不同人工湿地对微污染原水处理效果的研究

采用人工湿地预处理微污染黄河原水,分别研究了推流式潜流人工湿地、往复式潜流人工湿地、芦苇床表流人工湿地、蒲草床表流人工湿地对总氮和COD的去除效果。结果表明,推流式人工湿地和往复式人工湿地对总氮和硝态氮的去除效果无明显差别,但去除率要低于表流人工湿地。蒲草床表流人工湿地对总氮和硝态氮的平均去除率分别为84．33％和76．32％,去除效果好于芦苇床表流人工湿地。各人工湿地对COD的去除率在30％-65％之间,不同人工湿地对COD的去除效果差别不明显。人工湿地处理微污染黄河原水的效果明显,出水水质可满足城市供水水源水质标准的要求。     

人工湿地处理城市污染河流的应用

应用人工湿地处理城市污染河流不仅能有效去除污染物,而且对维护生态环境起着积极的作用,其生态效益、经济效益及社会效益显著。笔者结合郑州郑东新区人工湿地及西安皂河人工湿地2个实例进一步说明城市人工湿地的重要性,提出人工湿地的不足及对推进城市人工湿地建设的建议与展望。     

蚯蚓改善垂直潜流人工湿地处理农村污水效能的研究

通过引入赤子爱胜蚓,构建蚯蚓垂直潜流人工湿地,比较了蚯蚓人工湿地与对照人工湿地去除污染物的特性,并分析了投加蚯蚓对改善湿地内微生物量的空间分布及提高湿地防堵塞的效果.结果表明,蚯蚓的引入提高了垂直潜流人工湿地对污染物的去除效果,与对照人工湿地相比,蚯蚓人工湿地对COD、NH_4~+-N、TN、TP的去除率分别提高了15.8%、23.2%、20.6%、16.2%;同时,还增加了人工湿地各层的微生物量.在表层,蚯蚓人工湿地的细菌总数、亚硝酸菌数、硝酸菌数、反硝化菌数分别为对照人工湿地的2.3、2.9、2.0、2.1倍;并且蚯蚓的引入还在一定程度上缓解了垂直潜流人工湿地的堵塞.     

基于多参数评价体系的三种人工湿地净化能力研究

以玉溪海绵城市试点区人工湿地项目为依托,对表面流、水平潜流和垂直潜流三种类型人工湿地净化能力进行了多参数评价。通过对多个污染物参数进行为期两年的污染物监测,对比分析了三种人工湿地的水质净化能力。通过试验研究发现,三种类型人工湿地对污染物的去除效果和机理不同,对BOD_5去除率最高;对水质中BOD_5、COD、TN、TP和高锰酸盐指数指标去除效果最好的为垂直潜流人工湿地,水平潜流人工湿地次之,去除效果最差的为表面流人工湿地;对水质中NH_4~+-N去除效果最好的为垂直潜流人工湿地,表面流人工湿地次之,去除效果最差的为水平潜流人工湿地;在不同类型人工湿地对植被的N含量、P含量、N积累量和P积累量方面,垂直潜流人工湿地均显著高于水平潜流和表面流人工湿地。     

人工湿地基质对微污染原水中有机物的去除效果

在济南市玉清湖引黄水库修建了表流人工湿地、往复流人工湿地和推流人工湿地,考察了人工湿地对微污染原水中CODMn的去除效果,同时分析了人工湿地中基质对有机物的去除作用.结果表明,人工湿地对微污染原水中的CODMn有较好的去除效果,往复流人工湿地、推流人工湿地、表流人工湿地对CODMn的去除率分别为(31.37%～58.12%)、(27.10%～57.65%)、(17.10%～34.45%);系统中植物、微生物和基质等组分的共同作用是人工湿地处理微污染原水的机理所在,其中基质发挥了重要作用,经推流和往复流人工湿地处理后,基质表面的C元素由4.30%分别上升至4.42%和4.60%、N元素由4.10%分别上升至6.58%和6.70%、P元素由零分别上升至9.10%和9.58%.     

城市人工湿地的生态营建

本文结合实例介绍了城市人工湿地的一些基本概念,概括了生态人工湿地建设的主要途径、原则和程序,提出了人工湿地生态营建的重点,从而说明城市除要保护自然湿地外,还要通过积极的营建人工湿地,恢复、强化和发展城市的湿地网络,丰富城市生态系统。     

国外人工湿地技术的应用及研究进展

1　应用现状目前,在美国有600多处人工湿地工程用于处理市政、工业和农业废水(400多处人工湿地被用于处理煤矿废水,50多处人工湿地用于处理生物污泥,近40处人工湿地应用处理暴雨径流,超过30处人工湿地系统用于处理奶产品加工废水)[1],在丹麦、德国、英国各国至少有200处人工湿地(主要为地下潜流湿地)系统在运行[2],新西兰也有80多处人工湿地系统被投入使用[3]。北美2/3的湿地是自由表面流湿地,其中一半是自然湿地(1～1000hm2),其余为人工自由表面流湿地(通常比较小,60%小于10hm2)。自然湿地水力负荷小于人工湿地,系统水深范围一般为30～40cm…     

国内各地区人工湿地相关规范/规程对比分析

人工湿地作为一种处理效率高、管理维护简单且具有一定景观价值的污水处理设施,已广泛应用于我国各地污水处理中。为指导并规范不同地区人工湿地设计建设,各级职能部门相继颁布实施了一系列人工湿地规范。概述了我国人工湿地应用和当前指导人工湿地建设相关规范现状,对不同地区人工湿地设计规范中水质水量、基质及工艺选择和设计参数等方面的特点进行了分析总结;同时以气温和进水水质为基准,分类讨论各地区人工湿地设计参数的特点,并探讨各个人工湿地规范条文的合理性,以期为国内各地区人工湿地规范形成及实际建设提供建议。     

人工湿地污水处理技术的研究进展

湿地,被称作地球的肾脏,有着强大的生态功能和环境效益,在我国天然湿地不断减少的情况下,人工湿地的优势受到广泛关注.本文简单介绍了人工湿地的概念,国内外的研究近况,人工湿地的类型,阐述了其对污染物的去除原理,分析了基质、植物和微生物等对人工湿地处理污水技术的影响,并进一步分析了人工湿地在污水处理方面的优势与不足,提出了处...     

强化型人工湿地处理污水的研究进展

从人工湿地内部因素、外部环境、与其他污水处理工艺结合3个方面对人工湿地强化工艺进行分类论述。介绍了国内外人工湿地强化工艺发展概况,指出人工湿地强化工艺存在的问题并提出建议。     

The use of hybrid constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment with special attention to nitrogen removal: A review of a recent development

The hybrid systems were developed in the 1960s but their use increased only during the late 1990s and in the 2000s mostly because of more stringent discharge limits for nitrogen and also more complex wastewaters treated in constructed wetlands (CWs). The early hybrid CWs consisted of several stages of vertical flow (VF) followed by several stages of horizontal flow (HF) beds. During the 1990s, HF–VF and VF–HF hybrid systems were introduced. However, to achieve higher removal of total nitrogen or to treat more complex industrial and agricultural wastewaters other types of hybrid constructed wetlands including free water surface (FWS) CWs and multistage CWs have recently been used as well. The survey of 60 hybrid constructed wetlands from 24 countries reported after 2003 revealed that hybrid constructed wetlands are primarily used on Europe and in Asia while in other continents their use is limited. The most commonly used hybrid system is a VF–HF constructed wetland which has been used for treatment of both sewage and industrial wastewaters. On the other hand, the use of a HF–VF system has been reported only for treatment of municipal sewage. Out of 60 surveyed hybrid systems, 38 have been designed to treat municipal sewage while 22 hybrid systems were designed to treat various industrial and agricultural wastewaters. The more detailed analysis revealed that VF–HF hybrid constructed wetlands are slightly more efficient in ammonia removal than hybrid systems with FWS CWs, HF–VF systems or multistage VF and HF hybrid CWs. All types of hybrid CWs are comparable with single VF CWs in terms of NH₄-N removal rates. On the other hand, CWs with FWS units remove substantially more total nitrogen as compared to other types of hybrid constructed wetlands. However, all types of hybrid constructed wetlands are more efficient in total nitrogen removal than single HF or VF constructed wetlands.     

人工湿地堵塞问题的探讨

近20年发展起来的人工湿地,作为一种对传统污水处理技术的廉价替代方案,越来越受到世界各国的普遍重视.通过对人工湿地运行过程中出现的填料堵塞现象进行全面分析,归纳和总结了人工湿地堵塞的影响因素,对其堵塞机理和堵塞模型进行了探讨,提出了避免堵塞的工程化解决措施和湿地堵塞后的恢复方法.     

暴雨径流人工湿地处理新技术

利用人工湿地处理雨水是近年发展起来的新型雨水处理技术。人工湿地可以将雨水处理利用与景观建设有效结合，并且运行能耗低，管理方便，在雨水利用方面有着广阔的前景。介绍了暴雨径流人工湿地处理技术。     

Bacterial carbon utilization in vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands

Subsurface vertical flow constructed wetlands with intermittent loading are considered as state of the art and can comply with stringent effluent requirements. It is usually assumed that microbial activity in the filter body of constructed wetlands, responsible for the removal of carbon and nitrogen, relies mainly on bacterially mediated transformations. However, little quantitative information is available on the distribution of bacterial biomass and production in the "black-box" constructed wetland. The spatial distribution of bacterial carbon utilization, based on bacterial (14)C-leucine incorporation measurements, was investigated for the filter body of planted and unplanted indoor pilot-scale constructed wetlands, as well as for a planted outdoor constructed wetland. A simple mass-balance approach was applied to explain the bacterially catalysed organic matter degradation in this system by comparing estimated bacterial carbon utilization rates with simultaneously measured carbon reduction values. The pilot-scale constructed wetlands proved to be a suitable model system for investigating microbial carbon utilization in constructed wetlands. Under an ideal operating mode, the bulk of bacterial productivity occurred within the first 10cm of the filter body. Plants seemed to have no significant influence on productivity and biomass of bacteria, as well as on wastewater total organic carbon removal.     

Life cycle assessment of vertical and horizontal flow constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment considering nitrogen and carbon greenhouse gas emissions

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is used to compare the environmental impacts of vertical flow constructed wetlands (VFCW) and horizontal flow constructed wetlands (HFCW). The LCAs include greenhouse gas (N₂O, CO₂ and CH₄) emissions. Baseline constructed wetland designs are compared to different treatment performance scenarios and to conventional wastewater treatment at the materials acquisition, assembly and operation life stages. The LCAs suggest that constructed wetlands have less environmental impact, in terms of resource consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. The VFCW is a less impactful configuration for removing total nitrogen from domestic wastewater. Both wetland designs have negligible impacts on respiratory organics, radiation and ozone. Gaseous emissions, often not included in wastewater LCAs because of lack of data or lack of agreement on impacts, have the largest impact on climate change. Nitrous oxide accounts for the increase in impact on respiratory inorganic, and the combined acidification/eutrophication category. The LCAs were used to assess the importance of nitrogen removal and recycling, and the potential for optimizing nitrogen removal in constructed wetlands.     

Investigation of bacterial removal during the filtration process in constructed wetlands

In this study, bacterial removal efficiencies of planted and unplanted subsurface vertical flow constructed wetlands are compared. Indicator organisms such as faecal coliforms (Escherichia coli, total coliforms) and enterococci, and a number of heterotrophic bacteria (heterotrophic plate counts) have been analysed from the influent and effluent of the constructed wetlands as well as at different depths (water and substrate samples). Furthermore dry matter content and total organic carbon (TOC) have been analysed and correlated. The investigated systems show a high removal rate for indicator organisms (a log removal rate of 2.85 for HPC, 4.35 for E. coli, 4.31 for total coliforms and 4.80 for enterococci was observed). In general no significant difference in the removal efficiency of planted and unplanted vertical flow beds could be measured. Only enterococci measured in the substrate samples of the main layer of the filter could a statistically significant difference be observed.     

用于净化景观水体水质的人工湿地设计

介绍了用于景观水体水质净化的人工湿地系统的工艺流程及设计方法，具体包括进行循环处理的人工湿地的设计、处理补充水的人工湿地的设计以及湿地几何尺寸的确定方法。该方法适用于以雨水或再生水为补充水源的人工景观水体水质净化工程。     

人工湿地在农业面源污染治理中的应用

简要概述了农业面源污染,并介绍了人工湿地的定义、特点、机理、类型、构建方式和工艺流程等。通过分析国内外人工湿地技术治理农业面源污染实例进展,总结出人工湿地处理农业面源污染具有应用广泛、投资低廉、综合效益高的特点。在讨论现阶段人工湿地的研究状况和应用前景的基础上,提出了目前人工湿地应用的主要问题和发展方向。     

The microbial diversity of laboratory-scale wetlands appears to be randomly assembled

This study investigated the formation of the microbial communities in two horizontal subsurface-flow laboratory-scale constructed wetlands, one planted and the other one unplanted. The abundance of the predominant functional groups (Archaea, Bacteria and sulphate-reducing bacteria) was determined using fluorescence in situ hybridization and the diversity and community structure of those functional groups were analysed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. The numbers of Archaea, Bacteria and sulphate-reducing bacteria were indistinguishable in both reactors (P=0.99, 0.80 and 0.55, respectively). The microbial communities in both wetlands were typically no more similar than if they had been randomly assembled from a common source community. Plants did not appear to exert a strong effect on the structure of the microbial communities in the horizontal subsurface-flow constructed wetlands (HSCWs) studied in this investigation.