合效应场。研究过程考虑温度升高引起的孔隙水黏滞性改变对渗透系数的影响。研究结果表明,岩体力学参数、水力学参数和热传导参数的各向异性特性是影响岩体的温度场、孔隙压力场和应力场分布的最主要因素。各向异性耦合模型与各向同性耦合模型的数值模拟对比研究结果表明：各向异性模型数值结果能更加客观地反映该地下岩石试验工程中黏土岩在受热状态下的热-水-力耦合效应;同时,也表明岩体在加热过程中一直处于受压状态,而在冷却过程中局部会出现拉应力,从而有可能导致拉裂缝的产生。     

不同场热-水-应力耦合过程二维有限元分析

从建立应力平衡方程、水连续性方程、能量守恒方程和弹塑性矩阵入手,提出了一个饱和-非饱和孔隙介质中的热-水-应力耦合模型和开发了相应的有限元程序.为验证本耦合模型及程序的可靠性和重点探讨不同场的热-水-应力耦合过程,以高放射性核废料地质处置的Prototype Repository Project(PRP)原位试验为模拟对象,对一个处置试验坑道近场进行了水单场、热-水耦合、水-应力耦合、热-应力耦合和热-水-应力耦合条件下的数值分析,考察了工程屏障及围岩中的温度、饱和度及应力的变化、分布情况,并得出了一定的认识.     

高放废物地质处置库中非饱和缓冲层的热-水-力耦合数值模拟

作为高放废物地质处置库中的缓冲/回填材料,膨润土在核废料放出的热量和周围天然岩体中地下水共同作用下,其热-水-力耦合作用效果对处置库的稳定性、安全性有着极为重要的影响。以非饱和土多场耦合理论为基础,基于ABAQUS有限元分析平台,建立二维轴对称模型,对高放废物地质处置库中膨润土缓冲层的热-水-力耦合过程开展了有限元模拟,给出了处置库近场缓冲层中不同位置的温度、饱和度、竖向应力及位移、孔隙水压力及吸力的分布及变化规律,并重点分析了温度场的影响,通过与已有研究成果的对比,证实了所计算结果的合理性。     

考虑变形及滞回效应影响的三维土-水特征曲面模型

为研究变形和滞回效应对非饱和土水-力耦合特性的影响,以边界面理论为基础,建立一个同时考虑变形及滞回效应影响的三维非饱和土土-水特征曲面模型,所建立模型可完整地描述非饱和土的水-力耦合特性。提出的本构方程以吸力和孔隙比为自变量,以饱和度为因变量,建立三维土-水特征曲面模型,通过编程实现了本模型的预测功能。通过程序的预测结果与一系列不同应力和水力路径下的试验结果进行对比,在饱和度-吸力/孔隙比二维平面及饱和度-吸力-孔隙比三维空间中,均验证了所建立模型的适用性及预测精度。     

软岩冻融损伤的水-热-力耦合研究初探

冻融力学研究正温、负温环境交替变化对材料的物理力学性质的影响。由于软岩为强度低、孔隙度大、胶结程度差、含有大量膨胀性粘土矿物的松散、软弱岩层。因此,软岩的水-热-力耦合不是一个简单的过程。初步提出了软岩的水-热迁移机理,进而提出了软岩水-热-力耦合的基本数学模型。最后用ANSYS软件模拟了隧道围岩温度场与应力场,得到了隧道围岩冻胀力的分布趋势。     

遍有节理岩体的双重孔隙-裂隙介质热-水-应力耦合模型及有限元分析

建立一种饱和-非饱和遍有节理岩体的双重孔隙-裂隙介质热-水-应力耦合模型,其特点是应力场和温度场是单一的,但具有不同的孔隙渗流场和裂隙渗流场,以及可考虑裂隙的组数、间距、方向、连通率和刚度对本构关系的影响,并研制出相应的二维有限元程序.针对一个假定的高放废物地质处置库,就岩体为双重介质和单重介质2种工况进行数值分析,考察缓冲层和岩体中的温度、孔隙水压力、饱和度、地下水流速和主应力的变化、分布情况.结果显示,地下水由双重介质进入缓冲层中要快得多,2种工况的计算域中温度差别不大,但缓冲层及附近部位的主应力大小及分布有显著不同,单重介质的应力集中程度要大.     

热-水-应力耦合弹塑性二维有限元程序研制

通过从已有的应力平衡方程、水连续性方程、能量守恒方程和弹塑性矩阵入手,使用Galerkin方法。将各控制方程分别在空间域和时间域进行离散,初步开发出了一个用于分析饱和岩土介质中热-水-应力耦合弹塑性问题的二维有限元程序。通过一维固结问题的有限元解与太沙基解析解的对比,以及对一个简化的核废料地下处置的热-水-应力耦合问题的数值计算,验证了本程序的正确性。     

核废物地质处置THM耦合三维有限元分析

笔者将所建立的热-水-应力耦合模型及开发的有限元程序由二维分析拓展到三维分析,并从方法论研究的角度,以一个简单的核废物地质处置模型为算例进行热-水-应力耦合过程的三维数值模拟,考察了近场的温度、饱和度、孔隙水压力、位移、正应力、流速等的分布与变化,认为计算结果符合规律,从而初步对程序的正确性作出了肯定的评价.     

A coupled thermal-hydraulic-mechanical application for assessment of slope stability

The stability of a slope is subjected to thermal (T), hydraulic (H), and mechanical (M) loadings and their coupling effects. Modeling the coupled THM processes that occur in the slope is important for reliably assessing and predicting the slope performance and stability. Therefore, a numerical model, which can consider the full coupling among the thermal (temperature variation), hydraulic (pore water pressure), and mechanical (stress and displacement) processes, is developed in this study. The developed model is employed to analyze slope stability, and the simulated results are seen to coincide well with the results obtained by traditional limit equilibrium calculation. A comparison of the results verifies the validity of the developed model for slope stability analyses under THM coupled effects. Furthermore, the capability of the developed THM model for predicting the slope performance is validated through comparisons of three case studies in terms of both laboratory experiments and numerical simulations. A favorable agreement between the modeling results and the compared data confirms the capability of the developed model to accurately describe the behavior of a slope affected by THM coupled processes. The modeling results can also contribute to a better understanding of slope failure induced by the THM couplings.     

脆性岩石热–水–力耦合断裂的断口分析

 利用自行设计的热–水–力(THM)耦合断裂试验和扫描电镜试验,研究脆性岩石THM耦合断裂的宏微观特征;通过有限元法和新型应力强度因子比断裂准则,判断THM耦合断裂模式,揭示出THM耦合断裂机制。结果表明：红砂岩试件具有3种THM耦合宏观断裂轨迹和对应的3种THM耦合微观断裂特征,即低温、低水压、高围压条件下的断裂轨迹为横向断裂,微观上表现为穿晶的剪切断裂;高温、高水压、低围压条件下的断裂轨迹为纵向断裂,微观上表现为沿晶的拉伸断裂;中等温度、中等水压、中等围压条件的断裂轨迹为双向断裂,微观上表现为含沿晶和穿晶的拉剪复合型断裂。基于有限元法和新型最大应力强度因子比断裂准则判断出的红砂岩试件THM耦合断裂模式与基于宏微观断口分析得到的THM耦合断裂机制完全一致。     

Numerical thermo-hydro-mechanical modeling of compacted bentonite in China-mock-up test for deep geological disposal

The China-mock-up test is to evaluate the performance of the compacted Gaomiaozi(GMZ) bentonite under coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical(THM) conditions in deep geological disposal.A numerical study of the test is conducted in this paper.The principal THM characteristics of the bentonite are presented at first.A THM model is then presented to tackle the complex coupling behavior of the bentonite.The model of Alonso-Gens is incorporated to reproduce the mechanical behavior of the bentonite under unsaturated conditions.With the proposed model,numerical simulations of the China-mock-up test are carried out by using the code of LAGAMINE.The time variations associated with the temperature,degree of saturation,suction and swelling pressure of the compacted bentonite are studied.The results suggest that the proposed model is able to reproduce the mechanical behavior of the bentonite,and to predict moisture motion under coupled THM conditions.     

The DECOVALEX III project: A summary of activities and lessons learned

Initiated in 1992, the DECOVALEX project is an international collaboration for advancing the understanding and modeling of coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) processes in geologic systems. The project has made important scientific achievements through three stages and is progressing in its fourth stage. It has played a key role in the development of mathematical modeling and in situ testing of coupled THM processes in fractured rock and buffer/backfill materials, a subject of importance for performance assessment of radioactive waste geologic repositories. This paper summarizes studies under the most recent stage of the project, DECOVALEX III (2000–2003). These studies include those of two major field experiments: (a) the FEBEX experiment at Grimsel, Switzerland, investigating coupled THM processes in a crystalline rock-bentonite system, and (b) the Drift Scale Test (DST) experiment at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, investigating coupled THM processes in unsaturated tuff. These are two of the largest multiyear heater tests undertaken to date for the study of coupled THM processes in geological systems. In addition, three so-called benchmark tests are also studied to evaluate the impact of coupled THM processes under different scenarios and geometries. Within the DECOVALEX project, multiple research teams participated in each of the studies, using different approaches and computer codes. Comparisons of results have provided insight into coupled THM processes, which in turn has stimulated further development of our modeling capabilities. Lessons learned from these studies are discussed. The scientific advances and enhanced insight gained through this kind of international cooperation illustrate the effectiveness of the DECOVALEX project.     

Thermohydromechanics of partially saturated geological media: governing equations and formulation of four finite element models

This paper presents the general governing equations for coupled thermohydromechanical (THM) processes in saturated and unsaturated geologic formations and reviews four finite element codes for modeling of such system. Three of the codes are developed for the special purpose of analyzing coupled THM processes in unsaturated porous and fractured geological media, and the fourth is a commercial code that has been used in its standard version, with a few adaptations for this specialized problem. The basic assumptions and fundamental equations for coupled THM processes in unsaturated porous fractured rock are presented, and formulations of the four finite element models are compared.     

Joints in unsaturated rocks: Thermo-hydro-mechanical formulation and constitutive behaviour

A formulation for the coupled analysis of thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) problems in joints is first presented. The work involves the establishment of equilibrium and mass and energy balance equations. Balance equations were formulated taking into account two phases: water and air. The joint element developed was implemented in a general purpose finite element computer code for THM analysis of porous media (Code_Bright). The program was then used to study a number of cases ranging from laboratory tests to large scale in situ tests. A numerical simulation of coupled hydraulic shear tests of rough granite joints is first presented. The tests as well as the model show the coupling between permeability and the deformation of the joints. The experimental investigation was focused on the effects of suction on the mechanical behaviour of rock joints. Laboratory tests were performed in a direct shear cell equipped with suction control. Suction was imposed using a vapour forced convection circuit connected to the cell and controlled by an air pump. Artificial joints of Lilla claystone were prepared. Joint roughness of varying intensity was created by carving the surfaces in contact in such a manner that rock ridges of different tip angles were formed. These angles ranged from 0° (smooth joint) to 45° (very rough joint profile). The geometric profiles of the two surfaces in contact were initially positioned in a “matching” situation. Several tests were performed for different values of suctions (200, 100, and 20 MPa) and for different values of vertical stresses (30, 60, and 150 kPa). A constitutive model including the effects of suction and joint roughness is proposed to simulate the unsaturated behaviour of rock joints. The new constitutive law was incorporated in the code and experimental results were numerically simulated.     

Comparison of numerical codes for coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical simulations of fractured media

Geo-energy and geo-engineering applications,such as improved oil recovery(IOR),geologic carbon storage,and enhanced geothermal systems(EGSs),involve coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical(THM)processes that result from fluid injection and production.In some cases,reservoirs are highly fractured and the geomechanical response is controlled by fractures.Therefore,fractures should explicitly be included into numerical models to realistically simulate the THM responses of the subsurface.In this study,we perform coupled THM numerical simulations of water injection into naturally fractured reservoirs(NFRs) using CODE_BRIGHT and TOUGH-UDEC codes.CODE_BRIGHT is a finite element method(FEM) code that performs fully coupled THM analysis in geological media and TOUGH-UDEC sequentially solves coupled THM processes by combining a finite volume method(FVM) code that solves nonisothermal multiphase flow(TOUGH2) with a distinct element method(DEM) code that solves the mechanical problem(UDEC).First,we validate the two codes against a semi-analytical solution for water injection into a single deformable fracture considering variable permeability based on the cubic law.Then,we compare simulation results of the two codes in an idealized conceptual model that includes one horizontal fracture and in a more realistic model with multiple fractures.Each code models fractures differently.UDEC calculates fracture deformation from the fracture normal and shear stiffnesses,while CODE_BRIGHT treats fractures as equivalent porous media and uses the equivalent Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of the fracture.Finally,we obtain comparable results of pressure,temperature,stress and displacement distributions and evolutions for the single horizontal fracture model.Despite some similarities,the two codes provide increasingly different results as model complexity increases.These differences highlight the challe nging task of accurately modeling coupled THM processes in fractured media given their high nonlinearity.     

A numerical study of THM effects on the near-field safety of a hypothetical nuclear waste repository—BMT1 of the DECOVALEX III project. Part 3: Effects of THM coupling in sparsely fractured rocks

As a part of the international DECOVALEX III project, and the European BENCHPAR project, the impact of thermal–hydrological–mechanical (THM) couplings on the performance of a bentonite-back-filled nuclear waste repository in near-field crystalline rocks is evaluated in a Bench-Mark Test problem (BMT1) and the results are presented in a series of three companion papers in this issue. This is the third paper with focuses on the effects of THM processes at a repository located in a sparsely fractured rock. Several independent coupled THM analyses presented in this paper show that THM couplings have the most significant impact on the mechanical stress evolution, which is important for repository design, construction and post-closure monitoring considerations. The results show that the stress evolution in the bentonite-back-filled excavations and the surrounding rock depends on the post-closure evolution of both fields of temperature and fluid pressure. It is further shown that the time required to full resaturation may play an important role for the mechanical integrity of the repository drifts. In this sense, the presence of hydraulically conducting fractures in the near-field rock might actually improve the mechanical performance of the repository. Hydraulically conducting fractures in the near-field rocks enhances the water supply to the buffers/back-fills, which promotes a more timely process of resaturation and development of swelling pressures in the back-fill, thus provides timely confining stress and support to the rock walls. In one particular case simulated in this study, it was shown that failure in the drift walls could be prevented if the compressive stresses in back-fill were fully developed within 50 yr, which is when thermally induced rock strain begins to create high differential (failure-prone) stresses in the near-field rocks.     

多相流传输THM全耦合数值模型及程序验证

 基于连续介质力学原理和混合体理论,导出多孔介质多相流THM全耦合数学模型。该模型从固、液、气三相系统的动量、质量及能量守恒出发,考虑应力–应变、水体流动、气体传输、蒸气传输、热能传输和孔隙率演化等6个过程的耦合作用,实现对相变、溶解、热驱动、湿度传输和吸湿膨胀等物理现象的模拟,确保THM耦合控制方程组的封闭性和协调性。该模型在THM耦合体系中纳入气体及蒸气传输过程,摒弃以往采用基质吸力和绝对温度定义相对湿度的传统方法,从而使描述介质气体和蒸气运移特性以及THM耦合特性的相对湿度在严格的物理意义上加以定义。通过选取位移、水压、气压、蒸气压、温度和孔隙率为基本未知量,建立有限元数值计算格式,研发三维八自由度多相流THM全耦合有限元程序THYME3D,并采用法国原子能委员会开展的膨润土THM耦合Mock-up试验对数值模型和计算程序进行验证,揭示试验过程涉及的多场耦合机制。研究结果深化对多相流THM全耦合控制方程组、本构关系及计算参数特性的理解,从而为进一步研究THMC全耦合问题奠定基础。     

Coupled T–H–M issues relating to radioactive waste repository design and performance

In this paper, coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) issues relating to nuclear waste repository design and performance are reviewed. Concise statements, that were developed from DECOVALEX discussions, on the current state-of-knowledge are presented. Section 1 describes the THM background and the interface with performance assessment (PA). The role of THM issues in the overall repository design context is amplified in Section 2, which includes a review of the processes in terms of repository excavation, operation and post-closure stages. It is important to understand the overall context, the detailed THM issues, the associated modelling and how these issues will be resolved in the wider framework. Also, because uncoupled and coupled numerical codes have been used for this subject, there is discussion in Section 3 on the nature of the codes and how the content of the codes can be audited. To what extent does a particular code capture the essence of the problem in hand? Consideration is also given to the associated question of code selection and the future of numerical codes. The state-of-knowledge statements are presented in Section 4 under 11 headings which follow the repository design sequence. The overview conclusion is that “A predictive THM capability is required to support repository design because precedent practice information is insufficient. Many aspects of THM processes and modelling are now well understood and there is a variety of numerical codes available to provide solutions for different host rock and repository conditions. However, modelling all the THM mechanisms in space and time is extremely complex and simplifications will have to be made — if only because it is not possible to obtain all the necessary detailed supporting information. Therefore, an important step is to clarify the THM modelling requirement within the PA context. This will help to indicate the complexity of THM modelling required and hence the models, mechanisms, type of computing, supporting data, laboratory and in situ testing, etc. required. An associated transparent and open audit trail should be developed.” We also include comments from reviewers and highlight four outstanding issues which are currently being studied in the DECOVALEX III programme.