非柔性加筋材料加筋土的强度特性分析

通常的加筋土所用的筋材一般为柔性材料 ,仅考虑筋的抗拉强度 ,加筋后土体强度的提高表现为粘聚力有很大的提高 ,而内摩擦角几乎不变 ;而特殊的一些加筋工程 ,所用的筋为非柔性材料 ,其特点是具有抗拉、抗剪和抗弯强度 ,根据非柔性材料的以上特点 ,通过建立复合体单元受力破坏模式 ,将加筋土体的破坏分为摩擦型破坏和拉断型破坏 ,分析了轴对称三轴试验条件下非柔性加筋材料加筋土的强度特性 ,通过静力平衡条件 ,得出大小主应力之间关系 ,该式表明 ,非柔性材料加筋后土体的粘聚力和内摩擦角均增大许多 .结果对有关加筋土工程的合理设计计算有参考价值     

水平向加筋体抗沉陷作用机理分析及设计方法

针对高速公路修筑过程中经常遇到松散、沉陷地基的问题,分析了水平向加筋体加固沉陷区筋材–填土在路堤荷载作用下荷载传递机理。考虑了筋材张拉膜效应和路堤土拱效应在路堤荷载传递中的作用,分别采用薄板理论和Trapdoor理论分析筋材张拉膜效应和路堤土拱效应,推导出水平向加筋体加固沉陷区时最大挠度,并提出设计挠度已知情况下的设计方法。最后采用本文计算方法对工程实例进行计算分析,并综合分析了沉陷区宽度、填土高度、黏聚力、内摩擦角和筋材抗拉模量对水平向增强体设计计算的影响。随着沉陷区宽度的增加,加筋薄板层最大挠度呈非线性增加;随着填土高度的增加,加筋薄板层最大挠度逐渐增加,但增幅不大;随着筋材抗拉模量的增加,加筋薄板层最大挠度逐渐减小。     

黄土地区非对称公路路堤稳定性分析

利用FLAC3D软件建立了非对称黄土公路路堤数值分析模型,在强度折减法的基础上,按M-C强度理论分析抗剪切强度参数内摩擦角和黏聚力对路堤稳定性的影响。通过对比不同加筋层数、筋土界面参数和荷载形式下加筋路堤的安全系数和剪应变增量云图,归纳总结出上述参数对路堤稳定性的影响规律。模拟结果表明:内摩擦角和黏聚力对路堤稳定性影响规律相似,安全系数和塑性贯通区均随剪切强度参数增大而增大。格栅加筋效果随着加筋层数和界面参数增大而增大,但增加幅度逐渐减小并最终趋于稳定。此外,非对称荷载作用下路堤稳定性较均布荷载的差。     

钢丝网筋材的加筋作用特性试验研究

在双绞合六边形钢丝网加筋红砂岩粗粒土大三轴试验的基础上,对钢丝网筋材的加筋机理、加筋作用发挥过程和含水量、加筋间距对加筋效果的影响进行系统的研究。分析表明,加筋双绞合六边形钢丝网可以同时提高红砂岩粗粒土的黏聚力和内摩擦角,其加筋机理不宜采用“准黏聚力”理论,工程设计时也应考虑筋材对土体内摩擦角的贡献;双绞合六边形钢丝网...     

对“钢筋(煤石干石)混凝土网格式加筋土挡土结构强度特性与试验研究”讨论的答复

雷胜友博士对笔者在《岩土工程学报》1999年第 5期上发表的“钢筋 (煤石干石 )混凝土网格式加筋土挡土结构强度特性与试验研究”一文 (以下简称原文 )的讨论 ,是有一定意义的。在原文中提出了钢筋混凝土网格式加筋土挡土结构这种非柔性筋材 ,由于不仅可以承受拉应力 ,而且可以承受剪应力 ,与一般柔性筋材加筋土只增加粘聚力Δｃ ,而视加筋与不加筋具有相同的内摩擦角 φ 不同 ,非柔性筋材加筋土与不加筋相比 ,加非柔性筋材加筋土不仅增加粘聚力Δｃ ,而且也增加了内摩擦角Δφ 。加筋土体相对于无筋土体而言 ,由于增加了Δｃ ,Δφ ,使加筋…     

有限元强度折减法在加筋格宾陡坡支挡结构中的应用

依托我国第一座高速公路加筋格宾陡坡支挡结构--湖北大广北高速公路兰溪互通AK0+939.68～AK1+079.71,BK0+296.55～366.18陡坡加筋土工程,以岩土工程专业有限元程序Phase2 V6.0为研究平台,采用有限元强度折减法对该加筋格宾陡坡的稳定性进行评价.以经典极限平衡条分法的计算结果为基础,分析单元选型对计算结果的影响,提出采用有限元强度折减法计算筋材拉力分布,从而确定加筋土结构内部破裂面的方法,探讨填料黏聚力c、内摩擦角φ、网面拉力、地震力、填土重度、车辆荷载以及加筋间距等重要参数对安全系数的影响.相关成果可指导具体工程设计.     

双向土工格栅与中砂界面作用特性试验研究

筋材与填料土(筋土)的界面作用特性是影响加筋土工程的重要因素.以中砂为填料土,以聚丙烯双向土工格栅为筋材,通过直剪与拉拔试验,研究了不同中砂含水率、试验盒尺寸、试验类型对筋土界面作用特性的影响.引入黏聚力对比参数λc与内摩擦角对比参数λφ,进行了不同影响因素下加筋土黏聚力c与内摩擦角φ的定量对比,结果表明:不同因素对黏聚力c的影响均大于对内摩擦角φ的影响,加筋对复合土体的贡献主要体现在黏聚力上.各因素对筋土界面作用特性影响的顺序为:试验类型＞含水率＞试验盒尺寸.     

软土地基加筋土路堤变形及稳定性分析

软土地基加筋土路堤进行了数值模拟,分析了筋材类型和加筋方式对路堤变形及稳定性的影响。研究结果表明:在软土地基和路堤之间铺设土工格栅可以有效提高路堤稳定性;增加路堤加筋层数不如增加底层筋材力学指标对路堤稳定性的影响效果明显;在固结过程中,加筋土路堤对地基侧向位移影响深度约为2H(H为路堤高度),研究成果对软土地基加筋土路堤的设计和施工具有指导意义。     

对“钢筋(煤石干石)混凝土网格式加筋土挡土结构强度特性与试验研究”讨论的答复

雷胜友博士对笔者在《岩土工程学报》1999年第 5期上发表的“钢筋 (煤石干石 )混凝土网格式加筋土挡土结构强度特性与试验研究”一文 (以下简称原文 )的讨论 ,是有一定意义的。在原文中提出了钢筋混凝土网格式加筋土挡土结构这种非柔性筋材 ,由于不仅可以承受拉应力 ,而且可以承受剪应力 ,与一般柔性筋材加筋土只增加粘聚力Δｃ ,而视加筋与不加筋具有相同的内摩擦角 φ 不同 ,非柔性筋材加筋土与不加筋相比 ,加非柔性筋材加筋土不仅增加粘聚力Δｃ ,而且也增加了内摩擦角Δφ 。加筋土体相对于无筋土体而言 ,由于增加了Δｃ ,Δφ ,使加筋土体增加了一个附加围压 Δσ3ｆ 。根据极限平衡条件 ,推导出     

紫茎泽兰筋材改良昔格达土物理力学试验研究

针对攀西地区特殊昔格达土质,利用广泛分布的紫茎泽兰做改良土筋材,对昔格达紫茎泽兰加筋土进行不固结、不排水的三轴压缩试验,研究不同加筋量及不同围压下加筋土的σ-ε关系曲线和抗剪强度,并分析其影响因素。试验结果表明:昔格达紫茎泽兰加筋土的抗剪强度和抵抗变形的能力较素土有显著提高;内摩擦角φ变化相对较小,相对变化率绝对值在40.13%以内,但黏聚力增长较大,最高可达17.03倍;无筋素土试样大多以剪切破坏为主,而掺入紫茎泽兰筋材后,试样的破坏主要为鼓胀破坏;抗剪强度增加量与紫茎泽兰掺入量的比例呈非线性关系,且并非掺入量越大越好。说明紫茎泽兰筋材对土体存在补强的作用,同时试验得出黏聚力c值是影响加筋土抗剪强度的主要因素。     

Stability analysis of stone column-supported and geosynthetic-reinforced embankments on soft ground

This study focuses on the stability of stone column-supported and geosynthetic-reinforced embankments on soft soil. An upper-bound limit state plasticity failure discretization scheme (known as discontinuity layout optimization (DLO)), which determines the embankment stability without pre-assuming a slip surface, is used. The relationships between the stability of stone column-supported and geosynthetic-reinforced embankments and various influencing parameters, including the soil strength, geometric configuration, reinforcement strength, and area replacement ratio, are analysed. It is found that geosynthetics provide a significant contribution to embankment stability. Two failure mechanisms of geosynthetics (i.e., rupture failure and bond failure) are revealed and the effect of geosynthetics on embankment stability is governed by the failure mode. The application of stone columns mitigates the risk of geosynthetic failure. To provide an analytical solution for primary design in engineering practice, an approach based on the limit equilibrium method is proposed. Validations are performed with the DLO solution to demonstrate the accuracy and reliability of the developed analytical approach.     

Overall stability of geosynthetic-reinforced embankments on soft soils

Overall stability of geosynthetic-reinforced embankments on soft soils is analysed using two different methodologies: application of a numerical model based on the finite element method; use of a limit equilibrium method. These two methodologies are described and also applied on three geosynthetic-reinforced embankments on soft soils. One of the cases is a case history constructed up to failure. Considering the analysis of the results, some conclusions are formulated on the limit equilibrium method accuracy, namely regarding the critical slip surface, overall safety factor and overturning and resisting moments.     

Two-dimensional soil arching evolution in geosynthetic-reinforced pile-supported embankments over voids

Soil arching and tensioned membrane effects are two main load transfer mechanisms for geosynthetic-reinforced pile-supported (GRPS) embankments over soft soils or voids. Evidences show that the tensioned membrane effect interacts with the soil arching effect. To investigate the soil arching evolution under different geosynthetic reinforcement stiffness and embankment height, a series of discrete element method (DEM) simulations of GRPS embankments were carried out based on physical model tests. The results indicate that the deformation pattern in the GRPS embankments changed from a concentric ellipse arch pattern to an equal settlement pattern with the increase of the embankment height. High stiffness geosynthetic hindered the development of soil arching and required more subsoil settlement to enable the development of maximum soil arching. However, soil arching in the GRPS embankments with low stiffness reinforcement degraded after reaching maximum soil arching. Appropriate stiffness reinforcement ensured the development and stability of maximum soil arching. According to the stress states on the pile top, a concentric ellipse soil arch model is proposed in this paper to describe the soil arching behavior in the GRPS embankments over voids. The predicted heights of soil arches and load efficacies on the piles agreed well with the DEM simulations and the test results from the literature.     

Combined effect of PVDs and reinforcement on embankments over rate-sensitive soils

A numerical study of the behavior of geosynthetic-reinforced embankments constructed on soft rate-sensitive soil with and without prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) is described. The time-dependent stress–strain-strength characteristic of rate-sensitive soil is taken into account using an elasto-viscoplastic constitutive model. The effects of reinforcement stiffness, construction rate, soil viscosity as well as PVD spacing are examined both during and following construction. A sensitivity analysis shows the effect of construction rate and PVD spacing on the short-term and long-term stability of reinforced embankments and the mobilized reinforcement strain. For rate-sensitive soils, the critical period with respect to the stability of the embankment occurs after the end of the construction due to a delayed, creep-induced, build-up of excess pore pressure in the viscous foundation soil. PVDs substantially reduce the effect of creep-induced excess pore pressure, and hence not only allow a faster rate of consolidation but also improve the long-term stability of the reinforced embankment. Furthermore, PVDs work together with geosynthetic reinforcement to minimize the differential settlement and lateral deformation of the foundation. The combined use of the geosynthetic reinforcement and PVDs enhances embankment performance substantially more than the use of either method of soil improvement alone.     

关于土工合成材料加筋设计的若干问题

目前土工合成材料加筋技术被广泛应用,但人们对于加筋土中筋材与土间的相互作用的机理的认识还不够深入,因而在设计中总体上趋于保守。结合岩土工程的设计理论,指出土工合成材料在设计方法方面的不合理性;对于加筋挡土墙、加筋土坡、加筋软土地基上的土堤和桩网结构的设计分别进行了讨论;结合一些案例中的实测和预计的筋材应变和应力,进一步指出目前设计的保守性。最后指出,目前基于极限平衡法的设计不尽合理,而通过变形协调的筋土共同作用的研究,采用更能反映其相互作用机理的设计方法是非常必要的。     

3D numerical study of the performance of geosynthetic-reinforced and pile-supported embankments

Geosynthetic-reinforced and pile-supported (GRPS) systems provide an economic and effective solution for embankments. The load transfer mechanisms are tridimensional ones and depend on the interaction between linked elements, such as piles, soil, and geosynthetics. This paper presents an extensive parametric study using three-dimensional numerical calculations for geosynthetic-reinforced and pile-supported embankments. The numerical analysis is conducted for both cohesive and non-cohesive embankment soils to emphasize the fill soil cohesion effect on the load and settlement efficacy of GRPS embankments. The influence of the embankment height, soft ground elastic modulus, improvement area ratio, geosynthetic tensile stiffness and fill soil properties are also investigated on the arching efficacy, GR membrane efficacy, differential settlement, geosynthetic tension, and settlement reduction performance. The numerical results indicated that the GRPS system shows a good performance for reducing the embankment settlements. The ratio of the embankment height to the pile spacing, subsoil stiffness, and fill soil properties are the most important design parameters to be considered in a GRPS design. The results also suggested that the fill soil cohesion strengthens the soil arching effect, and increases the loading efficacy. However, the soil arching mobilization is not necessarily at the peak state but could be reached at the critical state. Finally, the geosynthetic strains are not uniform along the geosynthetic, and the maximum geosynthetic strain occurs at the pile edge. The geosynthetic deformed shape is a curve that is closer to a circular shape than a parabolic one.     

A novel 2D-3D conversion method for calculating maximum strain of geosynthetic reinforcement in pile-supported embankments

For design of a geosynthetic-reinforced pile-supported (GRPS) embankment over soft soil, the methods used to calculate strains in geosynthetic reinforcement at a vertical stress were mostly developed based on a plane-strain or two-dimensional (2-D) condition or a strip between two pile caps. These 2-D-based methods cannot accurately predict the strain of geosynthetic reinforcement under a three-dimensional (3-D) condition. In this paper, a series of numerical models were established to compare the maximum strains and vertical deflections (also called sags) of geosynthetic reinforcement under the 2-D and 3-D conditions, considering the following influence factors: soil support, cap shape and pattern, and a cushion layer between cap and reinforcement. The numerical results show that the maximum strain in the geosynthetic reinforcement decreased with an increase of the modulus of subgrade reaction. The 2-D model underestimated the maximum strain and sag in the geosynthetic reinforcement as compared with the 3-D model. The cap shape and pattern had significant influences on the maximum strains in the geosynthetic reinforcements. An empirical method involving the geometric factors of cap shape and pattern, and the soil support was developed to convert the calculated strains of geosynthetic reinforcement in piled embankments under the 2-D condition to those under the 3-D condition and verified through a comparison with the results in the literature.     

软基和吹填土上加筋堤的离心模型试验及有限元分析

介绍软粘土地基及吹填土上土工织物加筋堤的离心模型试验,研究了不同排水条件、不同织物布置方式对堤坝稳定和变形的影响,并通过非线性有限元分析得到了加筋后堤坝侧向变形、沉降及应力的分布规律。     

Remedial treatment of soil structures using geosynthetic-reinforcing technology

The advantages of geosynthetic-reinforcing technology to construct new soil structures including; (a) a relatively short construction period; (b) small construction machines necessary; and (c) a higher stability of completed structures, all contributing to a higher cost-effectiveness, are addressed. A number of case successful histories of geosynthetic-reinforced soil retaining walls have been reported in the literature (e.g., [Tatsuoka, F., Koseki, J., Tateyama, M., 1997a. Performance of Earth Reinforcement Structures during the Great Hanshin Earthquake, Special Lecture. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Earth Reinforcement, IS Kyushu ‘96, Balkema, vol. 2, pp. 973–1008; Tatsuoka, F., Tateyama, M, Uchimura, T., Koseki, J., 1997b. Geosynthetic-reinforced soil retaining walls as important permanent structures, 1996–1997 Mercer Lecture. Geosynthetics International 4(2), 81–136; Tatsuoka, F., Koseki, J., Tateyama, M., Munaf, Y., Horii, N., 1998. Seismic stability against high seismic loads of geosynthetic-reinforced soil retaining structures, Keynote Lecture. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Geosynthetics, Atlanta, vol. 1, pp.103–142; Helwany, S.M.B., Wu, J.T.H., Froessl, B., 2003. GRS bridge abutments—an effective means to alleviate bridge approach settlement. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 21(3), 177–196; Lee, K.Z.Z., Wu, J.T.H., 2004. A synthesis of case histories on GRS bridge-supporting structures with flexible facing. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 22(4), 181–204; Yoo, C., Jung, H.-S., 2004. Measured behavior of a geosynthetic-reinforced segmental retaining wall in a tiered configuration. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 22(5), 359–376; Kazimierowicz-Frankowska, K., 2005. A case study of a geosynthetic reinforced wall with wrap-around facing. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 23(1), 107–115; Skinner, G.D., Rowe, R.K., 2005. Design and behaviour of a geosynthetic reinforced retaining wall and bridge abutment on a yielding foundation. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 23(3), 234–260]). Techniques for analyzing the seismic response of reinforced walls and slopes have also been developed (e.g. Nouri, H. Fakher, A., Jones, C.J.F.P., 2006. Development of horizontal slice method for seismic stability analysis of reinforced slopes and walls. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 24(2),175–187). Several typical cases in which embankments having a gentle slope and conventional-type soil retaining walls that were seriously damaged or failed were reconstructed to geosynthetic-reinforced steepened slopes or geosynthetic-reinforced soil retaining walls are also reported in this paper. It has been reported that the reconstruction of damaged or failed conventional soil structures to geosynthetic-reinforced soil structures was highly cost-effective in these cases. Rehabilitation of an old earth-fill dam in Tokyo to increase its seismic stability by constructing a counter-balance fill reinforced with geosynthetic reinforcement is described. Finally, a new technology proposed to stabilize the downstream slope of earth-fill dams against overflowing flood water while ensuring a high seismic stability by protecting the slope with soil bags anchored with geosynthetic reinforcement layers arranged in the slope is described.     

土工合成材料加筋边坡宏细观机理模型试验研究

通过包裹式加筋边坡模型试验对加筋边坡宏观变形模式、宏观力学性状、筋土界面细观作用和剪切破坏带处土颗粒运动进行研究,分析土工合成材料加筋边坡宏细观机理。砂土加筋边坡由于加筋体的存在,宏观变形上呈现为类似黏性土边坡的整体滑移破坏模式,出现圆弧状剪切破坏带;坡顶上部基础 p – s 曲线类似基础整体剪切破坏弹性、弹塑性和塑性破坏三阶段,曲线各阶段变化与主剪切破坏带整体发展有密切关系;细观上筋土界面处筋材与土颗粒摩擦和咬合作用提供“似黏聚力”;“主剪切破坏带”内颗粒的滚动摩擦、“过渡区”内颗粒的滚动摩擦和滑动摩擦和“稳定区”内颗粒的咬合作用构成整个剪切破坏带抗滑阻力。筋土界面处筋材与土颗粒相互作用所提供的“似黏聚力”和主剪切破坏带的发展和贯通所提供的滚动摩擦和滑动摩擦是形成加筋砂土边坡整体滑移、改变整个边坡破坏模式的内在原因。