循环加卸载下柱状节理材料渗透率和孔隙度演化规律研究

 为了研究柱状节理岩体在多次围压循环加卸载下渗透率与孔隙度的演化规律,利用致密岩石惰性气体渗透测试装置,对柱状节理岩体相似材料进行3次围压循环加卸载模型试验,测量柱状节理岩体相似材料在3次围压循环加卸载下渗透率与孔隙度的变化过程,研究渗透率、孔隙度与围压之间的变化关系以及对应力的敏感性。试验结果表明：在第一次围压加载阶段,柱状节理材料渗透率和孔隙度变化较大,且围压卸载后不能恢复初始状态,在此后的围压循环加卸载阶段,围压变化对柱状节理岩体渗透率和孔隙度的影响较小;加载阶段,渗透率和孔隙度与围压均成幂函数关系;卸载阶段,渗透率与围压成幂函数关系,孔隙度与围压成指数函数关系;随围压增大,渗透率和孔隙度对围压变化的敏感性均减少,围压卸载后,渗透率和孔隙度对围压变化的敏感性可以恢复;在每个围压循环加卸载阶段,渗透率对围压变化的敏感性与柱体倾角的关系曲线均呈双峰形,且第一个峰值总是大于第二个峰值;围压加载阶段孔隙度与渗透率成幂函数关系,围压卸载阶段孔隙度与渗透率成指数函数关系;柱状节理材料的孔隙度越大,渗透率对孔隙度变化的敏感性越强;柱状节理材料渗透率对孔隙度变化的敏感性与柱体倾角的关系曲线呈双峰形,且第一个峰值大于第二个峰值。     

循环加卸载作用下不同高度煤样渗透性试验研究

为获取循环荷载作用下不同高度煤样渗透率的变化规律,应用煤岩三轴加载渗流试验装置,对直径相同高度不同的煤样进行循环加卸载轴压渗透性试验。研究结果表明:加载阶段,渗透率随轴压增加而降低;卸载阶段,渗透率随轴压降低而增加;渗透率与轴压呈负指数函数关系,渗透率应力敏感性随循环次数增加而降低;加载阶段与卸载阶段渗透率产生明显差值,其差值随循环次数增加而降低,渗透率损失量主要发生在初期加卸载阶段。不同高度煤样应力敏感性存在显著差异,应力敏感性随煤样高径比增加而降低;在加载与卸载阶段,无因次渗透率损失量随高径比增加而增大;经历循环加卸载作用后,渗透率损失率随高径比增加而增大,渗透率恢复率随高径比增加而降低。     

循环荷载作用下煤变形及渗透特性的试验研究

利用自主研发的含瓦斯煤岩热流固耦合三轴伺服渗流装置,以型煤试件为研究对象,进行不同温度条件下循环荷载试验,研究循环荷载作用下煤变形及渗透特性。研究结果表明:(1)随温度的升高,煤循环形成的滞回曲线所围成的面积逐渐减小。在单个循环曲线中,加、卸载阶段的主应力差、渗透率与轴向应变曲线呈现"X"状;在同一循环周期下,轴向应变与渗透率随温度的升高逐渐减小;在同一温度下,轴向变形随循环次数的增加逐渐增大。(2)随温度的升高,加载阶段曲线斜率逐渐增加,累计变形总量降低,即提高了不可逆过程的发展速率。(3)在各温度条件下,加载阶段应变及渗透率在整个循环过程中的变化均不明显。卸载阶段应变及渗透率在第1次循环期间变化较大,但从第2次循环开始,应变随循环次数的增加趋于平缓。在相同循环次数下,体积应变随温度的升高逐渐增大,渗透率逐渐减小。     

不同应力路径下花岗片麻岩渗透特性的试验研究

 采用全自动三轴伺服仪,对花岗片麻岩开展渗流应力耦合试验,研究常规三轴压缩和轴压循环加卸载2种应力路径下,渗透率与渗压、围压、有效围压、体积应变及应力路径等因素的关系。结果表明：(1) 在2种不同应力路径下,岩石渗透率演化规律有差异性和一致性,同种路径下变形各阶段渗透率随有效围压增大而减小,但渗透率曲线的形态保持不变;(2) 渗压和围压对渗透率的影响,通过对岩石变形过程中内部微裂纹和孔隙变化产生作用,有效应力系数发生改变,有效围压效应随之改变;(3) 循环加卸载试验中,卸载渗透率均明显大于相应加载渗透率,体积应变转折前,加载渗透率减小,卸载后渗透率增加,形成比较完整的渗透率回滞环,体积应变转折后,加载渗透率增大,卸载渗透率降低不能够完全恢复;(4) 体积应变较轴向应变更清楚和灵敏反映渗透率变化规律,可把体积转折应变或其对应应力作为岩石渗透率变化的一项指标。试验研究旨在为岩石工程渗流–应力耦合稳定性分析提供参考。     

循环荷载作用下煤变形及渗透特性的试验研究

 利用自主研发的含瓦斯煤岩热流固耦合三轴伺服渗流装置,以型煤试件为研究对象,进行不同温度条件下循环荷载试验,研究循环荷载作用下煤变形及渗透特性。研究结果表明：(1) 随温度的升高,煤循环形成的滞回曲线所围成的面积逐渐减小。在单个循环曲线中,加、卸载阶段的主应力差、渗透率与轴向应变曲线呈现“X”状;在同一循环周期下,轴向应变与渗透率随温度的升高逐渐减小;在同一温度下,轴向变形随循环次数的增加逐渐增大。(2) 随温度的升高,加载阶段曲线斜率逐渐增加,累计变形总量降低,即提高了不可逆过程的发展速率。(3) 在各温度条件下,加载阶段应变及渗透率在整个循环过程中的变化均不明显。卸载阶段应变及渗透率在第1次循环期间变化较大,但从第2次循环开始,应变随循环次数的增加趋于平缓。在相同循环次数下,体积应变随温度的升高逐渐增大,渗透率逐渐减小。     

柱状节理岩体渗透性模型试验研究

针对柱状节理岩体渗透性质的研究较少,开展了柱状节理岩体相似材料的模型试验,研究了柱状节理岩体相似材料在多次围压循环加卸载作用下的渗透性质,分析得出柱状节理岩体存在表征单元体积,可以采用等效连续介质模型分析柱状节理岩体的渗流性质,提出了计算柱状节理岩体渗透率张量的方法,基于张量不变性理论,推导出了柱状节理岩体渗透张量的主渗透系数的计算公式。研究表明:在围压初次加载阶段,柱状节理岩体渗透张量的主渗透系数随围压加载显著降低,在随后的围压循环加卸载阶段主渗透系数保持较低值,围压的加卸载对柱状节理岩体的主渗透系数影响较少,且在每个围压加卸载阶段,柱状节理岩体渗透张量的主渗透系数与围压均呈幂函数关系;柱状节理岩体渗透张量的主方向随着围压加卸载逐渐增大,在初次围压加卸载阶段增长显著,在此后的围压加卸载阶段缓慢增长;柱状节理岩体在低围压下渗透各向异性较为显著,且随着柱体倾角增大渗透各向异性逐渐减弱,在第一次围压加载阶段,随围压增大柱状节理岩体的渗透各向异性迅速减弱,当加载到高围压时,柱体倾角对柱状节理岩体的渗透各向异性几乎没有影响,在此后的围压循环加卸载阶段,柱状节理岩体的渗透各向异性稳定在较低水平,柱体倾角对渗透各向异性的影响很微弱;柱状节理岩体的渗透性质均是在第一次围压加载阶段发生显著变化,且围压卸载后渗透性质不能恢复,此后的围压循环加卸载对其渗透性质影响很小。     

循环荷载作用下围压对砂岩滞回环演化规律的影响

 利用MTS815岩石力学试验系统对砂岩进行循环荷载作用下不同围压时的三轴压缩试验,研究循环荷载作用下围压对砂岩滞回环演化规律的影响。试验结果表明：(1) 可将滞回环分为加载段和卸载段分别进行二次拟合。在加载段,随着循环次数的增加,拟合参数A,B随围压的增大而增大,而拟合参数C随围压的增大而减小,拟合曲线的开口均逐渐增大并趋于稳定,且围压越大,其达到稳定的时间越短;在卸载段,随着循环次数的增加,拟合参数A随围压的增大而减小,拟合参数B,C随围压的增大呈现减小的趋势,拟合曲线的开口逐渐增大并趋于稳定,且围压越大,其拟合曲线的开口越大。(2) 随着围压的增加,砂岩的滞回环面积增大,这说明随着围压的增加,试件在每个循环中所耗散掉的能量也在增加,即裂纹扩展所需要的能量也会随着围压的增加而增加。(3) 分析试验参数和拟合曲线,得出轴向单位体积耗散能与循环次数的关系符合乘幂负指数关系,曲线的特征是随着循环次数的增加,轴向单位体积耗散能衰减很快,逐渐达到稳定。     

不同围压下砂岩孔渗规律试验研究

采用三轴岩石力学试验系统分析了砂岩储层岩石在全应力—应变过程中渗透率的变化规律和不同围压下岩石的孔渗性，建立了砂岩岩石应力—应变与渗透率之间的定性定量关系。研究表明；岩石在全应力—应变过程中，渗透率的变化的总体规律是在弹性阶段渗透率随应力的增大而略有降低，进入弹塑性阶段后随着新生裂隙的扩展、贯穿，岩石的渗透率先是缓慢增加然后急剧增大，在峰前或峰后达到极大值，残余流动阶段原有裂隙开始压密闭合，渗透率开始降低。砂岩的孔渗性与其所承受的有效侧压大小密切相关，表现为岩石的孔隙度和渗透率均随侧压的增大而减小，且服从对数函数变化规律；成岩作用不同的砂岩孔隙度和渗透率减小的速度和程度不同，表现为在侧压的作用下，成岩作用程度较弱的砂岩储层的孔隙度或渗透率减小的速度和程度明显地高于成岩作用程度较强的砂岩。     

不同饱和度砂岩渗透率、孔隙度随应力变化规律研究

 制备含水饱和度为0%～70%的砂岩岩样,利用低渗透岩石气体渗透测试装置,对不同含水饱和度的砂岩岩样进行气渗试验,测量其在不同围压和渗压下的渗透率以及对应围压下的孔隙度,分析和讨论不同含水饱和度低渗透砂岩渗透率、孔隙度与应力三者之间的关系。得到以下结论：含水饱和度低于50%的低渗透砂岩,其气测渗透率随孔隙压力的增大而减小,含水饱和度高于50%的低渗透砂岩,其气测渗透率的变化规律相反;气测渗透率与孔隙压力符合指数函数关系;随着含水饱和度的增大,气测渗透率对孔隙压力变化的敏感性减少,且气测渗透率对孔隙压力变化的敏感性随着孔隙压力的增大而增大;绝对渗透率、孔隙度与围压均呈指数函数关系;随着含水饱和度的增大,绝对渗透率对围压变化的敏感性增大,对孔隙度变化的敏感性减小,且绝对渗透率和孔隙度对围压变化的敏感性均是随着围压增大而减小;低渗透砂岩的孔隙度与其绝对渗透率的变化成正相关,孔隙度的少量降低即能引起其绝对渗透率的大幅度下降;绝对渗透率与孔隙度成指数函数关系;随着含水饱和度增大,绝对渗透率对孔隙度变化的敏感性增强,且随着孔隙度的增大,绝对渗透率对孔隙度变化的敏感性也逐渐增强。     

三轴循环荷载下页岩变形及破坏特征试验研究

前期工作已经研究了含裂隙页岩在单轴循环荷载下的变形及破裂特征,为进一步认清围压与循环荷载耦合作用下的变形及破坏特征,利用MTS815.03岩石刚性压力机展开了对含裂隙页岩的三轴循环加卸载试验研究。试验结果表明:在三轴循环荷载下,含裂隙页岩的破坏形式主要为混合破坏,呈现出拉剪贯通模式;随围压逐渐增大,页岩的峰值强度呈线性增大,完整页岩经11周加卸载循环后,峰值强度增大9.98%~25.03%;而含裂隙页岩经15周加卸载循环后,峰值强度增大1.47%~6.98%;含裂隙页岩在同一循环内的弹性模量大于变形模量,卸载弹性模量大于加载弹性模量,卸载变形模量大于加载变形模量,并且损伤面积系数F越大,卸载弹性模量与加载弹性模量的差值也越大;随循环加卸载次数逐渐增加,加载变形模量与卸载变形模量呈先增大后单调减小的规律,加载弹性模量与卸载弹性模量表现出先增大,后逐渐呈"波浪式"减小的规律,剧烈波动的弹性模量是内部结构不断发生局部调整的有效证据。该研究为揭示在围压与循环荷载耦合作用下含裂隙页岩破坏形成复杂裂缝网的发展机理提供了有益参考。     

多期次应力变化对砂岩渗透率和孔隙结构影响的

The variations of reservoir stress caused by the multi-stage and discontinuous nature of the process in the CO₂ geological storage, leading to the change of permeability and pore structure of the rock, have a direct impact on CO₂ injection and storage. Through laboratory experiments, variations in the permeability of sandstone in the Liujiagou formation of the Ordos CCS (CO₂ capture and storage) demonstration project are analyzed under cyclic variations in injection pressure and confining pressure and multi-stage loading and unloading. In addition, the variations in the micro-pore structure are analyzed based on micro-pore structure tests. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Both the confining pressure and the injection pressure have a significant effect on the permeability of the reservoir rock. And the influence degree can reach 30% and 80%, respectively. The relative permeability changes with pressure, and it between the loading and unloading stages is higher at low pressures than at high pressures. (2) Mathematical models of permeability as a function of confining pressure and injection pressure are constructed. The mathematical models representing different cyclical processes are quite different. (3) The effects of the interval between the experiments on permeability changes are different for different pressure modes. The rock permeability can recover better under the injection pressure variation than confining pressure variation. (4) The variations during multiple stress cycles have a significant effect on the micropore structure. The increase in micropores with mesopores at small widths and the decrease of macropores result in a decrease in the permeability of the rock samples.     

Research on anisotropic permeability and porosity of columnar jointed rock masses during cyclic loading and unloading based on physical model experiments

In this paper, the permeability and porosity of self-prepared artificial columnar jointed rock masses (CJRM) with different columnar dip angles under different pore pressures during cyclic loading-unloading of confining pressure were measured. The experimental results indicate that the gas permeability of the artificial CJRM gradually decreases with the rise of pore pressure due to the existence of Klinkenberg effect, and Klinkenberg effect gradually decreases with the rise of columnar dip angle. The existence of it improves significantly the intrinsic permeability. Besides, the intrinsic permeability and porosity of artificial CJRM are more sensitive to the first loading than that of the intact cement mortar specimen. The permanent deformation of pores in the specimens mainly appears in the first cycle, and the subsequent cycles have smaller effects on the intrinsic permeability and porosity. The permanent deformation results in the intrinsic permeability, and porosity in the loading process is always higher than those in the unloading process. The intrinsic permeability gradually increases with the growth of columnar dip angle, exhibiting obvious permeability anisotropy. Under high confining pressure, the permeability anisotropy of artificial CJRM is less than that under low confining pressure. Meanwhile, under the same confining pressure, during the repeated loading-unloading cycles, the permeability anisotropy decreases gradually. The existence of a representative element volume (REV) for CJRM is verified; thus, the equivalent continuum media model can be utilized to analyse the seepage characteristics of CJRM.

     

围压升降过程中岩体渗透率变化特性的试验研究

通过试验研究了围压升降过程中砂岩和单裂隙花岗岩岩样渗透率的变化特性。试验结果表明，在围压升降过程中，砂岩和单裂隙花岗岩的渗透率均随有效应力的增加呈负指数规律减小，但单裂隙花岗岩的渗透率对有效应力的敏感程度远大于砂岩，而砂岩渗透率的恢复程度则远大于单裂隙花岗岩。在围压下降过程中，砂岩和单裂隙花岗岩渗透率的恢复均存在明显的应力滞后效应。     

砂岩卸围压变形过程中渗透特性与声发射试验研究

 利用岩石伺服试验系统,对江西红砂岩岩样进行气体渗透三轴试验及声发射监测,研究在常规加载、峰前卸围压和峰后卸围压3种应力路径下,岩样变形破坏过程中的渗透规律和声发射特征。试验结果表明：(1) 随着有效围压的增大,岩石岩样的应力峰值逐渐增大,岩样的应力峰值对有效围压很敏感。(2) 常规加载时,渗透率在岩石屈服前呈现略微下降的趋势,屈服后迅速增长,峰后应变软化阶段有小幅回落;峰前和峰后卸围压时,在卸载之前渗透规律与常规加载时相同,卸载后渗透率均呈急剧增长的趋势,增幅也较大,其中峰前卸围压后渗透率增幅最大。(3) 在相同加载方式下,围压的增大不影响渗透率曲线的发展趋势,只影响渗透率在各阶段量值的大小。(4) 常规加载时,岩石声发射活动在屈服前比较平静,屈服后声发射活动非常活跃,峰后应变软化阶段声发射活动再次趋于平静;峰前卸围压不久后,声发射活动异常活跃、密集,能量数相对值较大并有明显峰值;峰后卸围压过程与常规加载过程中声发射规律相似。(5) 岩样的破坏过程中,随围压增大,脆性减弱、延性增强,在同一围压水平下,峰前卸围压破碎程度最高,脆性最强。(6) 岩石扩容点与渗透率最小值所对应的轴向应变值十分接近,体应变和渗透率随轴向应变的变化趋势对应较好,声发射活动的密集阶段均发生在体积膨胀之后,渗透率、声发射、应力及(体)应变之间存在一定对应关系。     

Dynamic behavior of reinforced clayey sand under cyclic loading

Experimental investigations and modeling of linear elasticity of fiber-reinforced clayey sand under cyclic loading unloading are conducted in this paper. Experimental studies are focused on four aspects. First, a series of cyclic triaxial tests, with different confining pressures and deviator stress ratios up to 150 cycles, are performed. Impacts of fiber content, cell pressure, deviator stress ratio and loading unloading repetition that affect dynamic behavior of the composite material are discussed. It is shown that shear modulus decreases with increasing deviator stress ratio at high confining pressure and the rate of loss of shear modulus found to be much lower for fiber reinforced specimens. Other results show that increase of shear modulus with loading repetition is more pronounced at higher deviator stress ratios. Second, the optimum fiber content is experimented under cyclic loading unloading and is expressed as a power function of deviatoric stress ratio. It is shown that optimum fiber content is not constant and it is affected by deviator stress ratio. Third, a function is introduced to describe the linear stress–strain curve under cyclic loading unloading using equivalent linear analysis. The shear modulus G is expressed as a function of fiber content, confining pressure, deviatoric stress ratio and loading repetition. Finally constitutive coefficients of the model parameters are calibrated by the results of cyclic triaxial shear tests and using the linear regression.     

Stress-dependence of the permeability and porosity of sandstone and shale from TCDP Hole-A

We utilize an integrated permeability and porosity measurement system to measure the stress dependent permeability and porosity of Pliocene to Pleistocene sedimentary rocks from a 2000 m borehole. Experiments were conducted by first gradually increasing the confining pressure from 3 to 120 MPa and then subsequently reducing it back to 3 MPa. The permeability of the sandstone remained within a narrow range (10^?14–10^?13 m²). The permeability of the shale was more sensitive to the effective confining pressure (varying by two to three orders of magnitude) than the sandstone, possibly due to the existence of microcracks in the shale. Meanwhile, the sandstone and shale showed a similar sensitivity of porosity to effective pressure, whereby porosity was reduced by about 10–20% when the confining pressure was increased from 3 to 120 MPa. The experimental results indicate that the fit of the models to the data points can be improved by using a power law instead of an exponential relationship. To extrapolate the permeability or porosity under larger confining pressure (e.g. 300 MPa) using a straight line in a log–log plot might induce unreasonable error, but might be adequate to predict the stress dependent permeability or porosity within the experimental stress range. Part of the permeability and porosity decrease observed during loading is irreversible during unloading.