土工格栅纵横肋的筋土承载特性分析

为研究土工格栅纵横肋与砂土的界面受力特性,进行了不同法向压力的格栅拉拔试验,分别设计了横向与纵向剪除横肋的6种拉拔试验工况,研究横肋减少对格栅受力、拉拔阻力峰值和位移及似摩擦系数的影响,并分别对比了整体剪切和刺入剪切破坏模式下的格栅拉拔阻力,揭示格栅筋土界面的相互作用机理。结果表明,随着横肋的减少,格栅拉拔阻力和似摩擦系数不断地变小;横肋沿横向减少的格栅最大拉拔阻力大于横肋沿纵向减少的最大拉拔阻力,完整横肋有助于筋土界面的加筋作用的充分发挥。理论计算格栅界面摩擦力约为18%~19%的试验拉拔阻力,而试验获得的格栅界面摩擦力与试验拉拔阻力的比值为29%~33%,横肋与土体挤压咬合产生的承载力分量占了总拉拔阻力的67%~71%,横肋极大提高了土工格栅的拉拔阻力。     

土工格栅横肋与纵肋加筋机理研究

通过室内格栅横、纵肋独立拉拔试验,针对不同的法向荷载和拉拔速度,分别对土工格栅横肋与纵肋的加筋机理进行了研究.结果表明：格栅纵肋所产生的摩擦阻力在拉拔初期迅速增大,并且随着有效应力的增大呈线性增长趋势,拉拔速率对其影响并不大;格栅横肋所产生的被动阻力增长相对较缓,在达到最大值之前需要一定的筋土相对位移,并且随着有效应力和拉拔速率的增大,被动阻力变化明显,其破坏模式逐渐由冲剪破坏转为常规剪切破坏.     

预应变土工格栅与砂垫层界面特性试验研究

采用拉拔试验研究了预应变土工格栅与砂垫层的界面特性,通过对比分析试验结果,对法向应力、垫层厚度和预应变初值对筋土界面特性的影响进行了研究,结果显示:砂垫层厚度为5 cm时,低应力条件下预应变土工格栅与普通格栅的拉拔阻力峰值相差不大,随着法向应力的增大,预应变土工格栅的抗拔性逐渐优于普通格栅,而应变软化现象也愈明显;法向应力为50 kPa时,垫层厚度的增大对格栅抗拔性有一定提高,当厚度达到15 cm后提高效果明显减弱,且高预应变水平的土工格栅随着垫层厚度的增大会出现应变软化现象。最后通过数据拟合得到了界面抗剪强度包络线,预应变加筋法能显著提高格栅与砂垫层界面似摩擦系数,减小界面似粘聚力,可为预应变加筋法的推广提供参考。     

格栅–砂土界面宏细观关联性与加筋性能评价方法研究

土工格栅与填料间作用特性对加筋土结构设计至关重要。为研究界面宏–细观力学响应关联及填料粒径对加筋效果的影响,采用三维离散元方法对三向土工格栅拉拔过程进行仿真模拟,系统分析拉拔作用下筋材及颗粒的力学响应,揭示拉拔力发展与细观组构指标演化规律,建立基于拉拔试验结果的格栅加筋性能评价方法。研究结果表明,界面颗粒速度场可即时反映筋土相互作用;选取组构演化系数描述宏观强度的发展是合适的;在一定粒径范围内,格栅加筋性能主要受控于颗粒体系比表面积,加筋土临塑荷载随填料粒径的增大而降低。     

煤矸石-土工格栅-砂层状体系的界面摩擦特性试验研究

结合工程实践提出煤矸石-土工格栅-砂层状体系的加筋土结构,通过直剪试验和拉拔试验,测试不同法向应力下煤矸石-土工格栅-砂层状体系的筋土界面特性,并与常规加筋土结构的筋土界面特性进行对比。研究表明:层状加筋体系具与有常规加筋土体系相似的界面特性,但由于砂的充填作用,提高了加筋层的密实度,增大了筋土接触面,使筋土界面强度更高,且界面强度发挥更早;层状加筋土体系还可以为加筋煤矸石提供排水通道,避免煤矸石浸水软化。     

不同土工合成材料下新型加筋土界面特性

土工合成材料对加筋土结构的界面直剪特性具有重要的影响。通过一系列大型直剪试验对不同筋材下的Sandwich型加筋土筋土界面的直剪特性进行研究,研究不同竖向应力下不同种类加筋材料对Sandwich型加筋土界面直剪特性的影响。试验结果表明:土工格栅的加筋效果最佳,两种格栅的加筋界面抗剪强度明显高于土工织物;随着竖向应力的增加,筋土界面抗剪强度提高。结合理论分析,对不同的土工格栅进行直剪试验,得出土工格栅横、纵肋对界面剪切强度的提高值分别为15.3%和4.1%。     

影响格栅加筋膨胀土拉拔试验的新因素分析

不少学者开展过土中加筋拉拔试验,受测试仪器所限,大多通过改变填土含水率、厚度(上覆法向压力)、类型(粗、细粒土)及拉拔速度等因素来研究对试验结果的影响,除考虑筋材类型(土工格栅、带、网或布)外,对筋土中另一重要影响因素—筋材的初始张拉状态少有研究。本文采用长沙理工大学自行研发的大型数控拉拔试验系统,发挥其尺寸大、双向气囊加载、消除侧壁摩擦等优势,开展膨胀土中格栅加筋拉拔试验,探究筋材尺寸、初始张拉状态、温度、界面残余强度及拉拔方式等新因素对测试值的影响。结果表明:格栅尺寸有一定影响,尤其宽度影响较大;对最大拉拔力而言,格栅应力释放的影响近8.8%;拉拔方式的影响约12.1%;温度的影响为15.9%;残余强度的影响占23.6%。研究结果可供加筋膨胀土工程设计参考。     

土工格栅拉拔特性及加筋土剪胀性试验研究

土工格栅通过筋土界面相互作用能起到很好的加筋效果,在许多工程中得到了广泛运用。拉拔试验是研究筋土界面相互作用的重要手段之一。通过室内拉拔试验,对竖向荷载、填料密实度以及试验类型对格栅拉拔力的影响规律开展研究,试验结果表明:在高密实度的填料中,随着筋-土界面位移的发展,填料的剪胀现象越明显;填料密实度小,竖向压力大时,剪胀趋势不明显;填料密实度越大,土体剪胀趋势越明显;土体的密实度将直接影响到格栅的加筋效果;对于土体的剪胀,存在一临界点,当格栅拉拔位移大于此临界点时,土体的剪胀趋势将显著发生。     

基于黏聚力模型的土工格栅筋土界面作用模拟方法

黏聚力模型被广泛应用于金属构件断裂过程的数值模拟。为深入分析土工格栅筋土界面关系,在格栅纵肋处采用罚函数法,在格栅横肋处采用黏聚力模型,并基于土工格栅横、纵肋条拉拔试验数据确定相关模型参数,进而对土工格栅整体拉拔试验进行了数值模拟。结果表明:黏聚力模型能有效地模拟格栅横肋的被动阻抗作用;格栅横肋前的土体破坏模式与Jewell提出的冲剪破坏模式相吻合;格栅横肋发挥的被动阻抗作用约占整体拉拔力的71%;采用黏聚力模型的筋土界面模拟方法与传统界面模拟方法相比更加准确。     

加筋土的筋土界面作用及影响因素

筋土界面作用特性直接影响着土工结构物的强度和稳定性。在总结国内5种筋土界面作用特性观点的基础上,认为加筋土的强度和稳定性主要依靠填土自重和筋土之间的摩阻力来实现,加筋作用不仅反映在筋土界面上,也发生在筋土周围的土体中,加筋土的剪切带观点是对筋土界面特性的综合性概括。加筋填土的含水率、压实度、剪胀效应、加筋材料自身特性以及试验方法等因素都不同程度地影响着筋土界面作用特性。将直剪试验和拉拔试验相结合,并辅助离心模型试验及数值分析方法,可深入研究筋土界面作用特性。     

Pullout tests conducted on clay reinforced with geogrid encapsulated in thin layers of sand

The interaction between reinforcement and backfill materials is a significant factor for analysis and design of reinforced earth structures which is simplified as pullout or direct shear resistance. This paper presents the results of pullout tests aimed at studying the interaction of clays reinforced with geogrids embedded in thin layers of sand. Pullout tests were conducted after modification of the large direct shear apparatus. Samples were prepared at optimum moisture content and maximum dry densities obtained from standard Proctor compaction tests. Tests were conducted on clay-geogrid, sand-geogrid and clay-sand-geogrid samples. A unidirectional geogrid with sand layer thicknesses of 6, 10 and 14 mm were used. Results revealed that encapsulating geogrids in thin layers of sand under pullout conditions enhances pullout resistance of reinforced clay. For the clay-sand-geogrid samples an optimum sand layer thickness of 10 mm was determined, resulting in maximum pullout resistance which increased with increasing confining pressure. The optimum sand layer thickness was the same for all the normal pressures investigated. For sandy soils the passive earth pressure offered the most pullout resistance, whereas for clayey soils, it was replaced by frictional resistance. It is anticipated that provision of thin sand layers will provide horizontal drainage preventing pore pressure built up in clay backfills on saturation.     

不同含水率下黄土冻融循环对湿陷性影响探讨

黄土通常可作为公路路基主要的填筑材料,湿陷性黄土经压实后,很大程度消除了湿陷性,能够满足路基整体强度和稳定性的要求,但在季节冻土区,黄土路基运营几年后仍发生大量的不均匀沉降、塌陷等病害。为分析冻融循环作用下各级含水率对黄土湿陷性的影响,采用室内试验的方法,对湿陷性黄土进行不同的冻融次数,探究其在冻融循环过程中变形及冻融循环后湿陷情况。实验结果表明:冻融循环之后的各级含水率重塑黄土仍具有二次湿陷性;冻融循环作用下高含水率的土体结构比低含水率的土体结构破坏的较早;干密度一定时,低含水率的土体冻融循环之后的净变形量越大,湿陷系数越小,冻融循环之后的净变形量越小,湿陷系数越大。     

土体冻融对水份迁移影响及微观研究

为研究冻融循环作用对土体水份迁移的影响,采用自行研制的装置进行单向冻融试验,测定并分析了冻融循环作用下土体中水分迁移变化,同时利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)采集了不同冻融循环次数的微观图像。通过对比研究了冻结温度、冻前含水率、孔隙直径、颗粒直径及微观结构特征变化对水分迁移的影响。结果表明:(1)随着冻融循环次数的增加,土样中含水率变化规律为逐层降低-回升变为逐层降低-平稳,最后变为逐层降低;(2)随着冻融循环次数增加,孔隙直径组成发生改变,大直径孔隙减少,小直径孔隙增加。     

Modelling interference between the geogrid bearing members under pullout loading conditions

The main interaction mechanisms affecting the pullout resistance of geogrids embedded in soils are the skin friction between soil and reinforcement solid surface and the bearing resistance which develops against transversal elements. As regards bearing resistance the interference mechanism plays an important role: this can occur when the spacing between transversal members is lower than a threshold value, depending on the extensions of active and passive surfaces mobilized on bearing members.Based on the result of several large-scale pullout tests, a theoretical method to determine the peak pullout resistance of extruded geogrids embedded in a compacted granular soil is proposed. The method takes into account the interference mechanism due to the proximity of the transversal bearing members and works well for soil-geogrid interfaces in which scale effect is negligible.     

含水量及冻融循环对阳曲黄土压缩特性的影响分析

压缩特性是黄土的重要力学特性,是季节性冻土区黄土工程设计的重要依据。为研究冻融循环和含水量变化对黄土压缩特性的影响,以山西阳曲1号隧道为背景,对不同含水量的黄土进行冻融循环后的系列试验。结果表明:冻融循环通过强风化作用于土中自由水,使得土中自由水发生了原位的冻胀融沉和迁移,破坏了土颗粒的胶结物质,改变了土样固体颗粒的粒径分布,粗颗粒减小,细颗粒增加。使得土体的孔隙比、干密度、体积均增加,压缩系数的变化与含水量和冻融循环次数正相关,压缩模量的变化与含水量和冻融循环次数反相关,压缩性增强。本文的研究结果可对阳曲甚至山西的黄土工程提供帮助。     

Effects of freeze-thaw cycles on the unconfined compressive strength of straw fiber-reinforced soil

Although natural fibers can improve the strength behavior of frozen-thawed soil, the reinforcing mechanism is still not fully understood. To investigate the effects of freeze-thaw cycles on the strength of natural fiber-reinforced soil, unconfined compression tests, single-fiber pull-out tests and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests under 0, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 freeze-thaw cycles were conducted on cotton straw fiber-reinforced soil. It was found that the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of fiber-reinforced soil decreases exponentially with the number of freeze-thaw cycles. In addition, fiber reinforcement weakens the softening degree of frozen-thawed soil under unconfined states. The UCS reduction in fiber-reinforced soil under freeze-thaw conditions is smaller than the strength reduction at the fiber-soil interface because fiber reinforcement is mainly governed not only by the fiber-soil interface but also by the spatial stress network established by discrete fibers. The complex spatial stress network, which improves the reinforcement of the fibers, is monitored by SEM after freeze-thaw cycles.     

冻融循环对冻土-混凝土界面冻结强度影响的试验研究

为研究冻融循环作用对冻土-混凝土界面冻结强度的影响,对不同冻融循环次数、法向应力、试验温度及土体初始含水率条件下的冻结界面进行了系列直剪试验,研究经历冻融循环后界面峰值剪切强度、残余剪切强度及强度参数的变化规律。试验结果表明:冻融循环对界面剪切应力与水平位移曲线形态影响很小,经历20次循环后曲线仍是应变软化型。冻融循环对峰值剪切应力的影响强于对残余剪切应力的影响,表明其对界面胶结冰含量产生影响。当土体初始含水率较低且温度较高时,冻融循环使界面峰值剪切强度增加,但变化量较小。然而在含水率较高(20.8%)及试验温度较低时(-5℃),峰值剪切强度随着冻融循环增加而降低。因此在土体含水率较高且冻结温度较低时,对于发生小变形的冻结界面需要重视冻融循环对峰值剪切应力的影响。不同初始含水率、试验温度下冻融循环对残余剪切强度的影响较小且变化规律不明显。在试验温度为-1℃,-3℃,-5℃时,峰值黏聚力随冻融循环增加分别表现为增加、波动和下降,推测是由于界面胶结冰含量不同而引起。峰值摩擦角和残余摩擦角随冻融循环次数增加略有变化。     

Displacement and load transfer mechanisms of geogrids under pullout condition

Reinforcing elements embedded within soil mass improve stabilization through a load transfer mechanism between the soil and the reinforcement. Geogrids are a type of geosynthetic frequently used for soil reinforcement, consisting of equally spaced longitudinal and transverse ribs. Under pullout conditions, the longitudinal ribs are responsible for tensile resistance, while transverse ribs contribute to a passive resistance. This paper describes a new analytical model capable of reproducing both load transfer and displacement mechanisms on the geogrid length, under pullout conditions. The model subdivides the geogrid into rheological units, composed by friction/adhesion and spring elements, mounted in line. Friction/adhesion elements respond to the shear component mobilized at the soil–geogrid interface. Spring elements respond to the geogrid's tensile elongation. Model parameters are obtained through tensile strength tests on geogrids and conventional direct shear tests on soil specimens. The need for instrumented pullout tests becomes therefore eliminated. Results predicted from this new model were compared to instrumented pullout test data from two types of geogrids, under various confining stress levels. The results revealed that the new model is capable of reasonably predicting load and displacement distributions along the geogrid.     

土工格栅控制液化土体流动变形的试验研究

液化导致的土体大变形以及侧向流动是地震引起建筑物破坏的主要原因。采用土工格栅作为主要加固材料,开展建筑物荷载作用下液化场地流动变形的振动台试验研究,考虑水平层状土工格栅、包裹状土工格栅和土工格栅+无纺布联合处理等3种加固方案对结果的影响,从超孔隙水压力发展、建筑物沉降量以及格栅应变特性等分析加固方案对液化变形的处理效果。试验表明:采用上述3种加固方案所得的相同埋深处超孔隙水压力峰值基本相等,表明土工格栅的加入基本不能改变地基的液化状态,而后期超孔隙水压力在土工格栅+无纺布联合加固方案下消散速度最快。与其它两种加固方案相比,土工格栅+无纺布联合加固方案下建筑物沉降量最小,相比未加固工况沉降量减少24%,土工格栅中间位置的应变峰值小于边缘位置的应变峰值。采用土工格栅+无纺布联合加固时,具有较大表面积的无纺布对该覆盖区域液化土体有较好的约束作用,限制了砂土颗粒的竖向移动。此外,砂土颗粒对无纺布的作用力将由土工格栅承担,这种作用力将有利于土工格栅与砂土之间的摩擦效应,进一步限制液化砂土的流动变形。