Pb(II)、Cu(II)、Cd(II)在黄土上二元竞争吸附特性研究

铅、铜、镉是3种具有代表性的重金属污染物,可用于模拟多重离子复合污染情况。研究了离子浓度、土水比等因素对3种元素在黄土上二元竞争吸附特性的影响。等温吸附模型Langmuir、Freundlich和D-R模型都能在一定程度上解释Pb(II)-Cu(II)、Pb(II)-Cd(II)、Cu(II)-Cd(II)在黄土上的竞争吸附性能。黄土对Pb(II)、Cu(II)、Cd(II)的选择顺序为Pb(II)>Cu(II)>Cd(II)。相比单一吸附,黄土对每种离子的吸附容量均有不同程度的下降。溶液的初始浓度越大,3种离子在单位黄土上的最大吸附量也随之增大,吸附效率随之降低;适当增大土水比可提高离子的去除效率。试验结果为黄土作为防污屏障和污水处理材料提供了依据。     

电气石超细粉吸附水体中Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd

研究了电气石对水中重金属离子Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附性能.电气石能有效去除水中重金属离子,其选择性吸附顺序是Pb(Ⅱ)＞Cu(Ⅱ)＞Cd(Ⅱ)＞Zn(Ⅱ).电气石对重金属离子的吸附量随着溶液中重金属浓度的增加而增加,60 min能达到吸附平衡.电气石能够提高金属溶液的pH值.电气石对Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)的饱和吸附量分别是78.86、154.08、67.25和66.67 mg/g.温度为25～55℃时对电气石吸附重金属的影响较小.四种重金属离子的吸附均符合Langmuir吸附等温线.电气石对混合溶液中的Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)具有竞争性吸附.试验结果表明,电气石可以作为一种有效的吸附剂去除水中的重金属.     

泥炭吸附重金属离子及混合液的试验研究

本文以天然泥炭为吸附剂,通过对单组分重金属离子Cu2 、Pb2 及二者混合液的吸附试验,比较了泥炭对Cu2 、Pb2 在单组分时和多组分混合时的吸附率变化,从不同离子相互作用的方面探讨了单组分及多组分时吸附剂的投加量、PH值对吸附剂性能的影响。试验表明:在Cu2 、Pb2 单组分及二者的混合液中,泥炭对Pb2 、Cu2 的吸附率均随泥炭量的增加而增加,并且对Pb2 的吸附率始终高于Cu2; 相同的泥炭质量浓度下,且pH>6时,泥炭在混合液中对Pb2 、Cu2 的吸附率均高于单组分溶液,不同离子对泥炭的吸附存在一定的促进作用。     

响应面法优化巴旦木壳对废水中Pb、Cu和Cd的吸附及同时测定

研究废弃巴旦木壳对模拟废水中Pb、Cu和Cd的去除率。在单因素实验的基础上,采用响应面法对吸附剂投加量、吸附时间和pH值3因素进行优化。实验结果表明,Pb、Cu和Cd分别在最佳吸附吸附剂投加量0.4 g,吸附时间49.38 min, pH值为9.96;吸附剂投加量0.4 g,吸附时间49.91 min, pH值为10.13;吸附剂投加量0.4 g、吸附时间49.83 min、pH值为10.42的条件下,去除率分别为87.42%、73.49%和85.11%。采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)对Pb、Cu和Cd模拟混合试样吸附后的溶液测定的曲线进行拟合回归,计算得出吸附剂对Pb、Cu和Cd的去除率分别为83.2%、66.0%和83.3%。用PLS对吸附后的模拟废水样品进行计算分析,并间接得出巴旦木壳对Pb、Cd和Cu的去除率和建立Pb、Cd、Cu三组分同时测定的多元校正分析方法。     

酸雨作用下含磷固化剂处理铅锌镉复合污染土的半动态浸出试验研究

酸雨pH可显著影响固化重金属污染土的浸出量。定量评价固化污染土在暴露条件下(例如酸雨)对周边水土体环境的影响,需要明确固化污染土的有效扩散系数和阻滞因子这两个关键参数。现有研究多集中在固化污染土的浸出特性和表观扩散系数,有关有效扩散系数和阻滞因子的研究很少。本次研究旨在研究改进的KMP固化剂固化重金属Pb、Zn、Cd复合污染土在酸雨作用下的有效扩散系数和阻滞因子。解吸附试验表明,随着污染土中重金属Pb、Zn、Cd浓度增加,固化污染土的解吸附量增大,且解吸附曲线满足Freundlich平衡吸附/解吸附方程。半动态浸出试验结果表明,污染土中重金属Pb、Zn、Cd浸出机制主要由扩散控制,且拟合曲线斜率分别为0.60,0.56和0.61,表观扩散系数Dobs为1.05×10~(-16),7.84×10~(-13)和2.11×10~(-12) m~2/s。结合解吸附试验和半动态浸出试验结果可知,Pb、Zn、Cd的阻滞因子Rd分别为17165.6,254.6和109.3,有效扩散系数De分别为1.82×10~(-12),1.96×10~(-10),2.34×10~(-10) m~2/s。与其他学者结果相比,固化污染土中Pb的有效扩散系数低于其他学者的两个数量级,而Zn和Cd的求算结果与其他学者一致。     

Cd(Ⅱ)、Cu(Ⅱ)胁迫对双齿围沙蚕热休克蛋白70(HSP70)基因表达的影响

为研究重金属浓度的变化对双齿围沙蚕Perinereis aibuhitensis热休克蛋白70(heat shock proteins 70,HSP70)基因的表达变化,采用实时荧光定量PCR方法,分析了重金属Cu(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)单一诱导及联合作用下双齿围沙蚕HSP70基因的表达规律。结果表明:Cu(Ⅱ)单独作用时,沙蚕HSP70 mRNA表达量随时间的增加而增大,在诱导的第3天时不同浓度组沙蚕HSP70 mRNA表达量依次为22.86μg/L浓度组>44.50μg/L浓度组>4.45μg/L浓度组,而在诱导的第7天和第14天时HSP70 mRNA表达量与Cu(Ⅱ)浓度呈正相关;Cd(Ⅱ)单独作用时,沙蚕HSP70 mRNA表达量则随Cd(Ⅱ)浓度和诱导时间的增加而增大,但较Cu(Ⅱ)单独作用下变化趋势平缓;Cu(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)联合作用下,沙蚕HSP70 mRNA表达量亦与暴露浓度和时间呈正相关,在诱导的第3天和第7天时45.70μg/L Cu(Ⅱ)+10μg/L Cd(Ⅱ)浓度组HSP70 mRNA表达量高于Cu(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)单一作用,表明Cu(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)存在一定的协同作用。     

Cd(Ⅱ)、Cu(Ⅱ)胁迫对双齿围沙蚕热休克蛋白70(HSP70)基因表达的影响

为研究重金属浓度的变化对双齿围沙蚕Perinereis aibuhitensis热休克蛋白70(heat shock proteins 70,HSP70)基因的表达变化,采用实时荧光定量PCR方法,分析了重金属Cu(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)单一诱导及联合作用下双齿围沙蚕HSP70基因的表达规律。结果表明:Cu(Ⅱ)单独作用时,沙蚕HSP70 mRNA表达量随时间的增加而增大,在诱导的第3天时不同浓度组沙蚕HSP70 mRNA表达量依次为22.86μg/L浓度组>44.50μg/L浓度组>4.45μg/L浓度组,而在诱导的第7天和第14天时HSP70 mRNA表达量与Cu(Ⅱ)浓度呈正相关;Cd(Ⅱ)单独作用时,沙蚕HSP70 mRNA表达量则随Cd(Ⅱ)浓度和诱导时间的增加而增大,但较Cu(Ⅱ)单独作用下变化趋势平缓;Cu(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)联合作用下,沙蚕HSP70 mRNA表达量亦与暴露浓度和时间呈正相关,在诱导的第3天和第7天时45.70μg/L Cu(Ⅱ)+10μg/L Cd(Ⅱ)浓度组HSP70 mRNA表达量高于Cu(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)单一作用,表明Cu(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)存在一定的协同作用。     

重金属Pb(II)在膨润土上去除特性研究

深入研究成本低廉的膨润土对水溶液中Pb(II)的吸附特性,采用Batch试验方法,分析了土水比、pH、离子强度、反应时间、温度及Pb(II)的初始浓度对Pb(II)在膨润土上吸附性能的影响,并对吸附动力学和吸附平衡试验进行了探讨。Pb(II)在膨润土上去除率与pH、离子强度有很强的依赖性。当pH<7时,膨润土对Pb(II)的吸附主要是离子交换,而当7相似文献   

重金属污染土物理性质强度定量关系试验研究

通过室内试验研究土体孔隙液中重金属离子影响土体物理力学性状的机理,采用不同浓度的重金属Cu2+、Zn2+、Pb2+掺入高岭土、伊利石类黏土和钠基膨润土,研究土体界限含液率、不排水抗剪强度随重金属离子浓度的变化规律。试验结果表明:以高岭石、伊利石为主要黏土矿物的低活性土的液限、塑性指数随离子浓度的增加而增大,钠基膨润土则表现出相反的变化规律;低活性黏土的不排水抗剪强度随离子浓度增加而增大,高活性黏土强度则随之减小;基于已有的无污染土体物理力学性状定量联系,分析重金属污染土的不排水抗剪强度与液性指数的定量关系,发现重金属离子引起的不排水抗剪强度的变化可以归结于重金属离子引起的液塑限变化,表明重金属Cu2+、Zn2+、Pb2+污染过程基本没有产生化学反应,其物理力学定量关系与已有的无污染土经验关系式一致。     

混合粉质粘土和疏浚土填埋场防渗垫层的环境土工特性研究

充分利用疏浚土有机质含量高、吸附能力强和低透水性等特点,将其作为填埋场粘土衬垫的添加材料。等温吸附试验和扩散试验的结果表明:粉质粘土掺入疏浚土后,对金属离子的吸附能力得到增强,尤其对高价Cu2+的吸附能力显著提高,同时可以显著地降低Cu2+的扩散系数。研究表明,有机质对Cu2+的强吸附能力是Cu2+扩散系数降低的主要原因。粉质粘土掺入疏浚土后极大地提高了粘土衬垫的环境土工特性,非常适合作为填埋场粘土衬垫。     

Biosorption of protons and heavy metals onto olive pomace: modelling of competition effects

Heavy metal biosorption onto solid wastes from olive oil production plants, olive pomace, has been investigated. Acid-base properties of the active sites of olive pomace were determined by potentiometric titrations and represented by a continuous model accounting for two main kinds of active sites. Competition among protons and heavy metals in solution was considered by performing biosorption tests at different equilibrium pH with single (Cu and Cd) and binary metal systems (Cu-Cd). Both Langmuir extensions and non-ideal competitive adsorption models (NICA models) can be used to represent experimental data of Cu and Cd biosorption in single metal systems at different equilibrium pH. Nevertheless only NICA models, accounting for site heterogeneity and non-ideal adsorption of the different species simultaneously present in solution, can adequately simulate the competition among Cu and Cd in binary metal systems by using the parameters fitted to single system data.     

Displacement mechanism of binary competitive adsorption for aqueous divalent metal ions onto a novel IDA-chelating resin: isotherm and kinetic modeling

Adsorptive properties for Cu (II), Pb (II) and Cd (II) onto an iminodiacetic acid (IDA) chelating resin were systematically investigated at the optimal pH-value in both single and binary solutions using batch experiments. The Langmuir isotherm model and the pseudo second-order rate equation could explain respectively the isotherm and kinetic experimental data for sole-component system with much satisfaction. The maximum adsorption capacity in single system for Cu (II), Pb (II) and Cd (II) was calculated to be 2.27 mmol/g, 1.27 mmol/g and 0.65 mmol/g individually. The initial adsorption rate followed the order as Cu (II) > Pb (II) > Cd (II) at the fixed initial concentration, and for each metal the initial sorption rate increased as the initial concentration increased. In addition, the modified Langmuir model could describe the binary competitive adsorption behavior successfully, with which the interaction coefficient was obtained to follow the order as Cu (II) < Pb (II) < Cd (II). Furthermore, in every case of the investigated three binary systems, the reduction in both the uptake amounts and distribution coefficients testified the antagonistic competitive phenomena. Obviously, this novel IDA-chelating resin possessed of a good selectivity toward Cu (II) over Pb (II) and Cd (II) for the obtained highest separation factor values were up to 21.30 and 133.91 in the range of tested. This interaction mechanism between the favorable component and other metal ions could mainly contribute to the direct displacement impact which be herewith illustrated schematically.     

Removal of divalent heavy metal mixtures from water by Saccharomyces cerevisiae using crossflow microfiltration

The removal of heavy metal ions, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Pb2+ using yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as carriers in a crossflow microfiltration is investigated. The effects of yeast cell and electrolyte concentrations on the transient and steady-state permeate flux and metal ion rejections are established. It is found that the metal ion rejection reaches a plateau if yeast cell concentration is greater than approximately 2 g/l as a result of cell aggregation. The binding affinity of the metals to yeast cell is Pb2+ > Cu2+ > Ni2+, which is also reflected in the metal ion rejection under identical process conditions. Because of the formation of yeast cell flocks in the presence of Pb2+, permeate flux is also higher for this metal. The presence of NaCl decreases both rejection and permeate flux for Ni2+ and Cu2+ but not for Pb2+. When binary or ternary metal mixtures are used, the rejection of the individual metals is reduced except that of Pb2+. It is found that the pseudo-gel concentration is unaffected by the presence of metal ions.     

Cellulose/chitin beads for adsorption of heavy metals in aqueous solution

We successfully prepared the biodegradable cellulose/chitin beads by coagulating a blend of cellulose and chitin in 6 wt% NaOH/5 wt% thiourea aqueous solution with 5% H2SO4 as coagulant, and investigated the adsorption of heavy metals (Pb2+, Cd2+, Cu2+) from an aqueous solution on the beads by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out as a function of ion concentrations, initial pH, ionic strength, temperature, adsorption time and desorption time. The results revealed that the cellulose/chitin beads could adsorb effectively Pb2+, Cd2+ and Cu2+ ions, and the uptakes of Pb2+, Cd2+ and Cu2+ ions on cellulose/chitin beads were 0.33 mmol/g at pH0 4, 0.32 mmol/g at pH0 5 and 0.30 mmol/g at pH0 4, respectively. Experimental results also showed that the adsorption of these heavy metals was selective to be in the order of Pb2+ > Cd2+ > Cu2+ in a low ion concentration solution. The adsorption equilibrium time of these heavy metals on beads was 4-5 h, but the desorption time was 5-15 min. Moreover, these beads could be regenerated up to about 98% by treating with 1 mol/L HCl aqueous solution. The mechanisms for the removal of free heavy metal ions by cellulose/chitin beads was based on mainly complexation adsorption model, as well as a affinity of hydroxyl groups of the materials on metals. Therefore, we developed new environment-friendly beads prepared by a simple produce process for removal and recovery of heavy metals.     

Trace metal adsorption/coprecipitation on hydrous ferric oxide under realistic conditions: The role of humic substances

Adsorption of Cd, Cu and Ni (and possibly Pb) onto hydrous ferric oxide is significantly modified in the presence of humic substances. Employing realistic concentrations in a synthetic freshwater, it is found that adsorption/coprecipitation of Cd and Ni (and less certainly Pb) is enhanced in the presence of humics. Cu adsorption may also be enhanced, but any effect is masked by a strong competitive complexation of Cu with soluble humics. The pH dependency of the adsorption process is modified in a manner consistent with “ligand like” metal adsorption. The data are considered in terms of four models which might account for the enhanced adsorption. The most plausible one involves a complexation of metals with adsorbed humics, which is stronger than that with soluble humics.A series of experiments using natural waters of widely differing composition demonstrates the generality of the observations made with synthetic freshwaters. Cu adsorption is dominated by the competitive formation of soluble Cu-humic complexes. It is also found to be independent of alkalinity, indicating that neither Ca/Mg nor HCO₃/CO₃ ions influence the adsorption or complexation reactions. Cd adsorption, on the other hand, is essentially independent of the humic concentration, but dependent upon alkalinity. As alkalinity increases so Cd adsorption decreases, a phenomenon probably due to competition from Ca/Mg ions. These findings have important implications for the development of realistic speciation models.     

Sorption of malachite green (a cationic dye) and heavy metals by dead biomass of Phormidesmis molle (cyanobacteria)‐dominated mat

The test mat biomass rapidly sorbed malachite green (MG; a cationic dye) and heavy metals from mono‐component, binary and ternary systems. In mono‐component system, the sorption of Cu, Cd and MG increased when pH was increased from 3 to 4. However, in binary and ternary systems sorption of metals and MG were not substantially influenced by pH within the range 3–5. The presence of Cu or MG in binary or ternary systems reduced the sorption of each other from the solution. However, Cd enhanced the sorption of MG from binary solution and vice versa. Moreover, the ability of mat biomass to rapidly sorb metal ions and malachite green from mono‐component, binary and ternary systems, together with easy harvesting of biomass due to self‐immobilized nature, make it a suitable sorbent for the treatment of wastewaters that concomitantly bear the both heavy metals and dyes as pollutants.     

Phragmites australis: a novel biosorbent for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution

Reed (Phragmites australis), a commonly used macrophyte in the wetlands constructed for water purification, was investigated as a new biosorbent for the removal of Cu(2+), Cd(2+), Ni(2+), Pb(2+) and Zn(2+) from aqueous solution. The metal adsorption capacity of reed biomass was improved significantly by water-wash, base- and acid-treatment. The maximum sorption of NaOH-pretreated reed biomass was observed near neutral pH for Cu(2+), Cd(2+), Ni(2+) and Zn(2+), while that for Pb(2+) was from an acidic range of pH 4.0 or higher. The maximum metal adsorption capacity on a molar basis assumed by Langmuir model was in the order of Cu(2+)>Ni(2+)>Cd(2+)>Zn(2+)>Pb(2+). Reed biosorbent showed a very high adsorption affinity value, which helps predict its high ability to adsorb heavy metals at low concentration. Desorption of heavy metals and regeneration of the biosorbent was attained simultaneously by acid elution. Even after three cycles of adsorption-elution, the adsorption capacity was regained completely and the desorption efficiency of metal was maintained at around 90%.     

Immobilization of heavy metals from aqueous solutions using polyacrylamide grafted hydrous tin (IV) oxide gel having carboxylate functional groups

A new adsorbent containing a carboxylate group has been prepared by the surface modification of a polyacrylamide grafted hydrous tin (IV) oxide gel. The product exhibits a very high adsorption potential for Pb(II), Hg(II) and Cd(II). The effect of initial metal ion concentration, adsorbent dose, pH, concentration of light metal ions, and temperature on metal removal has been studied. The process follows a first-order rate kinetics. The intraparticle diffusion of metal ions through pores in the adsorbent was shown to be the main rate limiting step. The equilibrium data fit well with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The selectivity order of the adsorbent is Pb(II) > Hg(II) > Cd(II). Adsorption rate constants and thermodynamic parameters were also presented to predict the nature of adsorption. The method was applied on synthetic wastewaters. Acid regeneration has been tried for several cycles with a view to recover the adsorbed metal ions and also to restore the sorbent to its original state.     

A study of the sorptive properties of surface sediments in a landfill project region

Surface sediment samples were collected from 3 regions of a river island (a landfill area, a foreshore zone and a swamp segment) and the adsorptive properties of the - 180 μm and “clay” fractions were examined by studying the effects of concentration, pH and complex formation on the uptake of copper or zinc ions. The fine sand fraction contained basic material which raised the pH of aqueous suspensions to 8, at which value near total precipitation of added metal ions occurred. Uptake by the clay fractions (at pH 5) conformed to a Langmuir type adsorption isotherm, yielding parameters of similar order to values reported for soil clays and clay minerals. Using constant initial concentrations the amount of Cu or Zn adsorbed increased with pH until the threshold for precipitation (7) was exceeded. Both uptake and precipitation were inhibited in the presence of ligands which formed stable anionic complexes (e.g. NTA, EDTA, citric acid). The foreshore and swamp samples contained organic matter which retained part of the added metal ion as a solute in alkaline media. Treatment of these clay fractions with hydrogen peroxide did not destroy all the organic content, but it did change adsorptive behaviour.Extraction studies with 0.01 M nitric acid, 0.1 M oxalic acid, 0.1 M ammonium acetate, and 0.01 M EDTA showed that both the clay fractions and fine sands contained measurable amounts (0.05–40 mmol kg⁻¹) of the metal ions Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn, but because of the basic nature of the sediments, adjacent waters had solution levels which remain well within acceptable limits.The overall results have been used to predict factors likely to promote formation of high leachate levels.