焚烧灰渣的资源化利用将是比较符合中国实际的方法

近年来，城市垃圾的产生量日益增加，已对环境造成了越来越大的影响。为了使城市生活垃圾达到减量化，无害化，焚烧技术已被广泛利用。我国已有不少城市，如：上海、武汉、福州、常州等，开始兴建大型生活垃圾焚烧厂。焚烧可大大减少生活垃圾的存量（减少约90％的体积），但仍有20％～30％的质量留在了焚烧灰渣当中。如此大量焚烧灰渣的产生，带来了处置的困难。     

德国汉堡污水处理厂污泥循环处理模式探讨

汉堡科勃兰霍夫污水处理厂采用污泥先浓缩，然后消化、脱水、干化，最后焚烧的处理工艺，实现污泥循环处理模式。该模式在污泥焚烧发电的同时，利用污泥焚烧的热量干化污泥，实现了外加燃料需求量为零的预期效果，并且提供了污水厂所需用电量和用热量的60％和100％，极大地提高了污泥处置的经济性，降低了运行成本。     

富阳八一污水厂污泥在热电厂焚烧的可行性分析

富阳八一污水处理厂95％的进水为附近40多家造纸厂排放的废水，针对污水厂污泥产量大（剩余污泥约5．2t／h，初沉污泥约16t／h）、填埋处理存在占地大且易产生二次污染的问题，分析了将污泥在热电厂进行焚烧的可行性，并探讨了污泥的输送和投加方式。结果表明，八一污水厂的剩余污泥可全部运到相邻的热电厂与煤进行混合焚烧，理论上每台流化床锅炉最多可以混合焚烧3．9t／h的剩余污泥，实际运行中应控制剩余污泥的投量为3．5t／h；建议污泥采用卡车和稠污泥泵共同输送的方式。污泥混合焚烧具有控制简单、污水厂和热电厂间协调工作较少的优点。     

垃圾填埋废弃地的生态修复——以2015年武汉园博园“荆山”为例

我国生活垃圾处理情况现状 目前世界上进行的生活垃圾处理方式主要有填埋、焚烧和堆肥三种。发达国家的填埋法一般是将生活垃圾经过焚烧或者堆肥处理后的残留物（仅为原有量10％左右）进行填埋处理。在我国,这三种方式的应用分别占70％、5％、20％。     

水泥窑和焚烧炉联合处理城市生活垃圾系统投资和效益

在城市生活垃圾无害化处理的卫生填埋、堆肥、焚烧3种方式,2005年卫生填埋占85．78％,焚烧为9．90％。近几年大力发展垃圾焚烧处理方式,所占比例仍无明显增加,可以说,目前我国垃圾处理仍以填埋为主。     

烟台污泥混合焚烧制砖项目启动

近日．山东省烟台市城镇污泥清泉热电厂混合焚烧试点项目正式启动。该项目污泥经投放口自动进入污泥料仓．通过污泥高压输送泵和管道进入锅炉嘴．与煤混合焚烧．焚烧后的产物和粉煤灰一起用于制造建筑用空心砖。湿污泥接收及输送系统的设计日处理规模为50t（含水率80％计）。     

焚烧飞灰颗粒对沥青混合料水稳定性的影响

为了实现焚烧飞灰(IFA)在沥青路面中的资源转化,将焚烧飞灰与水泥造粒以及与水泥、硅灰、粉煤灰造粒,研究掺有造粒颗粒沥青混合料的水稳定性以及冻融劈裂试验条件对其水稳定性的影响机制.结果 表明:焚烧飞灰造粒后,氯离子浸出率分别降低了56.76％、59.12％;冻融劈裂试验条件对焚烧飞灰/水泥颗粒沥青混合料水稳定性影响顺序为抽真空过程>冷冻过程>击实次数,抽真空过程破坏造粒颗粒表面沥青膜,导致可溶氯盐溶出,氯盐溶液在冻融过程中产生的冻胀、盐胀与腐蚀综合作用是导致沥青混合料内部结构受损关键因素;焚烧飞灰与水泥、硅灰、粉煤灰造粒的方法能有效改善沥青混合料的水稳定性.     

垃圾填埋场喷塑覆盖技术

1 国内外概况 随着经济的发展,城市人口的增加,生活垃圾的数量不断增多。上海市每年就有300多万t垃圾需要处置。当前世界各国都面临着“垃圾包围城市”的严峻局面。 处理城市垃圾的主要方法有卫生填埋、焚烧和堆肥3种,各国的国情不同,上述处理方法所占的比重也不同,但总的来说,发达国家采用卫生填埋占60％～70％、焚烧占25％～30％、堆肥占5％～10％,发展中国家采用     

日本开发生态水泥

距今大约300年前的江户时代中期，日本就已经将厨房垃圾和焚烧灰加以再生利用了。特别是焚烧灰，据说当时就被人们视为肥料、洗涤剂以及造纸、制陶等产业不可缺少的重要物质。这种焚烧灰再生利用技术在现代社会得到了复苏；科研人员将城市的焚烧灰加以利用，得到了一种新型生态水泥。     

信息超市

新产品新技术焚烧垃圾炉渣制砖项目通过鉴定上海浦东御桥生活垃圾焚烧发电厂每天焚烧垃圾发电后产生200多吨炉渣，这些炉渣无法再作处理，堆积起来，既占用大量土地，又会造成新的环境污染。上海浦东环保部门牵头组织的一项国家建设部科研攻关项目——焚烧垃圾炉渣制砖项目，经过科研技术人员历时两年多的刻苦攻关，反复试验，终于获得成功。这些焚烧后的垃圾炉渣，经过六七道工序加工后，变成一块块高强度的马路道砖。9月25日，上海浦东环保部门焚烧垃圾炉渣制砖科研攻关项目正式通过专家鉴定。参与鉴定的专家认为：这种炉渣经过预处理后作…     

Zustandsuntersuchung und Instandsetzung am Hauptdach des Hauses der Kulturen der Welt in Berlin

The main roof of the ”Haus der Kulturen der Welt“ in Berlin Which is very well‐known on account of its history and striking structural design – was to be inspected by the author to determine its condition and analysed with regard to the durability of the existing liquid synthetic sealant. The roof structure consists of a biaxial, curved area‐covering structural element with circumferential edge beams of pre‐stressed lightweight concrete. This is the result of the reconstruction between 1984 and 1987 following a partial collapse of the then Berlin Congress Hall in 1980. The very thin roof shell is also made of lightweight concrete and, like the edge beams, has a polyurethane‐based spray‐on seal that was specially developed for this purpose as protection against the ingress of moisture. The reason why this, at the time, novel type of seal was chosen was that it should take into account the fact that the roof design urgently needed some kind of protection against moisture that had to compensate the expected changes shape and crack movements of the roof with no damage. The following article reports on the nature, scope and main results of the analysis of the condition of the roof seal, edge beams and abutments. It will also describe the repair recommendations resulting from the investigations, which form the basis of the execution of work at the present point in time. Apart from presenting the technical principles and special features of the building that have to be taken into account during any repairs, the special features of the execution will also be addressed.     

Magnetoelastische Spannkraftmessung in Bauwerken

Magnetoelastic Measurement of Prestressing Force in Civil Structures The knowledge of the tensile force of prestressing steel elements and its reliable and non‐destructive determination are of essential importance for the assessment of the structural health condition of prestressed concrete structures and tie‐back systems in terms of structural safety, serviceability and durability. For the evaluation of the prestressing force in steel tension members, the measurement technique presented in this contribution is using the magneto‐elastic effect (ME‐effect) of ferromagnetic materials. This effect describes the reverse‐proportional correlation between the mechanical stress and the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic materials. The cylindrical coiled sensors pushed over the tendon and the measuring device developed and practically optimized at the iBMB/MPA of the TU Braunschweig enable a fast and reliable measurement of the prestressing steel force after an initial calibration. In this contribution first the state of the art of prestress measurement techniques for steel tension members is presented. Afterwards, the ME‐measuring method with the basics and merits of magneto‐elastic prestressing force identification is shown. Further recent research results as well as several building applications will be discussed.     

Application of sonic and radar tests on the piers and walls of the Cathedral of Noto

The authors applied systematically sonic tests, radar tests and other diagnostic techniques on the remaining walls and piers of the Cathedral of Noto. The experimental survey was carried out by the Laboratory of the DIS, Politecnico of Milan (Person in Charge: Prof. Binda, Prof. Baronio) in collaboration with the designers (Ing. R. De Benedictis, Arch. S. Tringali) and the experts working on the reconstruction. The Prefettura of Siracusa founded the research. The right aisle and most of the dome of the Cathedral collapsed in 1996. The aim of the research was to verify the state of damage and the possibility of conservation of the walls and piers in view of the reconstruction of the damaged part of the Cathedral. Furthermore, the sonic tests were used to control the effect of grout injection used as a possible technique for repair of the damaged masonry (Proceedings of the Conference on Nondestructive Evaluation of Civil Structures and Materials, Boulder, Colorado; (1992) 329; Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Structural Faults and Repair, 3 (1995) 195). In the following the results will be reported and the reliability of the tests will be discussed as it was confirmed by the use of other complementary diagnosis techniques (Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Structural Studies, Repairs and Maintenance of Historical Buildings, STREMAH 99, Dresden, Germany, (1999) 323).     

Alternative Methods of Procurement for Works of Water and Environmental Management

The paper considers methods of procurement for the construction of water- and sewage-treatment works other than the traditional use of the ICE 5th Edition Conditions of Contract and Bills of Quantities. This is as a consequence of the speed at which schemes are currently required within the water industry.
The paper particularly focuses on the use of target contracts, using the Institution of Chemical Engineers'Green Book form, and considers various types of target. It also discusses the form which tender documents may take, and how targets may be calculated.
Tendering procedures, including the use of two-stage tenders and negotiated targets, are considered, as are the procedures for cost monitoring and the financial management of the contract. Finally, the role of the engineer and quantity surveyor is considered.     

Ecological succession in mountain lake ecosystems of Southern Siberia after the introduction of the peled – Coregonus peled (Gmeli, 1778)

Abstract

This article summarizes a long-standing study of the process of introduction of the peled to the Southern Siberian mountain lake ecosystems. The peled has adapted to changes in food supply. Pressure of the euryphagous peled caused the substitution of larger forms of zooplankton by smaller ones. Similar changes occurred in the content of phytoplankton. Succession of zoobenthos in the littoral part of the lakes manifested itself as the decrease in the total biomass, in its part of zoobenthos (Gammarus) and as the increase in the biomass of other groups. The opposite changes were encountered in the profundal zone of zoobenthos (the decrease in the total biomass owing to the existence of larger forms of alpha-polysaprobes). The restructuring observed in various communities signifies the substantial changes in the whole process of generation and transformation of organic substance in the mountain ecosystems with the dominance of the introduced peled.     

基于分子动力学模拟技术的黏土矿物微观行为研究应用

黏土矿物是一类具有层状结构的硅酸盐矿物。土水相互作用对土体许多宏观力学响应、物质运移和传导起重要影响。现有的实验技术和手段即很难在物理上微观探测黏土从绝对干燥至含微量水分子的吸附过程,也很难实现黏土对放射性核素吸附过程的跟踪。使用分子动力学模拟对黏土矿物的水化性质及对放射性污染物吸附性能进行研究。以蛭石、高岭土及蒙脱土三种黏土矿物为研究对象,通过晶层间距、自扩散系数、径向分布函数、吸附复合物结构等模拟测试结果对蛭石的水化性能和黏土对放射性核素的吸附行为阐述。最后,对分子动力学模拟技术在岩土工程的应用发展进行了展望。     

煤样吸水全过程纵波波速变化规律及波形特征实验研究

 为了研究含水煤体的纵波波速变化规律及波形特征,开展原煤试样吸水全过程的纵波测试实验;研究煤体纵波波速与孔隙率、含水饱和度之间的变化规律;基于FFT和HHT研究不同含水饱和度煤样波形幅频和时频特征。结果表明：煤体纵波波速同时受孔隙率和含水饱和度的影响;波速随含水饱和度的增加总体呈现非线性增加趋势,当含水饱和度达到70%左右时,波速增加速率明显提高;水自身性质及煤体内部孔隙水均匀存在形式是导致含水煤波速增加的主要原因。纵波波速随孔隙率的增加总体呈现线性降低趋势,含水饱和度越高波速受孔隙率影响越小,表明水的存在降低了煤体孔隙率对波速的影响。煤样在吸水过程中的波形频率分布存在显著性差异,波形主频随含水饱和度的增加呈现向低频非线性移动的“频移”现象;含水饱和度越大、孔隙率越大,波形最大幅值越小。Hilbert三维能量谱能够反应波形的频带能量分布及随时间的变化特征;随着煤样含水饱和度的增加,波形高频成分所占比例逐渐降低,且高能量频带范围不断向低频移动,表明煤体中孔隙水不但加快了波形中所有频带能量的衰减速度,而且对高频信号的吸收损耗大于低频信号。     

土体干缩裂隙的形成发育过程及机理

土体干缩开裂(龟裂)是一种常见的自然现象,龟裂的产生会破坏土体的完整性,极大地弱化土体的工程性质。基于室内试验结果,发现龟裂发育过程可分为3个典型阶段,具有很强的时序特征,且新生裂隙一般垂直已有裂隙生长。根据水土相互作用原理和基本土力学理论,建立了土体龟裂概念模型,对实验室和自然界中观测到的相关龟裂现象及其机理进行了分析,得到如下主要结论:(1)土体中存在收缩变形空间是龟裂发育的前提,主要与土质条件有关;(2)龟裂是土体发生张拉破坏的表现形式,孔隙水的表面张力及干燥过程中引起的基质吸力(毛细水作用力)会在土体中形成张拉应力场,这是导致龟裂的主要力学诱因;(3)当张拉应力场的大小超过土体的抗拉强度或土颗粒间的联接强度时,裂隙便会产生,导致局部区域积聚的应变能释放,应力场重新调整。从宏观上看,基质吸力和抗拉强度是控制龟裂发育的两个关键力学指标,但从微观上看,土体材料尤其是结构的非均质性对裂隙发育过程和裂隙网络的几何形态特征均有重要影响。通常情况下,大部分裂隙都是在饱和阶段产生,且裂隙产生时对应的临界含水率有可能高于液限;土体表面上的"杂点"易导致应力集中,裂隙往往率先在"杂点"处产生;(4)受表面和裂隙面张拉应力场的共同作用,表层土体边缘会发生向上卷曲变形,产生"煎饼效应"。此外,土体在收缩过程中还存在收缩核现象。     

土体干缩开裂过程的边界效应试验与离散元模拟

为了探究土体干缩开裂过程的边界效应问题,采用不同底面粗糙度的容器开展了多组干燥试验,发现干缩裂隙存在从顶面向下和从底面向上两种典型的发育形式。并且,裂隙发育程度与土样/容器界面接触条件密切相关,从而验证了裂隙发育过程的边界效应。通过理论分析,阐明了上边界的蒸发条件及下边界的接触条件对裂隙发育形式的控制作用。为了能更深入地理解土体干缩开裂边界效应的内在机制,在试验的基础上建立离散元模型,创新性地引入了沿深度的失水速率梯度参数,模拟土样上边界的蒸发条件变化。通过设置底面摩擦系数,模拟土样下边界的接触条件变化。将模拟结果与试验结果进行了对比分析,发现二者具有较好的吻合度。总体上,土体干缩裂隙的发育过程是顶面蒸发失水与底面摩擦两种边界条件共同作用的结果。当底面摩擦系数相对较小时,裂隙发育由蒸发失水主导,大部分裂隙由顶面向下发育。随着底面摩擦系数的增加,底面接触条件对裂隙发育过程的主导作用逐渐增强,由底面向上发育的裂隙数量所占比重也相应增加。     

Landscape Planning at the Regional Scale: an example from North West England

Landscape planning in the UK tends to concentrate on the site and the landscape scales. Concepts of sustainable development and the re-discovered importance of regional-level planning suggest, however, that there is a growing case for the landscape community to develop a regional planning perspective and to engage in wider areas of decision making in order to assist landscape planning goals. These challenges are explored with particular reference to the North West of England which, through the work of an organization called Sustainability North West and the production of a Regional Landscape Strategy, has been at the forefront of regional-level landscape planning in the UK. A brief account is provided of the production of the Regional Landscape Strategy with some reflections on the experience, highlighting some of the problems and potential of the approach. An exploration of the scope for the wider integration of landscape planning within the new regional arrangements is given.