小导管注浆粘土隧道破坏机制的试验与理论研究

运用Acutronic 661型离心机研究超前小导管注浆加固圆形隧道的塑性变形机制,试验隧道在平面应变条件下的超固结粘土中开挖,小导管采用具有一定硬度的合成树脂模拟,管间相互重叠形成拱形加固区,设置在圆形隧道拱顶。模型地表沉降采用位移传感器进行测量,地下位移则通过一种连续的图形采样分析系统获取。目的在于研究隧道建设过程中小导管注浆“拱顶加固”工艺对地表沉降和隧道稳定性的影响。在此基础上,从塑性极限分析上限法的基本原理出发,构建小导管注浆粘土隧道的垮落机制,采用解析法导出稳定率上限方程,通过该方程进一步讨论隧道埋深、土体强度、小导管注浆体对单圆形隧道稳定率上限解的影响。最后,由离心模型试验结果证实其上限解的正确性。     

浅埋矩形隧道掘进面被动失稳混合破坏机制

浅埋条件下矩形隧道顶管法施工中因支护压力波动极易诱发掘进面被动失稳。采用平面分析对该问题进行研究,并建立被动失稳机动破坏机制。该机制是由平面螺旋与平动机动破坏机制组成的混合机制,2种机制间采用离散技术建立速度不连续面进行过渡。基于该机制,采用上限分析法推导出被动失稳支护压力上限解,并通过最优化方法得到了极限支护压力及最优破坏模式。参数分析表明,土体摩擦角对失稳影响较显著,随着摩擦角增加,失稳区域扩大而极限支护压力迅速增大,与此同时,破坏区域中平动模式所占比例增加;黏聚力对失稳模式影响较小,而地表超载增加引起失稳区域扩大,支护压力线性增长。对比分析发现,隧道宽高比较大情况下,基于平面混合破坏机制的上限解与数值解吻合较好,且吻合程度随着宽高比增加而提高。研究表明,平面混合破坏机制有着较好的应用前景,可为相关工程设计施工提供理论参考。     

非均质黏土地基隧道环向开挖面稳定上限分析

基于多块体极限分析上限法,推导了不排水条件下饱和黏性土地基中隧道环向开挖面稳定支护压力的计算公式。编制相应的计算程序,优化得到了隧道环向开挖稳定的最优上限解答。通过与已有极限分析上限解答的对比,验证了多块体极限分析上限法在隧道开挖稳定性分析的适用性。对照隧道开挖稳定的最优上限解的变化规律及相应破坏面的形状,详细分析了隧道埋深比、土体重度及强度非均质性对开挖面极限支护压力和因隧道开挖产生的滑动面范围和位置的影响。在此基础上,进一步基于隧道失稳的简化破坏模式推导了黏性土地基隧道开挖稳定的极限支护压力的简化上限解。通过与已有离心模型试验的对比验证,指出本文上限解可直接用于工程中初步确定开挖面支护压力,为隧道工程设计提供可靠的理论依据。     

流变岩体中既有隧道与新建平行隧道相互影响的理论解

在流变岩体中进行隧道施工时,既有隧道与新建隧道的相互作用将使围岩应力、位移分布与单隧道问题有明显不同,且与时间相关。针对黏弹性岩体中深埋双圆形隧洞考虑施工顺序问题,用复变函数方法、Laplace变换、黏弹性叠加关系导出两隧道周边开挖增量位移和应力场的求解方法和理论解答,并与有限元解进行了比对。根据解答分析了既有和新建隧道孔边增量位移与全应力分布特点;隧道周边增量位移随时间的变化;周边位移随隧道间距的变化规律。可用于黏弹性岩体中双圆形隧道顺序开挖的施工分析。相比数值方法,理论解可更方便地进行参数分析和初步设计。     

用于估计多隧道开挖地面沉降的解析解(英文)

对于均质弹性地基中单隧道和多隧道开挖施工,本文给出了用于计算二维和三维地面沉降的近似的显式解析解。该解析解是对点荷载下Mindlin位移解进行积分并利用泰勒级数展开而得。利用该解析解,可以计算多个任意相对位置的隧道掘进引起的地面沉降。对于隧道开挖面不同支护程度的情况,可以采用一个原位应力释放度(系数)来模拟。通过一个单隧道开挖的弹性有限元计算对比,对简化的解析解进行了检验,两者计算结果的差距在9%以内。简化解析解的有效性,通过两种情况(两条相互平行隧道和两条相互垂直隧道)的计算得到验证。     

砂土中隧道施工引起近接隧道位移的试验研究

新建隧道施工对近接隧道的影响,一直是隧道设计和施工中必须考虑的问题,但现阶段对此还没有一致的认识。为了进一步研究新建隧道施工对近接隧道影响机理,设计了能够模拟隧道分步开挖的室内模型试验装置,并用该试验装置进行了砂土地层中新建隧道施工引起近接水平平行隧道位移的试验研究。试验重点研究了两平行隧道间净距、埋深对既有隧道位移的影响。通过对试验结果分析,得到了既有隧道拱顶和靠近新建隧道一侧拱腰部位的位移发展规律。试验结果分析表明,新建隧道开挖会对既有平行隧道结构产生侧向挤压效应,隧道埋深和净距对既有隧道的位移都有影响,但隧道间净距变化对位移量的影响更大。当隧道间净距大于2倍隧道直径时,新建隧道开挖对既有水平平行隧道位移的影响非常小。研究成果可为砂土地层中近距离平行隧道设计和施工提供参考。     

浅埋软土隧道稳定性极限分析

稳定性分析在浅埋软土隧道工程设计中占有重要位置.本文应用极限分析理论的上限原理及有限元法求解隧道的稳定系数,明显改善了既有的上限分析结果,并且同下限分析结果很接近,因此可以更好地界定准确解的范围.此外,有限元优化的机动可容许破坏速度场有助于理解浅埋软土隧道的破坏机制.本文所用的有限元极限分析方法也适用于研究其他土体结构的总体稳定性.     

黏土中隧道垮落的塑性分析和数值模拟

~~黏土中隧道垮落的塑性分析和数值模拟@谢骏$伦敦南岸大学!伦敦~~     

基于块体剪流组合机构的黏土隧道三维开挖面稳定分析

基于块体剪流组合机构研究了非均质黏土地层中隧道三维开挖面稳定性。指出了已有文献在推导简单剪流–转动机构过程中存在漏项并对稳定系数计算公式进行了改正。通过对块体机构与剪流机构的讨论，分别从上部刚性块体以及下部剪流区两个方面揭示出现有解析机构上限解与离心模型试验结果及弹塑性有限元解差距较大的内在机理。在此基础上，进一步提出了平动块体非均匀剪流组合机构，显著改进了现有解析机构在隧道埋深比相对较大时的上限解，并详细讨论了当前常用工程验算方法的适用性。     

矿山与盾构隧道平行段施工相互影响机制

隧道开挖会对周围地层产生扰动,引起地表沉降、近接管线变形,而基于不同施工方法的两条平行隧道,其相互影响机制尚不明确,可能会对隧道的施工造成不利的影响。文中以长沙市轨道交通工程为依托,建立了复合地层中矿山隧道与盾构隧道开挖的数值模型,并针对3种不同典型工况进行模拟,分析后行隧道对先行隧道的影响机制。结果表明后行隧道的地层损失率越大,对先行隧道的变形和受力影响越大;矿山法隧道施工对周围地层的扰动较小,并且矿山隧道在二次衬砌完工后整体性强,刚度较大,在外部作业影响下不易发生变形,矿山隧道完工后再进行盾构隧道施工,可使隧道二次变形最小。研究为矿山隧道与盾构隧道平行段施工顺序设计提供了理论依据。     

Upper-bound stability analysis of a plane strain heading in non-homogeneous clay

This paper investigates the undrained stability of a plane strain tunnel heading in cohesive soil, whose undrained shear strength is assumed to increase linearly with depth. Upper bound stability solutions for a practical range of parameters of geometries and soil conditions are found using the multi-rigid-block upper bound method. The upper bound solutions obtained from the multi-rigid-block mechanisms significantly improve the classical solutions and have good agreement with those of the finite element limit analysis when C/D is small. An improved simple collapse mechanism which intermix inhomogeneous deforming region and rigid blocks translation together is proposed based on the multi-rigid-block upper-bound analysis. An upper bound analytical solution is then obtained in view of the numerical results of both the multi-rigid-block collapse mechanism and the improved simple collapse mechanism. And it predicts the plane strain heading stability relatively accurate for shallow tunnels.     

Upper-bound solutions for face stability of circular tunnel in purely cohesive soil using continuous rotational velocity field

This paper presents a 2D analysis model based on limit analysis and slip-line theories for the face stability of a circular tunnel in purely cohesive soil. The analysis model depends on the ratio of cover depth C to tunnel diameter D. When C/D is equal to 0.5, the mechanism consists of three blocks, namely, Zone I, Zone II, and Zone III. When C/D is greater than 0.5, the mechanism consists of four blocks, namely, Zone I, Zone II, Zone III, and a possible Zone IV. Zone II is a transition zone satisfying the normality conditions. The possible Zone IV is a Rankine zone that is subjected to the influence of the vertical soil arching effect appearing at the top of Zone III. The criterion for the collapse thickness limit of the tunnel is proposed based on Terzaghi’s theory of relative soil pressure. The results show that significant improvements have been made to the existing solutions using the proposed failure mechanism for the face stability of circular tunnels in purely cohesive soil.     

Stability analysis of large slurry shield-driven tunnel in soft clay

The face stability of large slurry shield-driven tunnels is investigated by an upper bound approach in limit analysis and three-dimensional numerical modelling for the Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel. Both the local failure and global failure in collapse and blow-out are studied. Firstly, the upper bound solution for local stability is presented, taking into account the gradient of slurry pressure. The maximum tunnel diameters for given site conditions could be determined by this solution. Then, the progressive global stability mechanism is studied using a multiblock model of upper bound theorem. The analysis shows that it is necessary to take into account the partial failure in large size slurry shield-driven tunnels, especially in the case of blow-out. The global blow-out of the partial upper part of the tunnel face occurs when the slurry pressure is too great; while the global collapse of the whole tunnel face occurs when the slurry pressure is too small. The failure mechanisms and critical slurry pressures obtained from both the multiblock model to numerical simulations are compared with each other.     

Tunnel stability and arching effects during tunneling in soft clayey soil

A series of centrifuge model tests and numerical simulations of these tests were carried out to investigate the surface settlement troughs, excess pore water pressure generation, tunnel stability and arching effects that develop during tunneling in soft clayey soil. The two methods were found to provide consistent results of the surface settlement troughs, excess pore water generation, and the overload factors at collapse for both single and parallel tunneling. The arching ratio describes the evolution of the arching effects on the soil mass surrounding tunnels and can be derived from the numerical analysis. The boundaries of the arching zones for both single tunneling and parallel tunneling were determined. In addition, the boundaries of the positive and negative arching zones were also proposed.     

Stability of long unsupported twin circular tunnels in soils

The stability of two long unsupported circular parallel tunnels aligned horizontally in fully cohesive and cohesive–frictional soils has been determined. An upper bound limit analysis in combination with finite elements and linear programming is employed to perform the analysis. For different clear spacing (S) between the tunnels, the stability of tunnels is expressed in terms of a non-dimensional stability number (γ_maxH/c); where H is tunnel cover, c refers to soil cohesion, and γ_max is maximum unit weight of soil mass which the tunnels can bear without any collapse. The variation of the stability number with tunnels’ spacing has been established for different combinations of H/D, m and ϕ; where D refers to diameter of each tunnel, ϕ is the internal friction angle of soil and m accounts for the rate at which the cohesion increases linearly with depth. The stability number reduces continuously with a decrease in the spacing between the tunnels. The optimum spacing (S_opt) between the two tunnels required to eliminate the interference effect increases with (i) an increase in H/D and (ii) a decrease in the values of both m and ϕ. The value of S_opt lies approximately in a range of 1.5D–3.5D with H/D = 1 and 7D–12D with H/D = 7. The results from the analysis compare reasonably well with the different solutions reported in literature.     

基于非线性M–C准则的深埋土质隧道三维塌落破坏上限分析

围岩条件较差时,深埋土质隧道在隧道开挖过程中容易发生塌方,准确预测深埋土质隧道塌方土体的范围极其重要,目前能预测深埋土质隧道塌落范围的理论研究不够成熟。为了提前预测土质隧道围岩顶部塌落体的范围,基于非线性Mohr–Coulomb准则和极限分析上限法,推导出深埋土质隧道在三维破坏机制下塌落体的上限表达式,得到了深埋土质隧道塌落体范围的精确解。通过数值软件Matlab绘制出了塌落体的三维形状,研究了各参数对深埋隧道塌落体形状的影响,并与既有研究进行对比分析,研究结果表明:土体中各参数、隧道顶部圆弧的半径和支护力对深埋土质隧道塌落体的范围影响比较大;基于非线性Mohr–Coulomb准则下深埋土质隧道塌落体的上限分析可以求解出有、无支护力条件下塌落体的高度和宽度,求解合理、可靠,并能给出防止深埋土质隧道塌方发生的支护力大小,可为隧道工程设计提供理论依据。     

Support pressure for circular tunnels in two layered undrained clay

To estimate the required support pressure for stability of circular tunnels in two layered clay under undrained condition,numerical solutions are developed by performing finite element lower bound limit analysis in conjunction with second-order cone programming.The support system is assumed to offer uniform internal compressive pressure on its periphery.From the literature,it is known that the stability of tunnels depends on the overburden pressure acting over it,which is a function of undrained cohesion and unit weight of soil,and cover of soil.When a tunnel is constructed in layered undrained clay,the stability depends on the undrained shear strength,unit weight,and thickness of one layer relative to the other layer.In the present study,the solutions are presented in a form of dimensionless charts which can be used for design of tunnel support systems for different combinations of ratios of unit weight and undrained shear strength of upper layer to those of lower layer,thickness of both layers,and total soil cover depth.