Prediction of the squash loads of concrete-filled tubular section columns with local buckling

This paper describes a series of compression tests of circular hollow steel (CHS) sections and circular concrete-filled tubular (CFT) sections. The diameter to thickness ratios of the test specimens ranged 45–140. This range was set to investigate the effect of local buckling in the circular steel skin on the ultimate strength of CFT columns. The confining effect against filled-in concrete was also studied. A squash load formula for CFT stub columns is proposed to account for the post-local-buckling strength of steel skin. The ultimate strength of steel skin was predicted by a kind of Direct Strength Method (DSM). The proposed DSM does not require the computation of the effective area of the steel skin, but uses the gross area of the steel skin and the design strength formula based on various test results. The compressive strength formula of the filled-in concrete accounting for the strength ratio of steel skin to filled-in concrete is also proposed to consider the increase in compressive strength of the filled-in concrete, due to the confining effect of the steel skin. The design strengths of CFT columns were compared with the test results for verification.     

Resistance of rectangular concrete-filled tubular (CFT) sections to the axial load and combined axial compression and bending

This paper describes the development of the direct strength method (DSM) for concrete-filled tubular (CFT) sections. The axial and flexural strength of CFT sections with local buckling are proposed based on previous test results. Although Eurocode4 does not allow the use of slender steel skins for CFT sections, the limit of the width-to-thickness ratio for the steel skin has recently been extended to slender sections in AISC specifications. A simple formula for the axial and flexural strength of CFT sections for the DSM is proposed to account for the local buckling of a thin steel skin and for the enhanced compressive strength of concrete from the confining effect of the steel skin. The squash load predicted by the proposed formula is compared with test results and those predicted by AISC specifications and Eurocode4. A formula for strength interactions of CFT members under combined compression and flexure is proposed and is compared with test results. The comparison confirmed that the formula for axial and flexural strength and that for strength interactions can conservatively predict the resistance of CFT columns to the axial load and combined compression and bending.     

带预应力约束拉杆R-CFT短柱轴压性能试验研究

为了解约束拉杆预拉力对矩形钢管混凝土短柱受力性能的影响,进行了3个带预应力约束拉杆短柱轴压试验和另外2个对比试验,对比试验试件中1个不带约束拉杆,1个带普通约束拉杆。预应力约束拉杆和普通约束拉杆均由M20高强度螺栓组成,作为普通约束拉杆的高强度螺栓,在构件受轴向压力前与钢管壁焊接成一体;作为预应力约束拉杆的高强度螺栓,在构件受轴向压力前通过扭紧螺帽产生预拉力,然后与钢管壁焊接成一体,由拉杆预拉力对钢管壁和核心混凝土进行预压。试验结果表明,设置约束拉杆后,构件的承载力提高,轴向变形能力增强;与普通约束拉杆相比,预应力约束拉杆能减小构件最大荷载时的变形,但对构件承载能力和后期变形能力影响不大;减小预应力约束拉杆的横向间距,可有效减小构件最大荷载时的轴向变形,提高构件前期刚度,但对构件承载力影响不明显;在截面宽度和拉杆数量不变的情况下,随着截面长宽比的增加,构件后期变形能力减小。     

外方内圆复合钢管高强混凝土柱抗震性能试验研究

为研究外方内圆复合钢管高强混凝土柱的抗震性能,完成了6个试件的拟静力试验。试验主要变化参数为轴压比、方钢管壁板厚度及其宽厚比、圆钢管混凝土套箍指标。试验结果表明：6个试件的破坏形态基本相同,均为距柱底约300 mm高度范围内方钢管外鼓屈曲,方、圆钢管之间混凝土局部破坏;试件的水平荷载 位移滞回曲线饱满,无明显捏拢;峰值水平荷载时,轴压比设计值约为1.0的试件位移角略小于1/100,其它5个试件位移角均大于1/100;减小方钢管壁板的宽厚比,或增大圆钢管混凝土的套箍指标,可增大试件的初始割线刚度以及极限位移角;增大方钢管壁板的厚度,可提高试件在轴压力作用下的正截面受弯承载力。采用叠加方法与平截面假定方法计算试件在轴压力作用下的正截面受弯承载力,计算值与实测值吻合较好。     

An experimental study on elliptical concrete filled columns under axial compression

This paper presents the experimental results and observation of elliptical concrete filled tube (CFT) columns subjected to axial compressive load. A total of twenty-six elliptical CFT specimens including both stub and slender composite columns are tested to failure to investigate the axial compressive behaviour. Various column lengths, sectional sizes and infill concrete strength are used to quantify the influence of member geometry and constituent material properties on the structural behaviour of elliptical CFT columns. As there is no design guidance currently available in any Code of Practice, this study provides a review of the current design rules for concrete filled circular hollow sections in Eurocode 4 (EC4). New equations based on the Eurocode 4 provisions for concrete filled circular hollow sections were proposed and used to predict the capacities of elliptical CFT columns.     

钢管约束钢筋混凝土压弯构件滞回性能试验研究与分析

进行了4个圆钢管约束钢筋混凝土(CTRC)和4个方钢管约束钢筋混凝土(STRC)压弯构件滞回性能的试验研究,并进行了两个钢筋混凝土(RC)对比试件的试验研究。试验中的主要参数为轴压比(0.34、0.65和0.80)和混凝土强度等级(C30和C60)。试验结果表明,由于钢管对核心混凝土的有效约束,核心高强混凝土柱的承载力、延性和耗能能力得到了显著提高。随轴压比和混凝土强度的提高,CTRC压弯构件的受弯承载力提高;但轴压比和混凝土强度对试件的延性无明显影响。随轴压比和混凝土强度的提高,STRC压弯构件的受弯承载力提高,但延性下降。相同轴压比条件下,CTRC压弯构件的受弯承载力和延性明显优于STRC构件。根据试验结果,建议了钢管约束钢筋混凝土柱截面受弯承载力的计算方法。建立了钢管约束钢筋混凝土压弯构件的纤维模型数值计算方法,计算中采用随荷载的增加而不断增大钢管对核心混凝土的约束效应的方法,数值计算结果与试验结果吻合良好。     

带约束拉杆L形钢管混凝土轴压短柱的承载力计算

在试验的基础上,分析了带约束拉杆L形钢管混凝土短柱的受力机理,将带约束拉杆L形钢管混凝土短柱划分成一个方形和两个带约束拉杆的矩形钢管混凝土短柱,提出了轴压下带约束拉杆L形钢管混凝土短柱的承载力计算公式,并结合试验数据确定了计算公式中的参数。用建议计算公式对有关试件进行计算,计算结果与试验结果吻合良好。     

方钢管混凝土中钢管和混凝土抗压强度研究

对于方钢管混凝土柱在轴压作用下的受力性能,国内外学者已经进行了大量的试验研究和理论分析,但常规轴压试验无法得到钢管和混凝土各自承担的轴压力。为此,提出了一种在方钢管混凝土柱试件上部设置轴力测量段的试验方法,用于直接测量轴压下方钢管混凝土柱中钢管和混凝土所承担的轴压力。通过对5个不同宽厚比的方钢管混凝土柱试件开展轴压试验,发现方钢管混凝土柱中混凝土的抗压强度与其对应的轴心抗压强度相近。将试验得到的钢管抗压强度与已有经验公式结果进行对比,发现已有经验公式可合理预测钢管的抗压强度,针对钢管的屈曲后行为和其他因素的影响需要展开更深入的研究。在试验结果的基础上,提出了方钢管混凝土柱的轴压承载力计算式,其计算结果与文献试验结果吻合良好。     

纤维布(FS)约束混凝土矩形柱轴心受压试验及非线性有限元分析

通过29个纤维布(FiberSheet,FS)约束混凝土柱和2个混凝土对比柱的轴心受压试验,以及FS约束混凝土柱的三维非线性有限元分析,研究FS约束混凝土矩形截面柱的轴心受压性能和FS的约束机理。FS约束混凝土柱有斜剪破坏和轴压破坏两种破坏形态;FS约束混凝土的轴压应力-应变曲线有三种形状;增大截面长宽比会减弱FS的约束效果;单独缠绕CFS比复合缠绕CFS和GFS对强度提高有利,但复合缠绕且GFS不少于1层时,对增大变形有利;轴向压应力大于0.6～0.8倍峰值应力后,FS的横向拉应变增大,对混凝土起约束作用;角部FS横向拉应变及截面角部混凝土的水平应力最大;可以将截面分为强约束区和弱约束区;角部的圆弧半径与1/2边长之比越大,强约束区的面积越大;纤维特征值对强约束区面积大小的影响不大,但是纤维特征值大,截面的水平应力也大。     

钢管高强再生混凝土柱轴压性能试验研究

为研究钢管高强再生混凝土柱与钢管高强普通混凝土柱轴心受压性能的差异,进行了圆形和方形两种截面形状、高强普通和再生两种混凝土、方钢管内配置与不配置钢筋两种构造的5个钢管混凝土足尺试件轴压性能对比试验。通过试验,分析了混凝土种类、截面形状和配置钢筋对试件承载力、耗能及延性的影响。试验结果表明：钢管再生混凝土柱的损伤发展过程和破坏形态与钢管普通混凝土柱相似;在截面积、含钢率、材料强度相同的条件下,圆形截面试件较方形截面试件具有更高的承载能力和较好的变形能力;混凝土种类对方形截面试件轴心受力性能影响不大;方钢管内配置钢筋可加强对核心混凝土的约束作用,提高试件的承载力和变形性能。根据国内外相关规程对试件的轴压承载力进行了计算,引入尺寸效应影响系数,提出了方钢管混凝土柱承载力计算式,计算结果与试验结果符合较好。     

带肋方钢管混凝土轴压短柱试验研究及有限元分析

以方钢管宽厚比和加劲肋高厚比为主要变化参数,进行了14个带肋方钢管混凝土轴压短柱试验研究;同时采用有限元软件ABAQUS对带肋方钢管混凝土轴压短柱的荷载-变形关系进行了计算,计算结果与试验结果吻合良好。同时从应力-应变关系、核心混凝土和钢管的纵向应力分布及其相互作用等方面对比分析了无肋、单肋和双肋方钢管混凝土轴压短柱的受力性能。分析结果表明：设置加劲肋不仅提高了核心混凝土的纵向应力,而且明显减小了钢管管壁的拉应力区范围,改善了管壁的稳定性;带肋试件的约束作用主要集中在钢管角部和加劲肋处,随着每边加劲肋数量的增加,角部约束力明显增大。图13表1参11     

Seismic behavior and strength of tubed steel reinforced concrete (SRC) short columns

The seismic behavior of tubed SRC short columns has been investigated by testing eight specimens subjected to combined constant axial compression and lateral cyclic load. Three circular tubed SRC columns (CTSRC) and three square tubed SRC (STSRC) columns were tested in this research with two common SRC columns for comparison. Different axial load ratios (n₀=0.3, 0.4 and 0.5) have been adopted for the constant axial load. The test results indicate that the shear strength, plastic deformation capacity, ductility index, and energy dissipating capacity of the tubed SRC short columns were much higher than those of the SRC columns with the same steel ratio and axial compressive load. The lateral load strength of CTSRC and STSRC short columns increased with an increment in axial load level, while the axial load ratio has no obvious effect on the plastic deformation capacity of CTSRC and STSRC short columns. The steel tubes prevented the shear failure of the concrete more effectively in the circular columns than in the square ones. Shear connector studs should be used in CTSRC and STSRC short columns to prevent bond failure between concrete and flanges of the steel section. A modified ACI design method was adopted to calculate the nominal shear strength of STSRC columns as well as CTSRC columns.     

Seismic performance of pentagonal concrete‐filled steel tube megacolumns with different bottom constructions

The seismic performance of irregular pentagonal concrete‐filled steel tube (CFT) megacolumns is very different from that of circular or square CFT columns. Six irregular pentagonal CFT megacolumn specimens, with multiple cavities each, derived from a tall building are tested under constant axial compression and low lateral cyclic loading. The main studied parameters are the lateral loading directions and bottom cross‐section constructions. The types of constructions investigated are normal, corner‐steel‐angle strengthened and simplified discontinuous partial steel plate fabrications. The influence of the parameters on the failure mode, bearing capacity, elastic–plastic deformability, and energy dissipation is analysed. The failure features are fractures of the bottom steel plates caused by the bending force. Both the normal and the strengthened CFT columns exhibit better seismic performance than the simplified columns and have a 8.9%–34.7% greater bearing capacity and a 24.5%–42.2% stronger elastic deformability. Therefore, utilisation of the simplified CFT columns should be limited due to its weakened ductility and energy dissipation ability when using a steel ratio similar to those used for the other column types. Finally, a simplified strength model for an irregular pentagonal CFT megacolumn is proposed, and the resultant prediction is conservative but matches the test result well.     

Experimental investigation on concrete-filled stainless steel stiffened tubular stub columns

This paper presents an experimental investigation on concrete-filled normal-strength stainless steel stiffened tubular stub columns using the austenitic stainless steel grade EN 1.4301 (304). The stiffened stainless steel tubes were fabricated by welding four lipped angles or two lipped channels at the lips. Therefore, the stiffeners were formed at the mid-depth of the sections. In total, five hollow columns and ten concrete-filled columns were tested. The longitudinal stiffener of the column plate was formed to avoid shrinkage of the concrete and to behave as a continuous connector between the concrete core and the stainless steel tube. The behavior of the columns was investigated using two different nominal concrete cubic strengths of 30 and 60 MPa. A series of tests was performed to investigate the effects of cross-section shape and concrete strength on the behavior and strength of concrete-filled stainless steel stiffened tubular stub columns. The measured average overall depth-to-width ratios (aspect ratio) varied from 1.0 to 1.8. The depth-to-plate thickness ratio of the tube sections varied from 60 to 90. Different lengths of columns were selected to fix the length-to-depth ratio to a constant value of 3. The concrete-filled stiffened stainless steel tubular columns were subjected to uniform axial compression over the concrete core and the stainless steel tube to force the entire section to undergo the same deformations by blocking action. The column strengths, load–axial strain relationships and failure modes of the columns are presented. Several comparisons were made to evaluate the test results. The results of the experimental study showed that the design rules, as specified in the European specifications and the ASCE, are highly conservative for square and rectangular cold-formed concrete-filled normal-strength stainless steel stiffened stub columns.     

FRP约束方形混凝土柱轴心受压强度模型

FRP约束方形混凝土柱的侧向约束力受截面形状的影响较大，与圆形柱相比，由于拐角的应力集中导致的侧向约束应力不均匀等，使得FRP包裹方形柱的侧向约束效果明显降低。基于FRP约束圆柱体的强度公式，考虑方形柱的有效核心区、拐角效应以及等间距包裹的影响，引入对应的影响系数，建立了FRP约束方形混凝土柱轴心抗压强度新模型并与试验数据对比分析，结果表明，该模型具有良好的精度。     

Suggested empirical models for the axial capacity of circular CFT stub columns

In this paper, a total of 250 experimental tests of axially loaded circular concrete-filled steel tube (CFT) stub columns, published in the literature was summarized. The applicability of the current design codes such as ACI, Australian Standards, AISC, AIJ, Eurocode 4, DL/T and some available empirical models proposed by various researchers for calculating the axial capacity of circular CFT stub columns was examined using these experimental data. Based on the investigations, four new empirical models for predicting the axial capacity of circular CFT stub columns are proposed. The comparisons between the experimental results and the predictions of these models show that the proposed empirical models provide a direct, compact, and efficient representation of the ultimate strength of circular CFT stub columns made with not only normal strength but also high strength steel tubes and concrete. Finally, the limiting values of the maximum effective length, the compressive strength of concrete, the yield strength of steel tubes and the diameter-to-thickness for circular CFT stub columns with respect to the present empirical models are suggested. It is expected that engineers can easily use the present empirical models to estimate the axial capacities of circular CFT stub columns for engineering designs.     

带约束拉杆方形钢管混凝土轴压短柱的承载力计算

在现有一般方形钢管混凝土轴压短柱承载力的主要计算方法的基础上,利用前期对在带约束拉杆方形钢管混凝土的本构关系的研究基础上推导出的带约束拉杆方形钢管混凝土轴压短柱的承载力计算公式,结合实际工程应用的需要进行简化。分别应用该公式、EC4(1996)规范及我国军用标准GJB(2000)的相关公式对带约束拉杆和不带约束拉杆的方形钢管混凝土轴压短柱试件极限承载力进行计算。计算值与试验值对比表明:对一般方形钢管混凝土轴压短柱试件,三者计算结果比较接近,均能较好反映试件的真实承载力;对设置了约束拉杆的试件,该公式由于考虑了拉杆的约束作用,给出的计算结果更为合理,EC4(1996)及GJB(2000)给出结果的均值与试验值接近,但离散性偏大。     

High-strength steel-wire-mesh reinforced square concrete filled steel tubular columns: Concept and compressive behavior

Confinement from steel tube to concrete core is generally low in square concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns compared with their circular counterparts. To improve it, a new confining measure based on high-strength steel wire meshes (SWMs) has been proposed in this study. Different from traditional measures usually confining the concrete core from outside of it, the SWM confines the concrete core from inside of it by utilizing interaction force between SWM and concrete. Axial compression test on short SWM reinforced CFST columns was conducted to examine the efficiency of SWM. The test results demonstrated that the compressive load-carrying capacity of the square CFST column could be improved by 21.7% with a steel wire ratio of 1.54%. Finite element analysis was carried out to investigate some mechanical behaviors that were not captured in the test. It was revealed that the strength of SWM can be fully utilized, provided the entire section of concrete is reinforced by SWM and the SWM is placed along the middle half-part of column. Based on the results of this study, the use of high-strength SWM is proved an effective measure to improve the compressive performance of square CFST columns.     

带约束拉杆方钢管混凝土短柱轴压性能试验研究

进行了10个带约束拉杆和5个不设约束拉杆方形钢管混凝土短柱轴心受压构件的试验研究。主要研究参数为约束拉杆直径和间距、钢管厚度、钢材强度等。试验研究表明,在轴心压力作用下,方形钢管混凝土短柱在设置了约束拉杆后,能有效改善横截面周边中部钢管对核心混凝土的约束作用,延迟或避免钢管在应力达到屈服强度前发生失稳性的局部屈曲而导致构件的过早破坏,从而使方形钢管混凝土轴压短柱的承载力和延性均有较大幅度的提高。同时,应用现有规范及规程有关方形钢管混凝土承载力计算公式,对带约束拉杆方形钢管混凝土轴压试件承载力进行计算,计算结果与试验结果相比较为保守。     

A novel steel section for concrete-filled tubular columns

In modern structural constructions, concrete-filled steel tubular (CFT) columns have gradually become a central element in structural systems like tall buildings, bridges and so forth. The effective parameters on load carrying capacity of CFT columns are the bond between the steel and internal concrete, local buckling strength of steel tube, creep of concrete and loading conditions of column at connections. Considering these effective parameters, a novel section is suggested which can be used for columns of tall buildings and bridges with large spans. The main characteristic of the suggested steel section is internal longitudinal symmetric stiffeners. In the present study, a comparative investigation into the behavior of this novel section (with circular and octagonal shapes) and the most common used sections of CFT columns has been carried out under axial and cyclic loading. Having verified the finite element modeling, several different analyses have been undertaken. The results of the analyses clearly exhibit the increase in strength and ductility of the suggested novel section under axial and cyclic loading and therefore, its application is recommended in construction practice.