基于功能的结构抗震设计中一些问题的探讨

本文对基于功能的结构抗震设计中的一些问题进行了探讨,指出未来基于功能的结构抗震设 计应具备如下主要特点：分别考虑反映结构抗震设计“共性”和“个性”的两类目标功能水平;直接采 用可靠度的表达形式,并将结构构件层次的可靠度应用水平过渡到考虑不同功能要求的结构体系可 靠度水平上;采用“投资－效益”准则下的基于可靠度的结构优化设计方法。     

Reduction of inelastic seismic demands in a mid‐rise rocking wall structure designed using the displacement‐based design procedure

Precast post‐tensioned rocking wall structural system has been developed in the recent past as a damage‐avoidance structural system for seismic regions. For a widespread use of this structural system, suitable design procedures are required to ensure a reliable and well‐predicted performance under different levels of seismic hazard. In the current study, a mid‐rise 20‐story rocking wall structure is selected and designed using the displacement‐based design procedure. Furthermore, two different capacity design procedures are used to predict the increased force demands due to higher mode effects. The time history results against moderate and severe level of seismic hazards show the effectiveness of displacement‐based design procedure in predicting and controlling the displacement and drift demands, while the simplified procedure and the modified modal superposition procedure for the capacity design are found to be unconservative and conservative, respectively. To further investigate the seismic demands, modal decomposition of inelastic seismic responses is carried out, and the contribution of different modes in the total responses is calculated. Based on this improved understanding, a mitigation technique of dual gap opening is employed. A detailed discussion about the location and design strength of the extra gap‐opening is carried out by considering different performance parameters. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

近场地震作用下钢筋混凝土桥墩基于位移的抗震设计

用387条近场地震记录通过回归分析得到了强度折减系数, 计算了与美国UBC97规范动力放大系数谱相容的弹性位移设计谱, 并建立了相应的基于结构破坏性能的非弹性位移设计谱。探讨了钢筋混凝土墩柱基于割线刚度法的迭代设计过程和改进的不需要迭代且能实现期望设计目标延性的基于非线性位移设计谱的两种抗震设计方法, 对这两种基于不同设计谱方法的设计结果进行了比较并用非线性时程分析进行验算, 结果表明本文提出的在近场地震作用下钢筋混凝土桥墩以位移为基础抗震设计方法的有效性。     

钢筋混凝土桥墩基于位移的抗震设计方法

通过改进能力谱法,给出了一个可以实现“小震不坏、中震可修和大震不倒”多级性能目标的钢筋混凝土桥墩直接基于位移的抗震设计方法。首先以钢筋和混凝土的应变幅值建立了钢筋混凝土桥墩不同破损极限状态的量化准则,并基于曲率延性系数和位移延性系数关系转化为墩顶位移的表述形式。再以屈服位移和位移延性系数作为设计参考变量,采用屈服谱加速度和屈服位移(Ay-Dy)格式的地震需求谱求解系统在不同风险水平地震作用下的反应。最后以能力设计原理保证桥墩截面的抗剪强度需求。通过一个具体设计算例说明了建议方法的可行性。     

Performance-based seismic design of structures: a direct displacement-based approach

In this paper, a performance-based seismic design procedure, which is directly associated with pre-quantified performance criteria, is presented by employing a displacement-based approach. A lower bound of yielding displacement of the structure to satisfy these performance criteria is proposed. The approach is general in employing either equivalent elastic or inelastic response spectrum. Non-linear time history analysis verified that this approach is applicable to control the target displacement to the performance acceptable limit. Its flexibility in considering special effect such as near-fault or strong motion duration and simplicity in a proposed multiple performance objectives design are demonstrated.     

基于位移的框剪结构抗震性能分析及设计

框架-剪力墙结构为高层建筑常用的一种结构体系,其地震中的震害也比比皆是,为细化其抗震的可靠性,对其受力变形特点进行论述,对其抗震设计的总体要求进行阐述,结合其特点并根据规范确定其抗震性能水平及量化标准,根据其初始侧移模式推导其目标侧移曲线并依据规范的加速度反应谱推出其位移反应谱,最后提出框剪结构性能设计的一般步骤,可用于结构设计的初步论证阶段并为抗震性能设计在结构软件中的实现提供途径参考。     

基础隔震结构直接基于位移设计的一体化抗震设计方法

为更加合理地进行基础隔震结构的抗震设计,以使用铅芯橡胶隔震支座(LRB)的基础隔震结构作为研究对象,提出了基础隔震结构直接基于位移设计(DDBD)的一体化抗震设计方法.对于给定地震水准下预先设定的性能目标(即LRB隔震系统最大水平变形和上部结构最大层间位移角),通过所提出的一体化抗震设计方法可以确定LRB隔震系统的力学...     

Deterministic and reliability analysis of prestressed concrete bridge girders: comparison of the Chinese, Hong Kong and AASHTO LRFD Codes

This paper compares the prestressing requirements and reliability indices of prestressed concrete bridge girders designed using three codes: the Chinese Code, the Hong Kong Code and the AASHTO LRFD Code. Typical post-tensioned concrete girders of spans ranging from 25 to 40 m are considered. Deterministic analysis indicates that the service limit state governs the design according to the Chinese Code and the AASHTO LRFD Code. However for the Hong Kong Code, only those with longer spans are controlled by the service limit state. The actual number of strands needed by the AASHTO LRFD Code is quite close to that needed by the Chinese Code, while that required by the Hong Kong Code is about 18–33% higher than that required by the AASHTO LRFD Code. Disparity between reliability indices for flexural capacity based on the requirements of the service and strength limit states exists in all three codes. However, the disparity does not follow the same trends as that of the required number of strands for service and strength limit states in the three codes. In addition, the reliability index for flexural capacity according to the requirements of the service limit state is always higher than that of the strength limit state in the three codes. The actual reliability indices for flexural capacity of the girders considered according to the three codes, which are governed by the service limit state, are close to one another.     

Seismic performance of viaducts with probabilistic method

Due to the uncertainty of both ground motions and structural capacity, it is necessary to consider the seismic performance of viaduct structures using the probabilistic method. The risk is quantified by a procedure on the basis of a numerical determination of the fragility curves. A group of ground motions, Large Magnitude-Short Distance Bin (LMSR-N), selected specially due to its response spectra, is accorded well with the corresponding spectra of the Chinese code for seismic design. The characteristic values of the curvature ductility factors for the serviceability and the damage control limit states are obtained, and two equations for estimating the characteristic values of the curvature ductility factors are developed through regression analysis. Then, the serviceability and damage control limit states were proposed. Three damage states were constituted according the results of the experiment by Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) Center. The analytical fragility curves were obtained specifically, using both Capacity Spectrum Method (CSM) (non-linear static) analysis and Ineremental Dynamic Method (IDM) (non-linear dynamic) analysis, respectively, in this paper. The structural fragility curves developed by CSM method can help make the structural analysis simple and quick, avoiding the implementation of the dynamic response history analysis (RHA). Although the dynamic RHA requires a lot of complicated analysis for the structure, the results from RHA are reliable and accurate. Fragility curves are powerful tools for use in performance-based seismic bridge design.     

Analysis of installation damage tests for LRFD calibration of reinforced soil structures

North American design codes are now committed to the development of load and resistance factor design (LRFD) for reinforced soil structures including internal stability limit states. Reliability-based analysis is required to carry out these calibrations. A framework for LRFD calibration has been proposed by the writers that requires bias statistics for load and resistance terms for each limit state function. In this paper the formulation of the limit state for reinforcement tensile rupture is developed and the component strength-reduction bias statistics identified. The paper describes how to compute bias statistics from project-specific installation damage trials for use in reliability-based design for the reinforcement rupture limit state or using data from multiple sources for LRFD calibration. A database of results from field installation damage trials on 103 different geosynthetic products was collected from 20 different sources. A total of 799 and 2248 in-air tensile test results were reviewed for undamaged and damaged geosynthetic specimens, respectively. This database is used to compute installation damage bias statistics for six different categories of geosynthetic and four categories of backfill soils classified according to the D₅₀ particle size. A practical outcome is that for analysis purposes, bias statistics can be grouped into two ranges for each geosynthetic type based on D₅₀ of the soil greater than or less than 19 mm. The paper shows how bias statistics together with load and resistance factors for the geosynthetic rupture limit state function recommended by AASHTO (2010) can be used to calculate probability of failure using Monte Carlo simulation and demonstrates the sensitivity of probability of failure to magnitude of installation damage bias statistics. The installation damage data is valuable for future LRFD calibration to select resistance factors for use in design codes for the geosynthetic rupture limit state in reinforced soil structures.     

A_y-D_y格式地震需求谱及其在结构性能抗震设计中的应用

在结构基于位移抗震设计的改进能力谱法基础上建议了屈服谱加速度和屈服位移(Ay-Dy)格式的地震需求谱,其特点是:过原点的射线与不同位移延性系数的需求谱曲线相交,各个交点对应的周期都相同,从而为在结构基于位移抗震设计方法中实现“小震不坏、中震可修和大震不倒”的多级性能目标提供了方便。借助于Pushover分析具体给出了一钢筋混凝土框架结构在不同风险水平地震作用下抗震性能评价实例。     

桥梁多灾害设计荷载系数确定方法探讨

目前美国的桥梁设计多采用荷载与抗力系数法规范(LRFD),其荷载系数和抗力系数是以概率为基础的极限状态方程的形式求得的。荷载与抗力系数规范(LRFD)主要标定常规荷载和单个极端荷载,没有考虑多个极端荷载的情况,而且LRFD对于单个极端荷载的考虑并没有基于概率基础。该文针对多种极端荷载下荷载系数设计存在的问题,将多种极端荷载视为随机过程,以失效概率为纽带,提出荷载系数设计的分项失效概率概念。基于LRFD极限状态方程的形式,提出解决多种极端荷载作用下的MH-LRFD荷载系数计算方法,并给出当仅有两种极端荷载下,桥梁结构多灾害设计荷载系数的一般计算步骤。     

Seismic response of plane steel MRF with setbacks: Estimation of inelastic deformation demands

An extensive parametric study on the inelastic seismic response of plane steel moment resisting frames (MRF) with setbacks is presented. A family of 120 such frames, designed according to the European seismic and structural codes, are subjected to an ensemble of 30 ordinary (i.e. without near-fault effects) earthquake ground motions scaled to different intensities in order to drive the structures to different limit states. The statistical analysis of the created response databank indicates that the number of stories, beam-to-column strength ratio, geometrical irregularity and limit state under consideration strongly influence the heightwise distribution and amplitude of inelastic deformation demands. Nonlinear regression analysis is employed in order to derive simple formulae which reflect the aforementioned influences and offer, for a given strength reduction (or behaviour) factor, three important response quantities, i.e. the maximum roof displacement, the maximum interstorey drift ratio and the maximum rotation ductility along the height of the structure. A comparison of the proposed method with the procedures adopted in current seismic design codes reveals the accuracy and efficiency of the former.     

带转换层高层建筑结构基于性能的抗震设计

基于性能的设计方法已引起工程界的关注,在带转换层高层建筑结构设计中采用该法有助于提高工程抗震设计的可靠性。本文结合工程实例,就带转换层高层建筑结构的抗震性能目标、性能水准以及实施抗震性能设计的方法作了阐述,为今后类似转换结构设计提供了借鉴。     

Procedure for determining the seismic vulnerability of an irregular isolated bridge

A seismic vulnerability procedure, based on the capacity/demand ratio approach, is applied to an irregular isolated bridge. Special features are incorporated in both, demand estimation and capacity evaluation. The seismic demand is represented by an average pseudo-acceleration spectrum derived from 159 earthquake accelerograms recorded in the region where the bridge is located. The capacity spectrum method is adopted for estimating the structural expected performance for several limit states. The capacity curve derived from a static non-linear procedure is obtained by means of a lateral load pattern that follows the displacement configuration, previously assessed by the use of time history analyses of the bridge supported on non-linear isolator bearings. Based on a moment–curvature analysis of the pier's sections, the maximum curvature ductility was established for each of the four defined performance limit states. Finally, probability density functions of the bridge capacity and demand were assessed and fragility curves were proposed aimed at determining the expected behaviour of the bridge as function of peak ground acceleration (PGA) of the typical strong motions recorded in the area.     

基于整体承载极限状态的钢结构可靠度设计方法及其在门式钢刚架设计中的应用

本文提出了基于整体承载极限状态的钢结构可靠度设计思路。这种思路建立在钢结构整体非线性分析和验算的基础上,并确保结构整体而非构件的可靠度水平,使结构整体的实际可靠度水平尽可能地接近于设计的目标值。本文针对门式钢刚架结构建立了一套实现这种设计的方法,包括结构整体非线性分析、结构体系可靠度计算以及实用的设计表达式。通过三个门式钢刚架结构设计实例比较了传统的构件设计方法,不考虑体系可靠度的整体承载极限状态设计方法和本文考虑体系可靠度的整体承载极限状态设计方法的设计结果,说明本文所提出设计思想的先进性。     

Reliability-based optimum design of reinforced concrete girders

A practical optimization approach to the design of reinforced concrete girders for highway bridges is presented. The approach is entirely based on the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) standard specifications for highway bridges. All behavior and side constraints specified in the AASHTO bridge code are considered in the optimum design process. Two optimization formulations are presented. The first uses load and resistance design factors (LRFD) and the second one is entirely based on a reliability approach. In these formulations, the independent and dependent variables are identified, and the constraints are formulated in both the AASHTO-LRFD format and the AASHTO-reliability-based format. The solutions for both formulations are obtained by using a nonlinear optimization software. Numerical examples illustrate the application of the proposed approach to the design of reinforced concrete T-girders. Sensitivity analyses are also performed for finding the effects of various parameters including steel to concrete cost ratio and allowable reliability level on the optimum solution.     

Determination of Partial Factors for a Vertically Loaded Pile Based on Reliability Analysis

The aim of this study is to establish a procedure to rationally determine the partial factors for a vertically loaded pile in the limit state design format based on a sound reliability theory. The frequency of the usage of pile types and dimensions are investigated first. Several design examples are selected, and load ranges and combinations on typical piles are studied. Based on these results, typical load intensities, load combinations and soil profiles are set for the code calibration. Also, uncertainties involved in seismic loading are investigated based on the historical seismic data using an extreme statistical analysis, so called POT (peaks over threshold) analysis. Uncertainties concerning resistances of piles are taken from two well known studies: Okahara et al. (1991) and AIJ (2000). FORM (first order reliability method) analysis is carried out to find out the current level of reliability index. Finally, the design value method is employed to determine the partial factors.     

Design of steel plate shear walls considering inelastic drift demand

The unstiffened steel plate shear wall (SPSW) system has emerged as a promising lateral load resisting system in recent years. However, seismic code provisions for these systems are still based on elastic force-based design methodologies. Considering the ever-increasing demands of efficient and reliable design procedures, a shift towards performance-based seismic design (PBSD) procedure is proposed in this work. The proposed PBSD procedure for SPSW systems is based on a target inelastic drift and pre-selected yield mechanism. This design procedure is simple, yet it aims at an advanced design criterion. The proposed procedure is tested on a four-story test building with different steel panel aspect ratios for different target drifts under selected strong motion scenarios. The designs are checked under the selected ground motion scenarios through nonlinear response-history analyses. The actual inelastic drift demands are found to be close to the selected target drifts. In addition, the displacement profiles at peak responses are also compared with the selected yield mechanism. Future modifications required for this design procedure for different SPSW configurations are identified based on these test cases.     

Reliability-based integrated design of steel portal frames with tapered members

Integrated structural designs, with consideration of system reliability for steel portal frames comprising tapered members, are studied in this paper. The reliability-based integrated design (RID) directly checks the structural system limit states and the corresponding system reliability, based on structural nonlinear analysis. The nonlinear integrated analysis model, the semi-analytical simulation method employed for system reliability assessment, the development processes of RID format and the design application of RID formula and curves are presented in this paper. Design examples and comparisons among three different design formats demonstrate that RID proposed in this paper is of certain and consistent system reliability levels, and provides a feasible way for structural engineers to improve the design quality and flexibility of steel frame structures.