污泥堆肥过程中温室气体及氨气释放规律研究

针对污泥好氧堆肥过程中有关温室气体及氨气释放的基础数据大量缺乏的问题,将污泥和木屑混合进行为期60天的好氧堆肥试验,考察污泥堆肥过程中二氧化碳、甲烷、氧化亚氮和氨气的释放规律。研究结果表明:温室气体的释放均主要集中在堆肥的升温期。堆体中的较高的溶解性有机碳的质量比会促进二氧化碳的产生,较差的氧传质情况和较高的温度有利于甲烷的产生,物料中亚硝态氮的质量比与氧化亚氮释放速率呈正相关。堆肥过程中氨气的释放主要集中在堆肥高温期,这归因于高温期的高氨氮高pH值环境会促进污泥中的铵态氮以氨气形式逸出发酵体系。     

污泥堆肥车间全面通风量影响因素分析

污泥堆肥车间的全面通风系统承担着保护车间内工作环境和排出堆肥过程中产生的水蒸气的双重功能。采用理论分析的方法,研究了全面通风系统的水蒸气输运效果及影响通风量的主要因素。研究结果表明:污泥堆肥车间的典型有害物为水蒸气;污泥堆肥车间全面通风量的主要影响因素为工艺过程、室外气象参数和车间围护结构热工参数。对典型案例的分析结果表明,全面通风量并非越大控制效果越好,而是存在一个最佳值。     

气量对消化污泥堆肥平均反应速率影响的研究

通过消化脱水污泥堆肥小试，针对气量对消化污泥堆肥平均反应速率的影响进行了研究，揭示了气量对消化污泥堆肥平均反应速率的影响，建立了气量与消化污泥堆肥平均反应速率的函数关系式，可用于消化污泥堆肥工厂的工艺设计。     

污水厂污泥堆肥有机污染物降解及土地利用生态风险

污水厂污泥中富集了多种来源的有机污染物，若不进行有效处置，将会严重影响生态环境和人类健康。污泥堆肥是降解污泥中有机污染物的有效途径之一，然而堆肥后有机污染物过度残留也限制了堆肥产品的后续土地利用。以多环芳烃（PAHs）、邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）、抗生素和抗性基因（ARGs）等典型有机污染物为对象，综述了其在好氧堆肥过程中的降解效率以及影响因素，同时分析了堆肥产物土地利用生态风险，以期为污泥的土地利用提供建议。     

低温条件下市政污泥好氧堆肥的中试研究

好氧堆肥技术越来越多地应用于市政污泥处理项目,在工业生产中也遇到了一些实际问题。为了找出并解决困扰低温好氧堆肥的因素,中试使用中型堆肥槽装置完成冬季好氧堆肥过程,与大槽生产相比,中型堆肥槽具有便于过程控制、工艺选择灵活、成本低等特点。使用好氧堆肥复合菌剂与几种调理剂对堆肥物料进行改良,通过堆肥工艺和理化指标综合分析了冬季堆肥过程的部分影响因素,并对工业化堆肥生产提出了建议。     

脱水污泥堆肥的生产性试验研究

通过对脱水污泥进行堆肥的生产性试验研究，总结了堆肥过程中温度、通风量、有机成分和含水率的变化规律和控制方法，对污泥堆肥的水分调节也进行了分析。     

污泥堆肥产物在农业利用中的潜力和问题

污泥堆肥处理被认为是适合中国国情的污泥处理处置方式,但其产物的出路是污泥堆肥产业化过程的关键问题。通过总结和分析国内外大量的研究,发现污泥堆肥产物含有丰富的有机质和氮、磷等营养元素,具有潜在的肥力;农业利用对污泥堆肥产物具有潜在需求;污泥堆肥处理后,重金属活性降低,有机污染物得到不同程度的降解,达到农用目的。因此,污泥堆肥产物在农业利用中具有广阔的应用前景和市场。     

污泥堆肥过程中微生物群落的形态变化研究

将高效除臭发酵菌接种到污泥堆肥中,通过分子生物学技术的引入,对污泥堆肥化过程进行研究,获得反应过程中微生物群落结构随时间变化图谱,直观剖析堆肥过程中细菌群落组成结构的变化,更好地反映堆肥化过程中生物化学的变化。结果表明,在污泥堆肥开始阶段中接入高密度、高活性的菌剂,不仅加快堆肥中有机物的分解、缩短堆肥化过程,而且提高了污泥堆肥的质量。     

武汉市陈家冲污泥处理厂设计方案

武汉市陈家冲污泥厂设计处理污泥总量350 t/d,分两期建设,一期工程设计处理污泥量175 t/d。污泥处理工艺为好氧堆肥,堆肥过程的温度、氧气等参数拟采用CTB自动监测堆肥技术控制。介绍了污泥厂的污泥处理工艺方案和构筑物的设计参数。     

城市污泥堆肥添加猪粪的功效研究

了解和调控高温堆肥过程中堆体内氧气浓度的变化,对于进一步优化堆肥工艺具有重要的意义.为此,利用自主研发的堆肥实时、在线自动监测系统,考察了城市污泥、猪粪以及城市污泥和猪粪混合堆肥过程中氧气浓度的变化.结果表明,添加猪粪可有效改善城市污泥堆肥的通气性;夏季堆肥的通气性好于冬季;降低堆体高度可以适当减少CTB调理剂的用量,并改善了堆体的通气性.     

污泥堆肥温度对微生物降解有机质的影响

污泥自然通风静态堆肥试验研究表明,堆肥过程中温度的变化引起微生物数量和种群的交替变化,从而影响对有机质的分解。而污泥堆肥过程有机质的降解主要是在中温阶段完成的,其中中,高温菌群起重要的作用。     

污泥堆肥化对重金属生物可利用性的影响

通过重金属形态分析及在模拟雨水、酸雨淋溶条件下重金属迁移实验和理论分析，研究了堆肥化处理对污泥中重金属生物可利用性的影响。结果表明：堆肥化处理使重金属的不稳定形态含量降低，原污泥在酸雨淋溶下重金属已经迁移到约16厘米深的土柱中，而经过处理后的污泥淋出液中的重金属含量很低，仅有少量污泥中含量较高的元素向土柱深层迁移。迁移量及深度明显低于未处理的原污泥。实验及理论分析均证明了堆肥化处理可以降低污泥中重金属在土壤中的迁移性，使重金属的生物可利用性降低。     

Modeling of aerobic biodegradation of feces using sawdust as a matrix

Composting in the bio-toilet system is a continuous thermophilic-aerobic biodegradation process. Unlike to the traditional composting systems, biodegradation rates of organic matter are very important because feces are daily added into the composting reactor of the bio-toilet and an accelerated decomposition is aimed. The models developed for conventional composting processes include simple formulations of biodegradation kinetics and deal mainly with energy and water balances. Therefore, formulation of kinetics that can reasonably describe the biodegradation process in the bio-toilet system is required for better modeling predictions. In this work, a bio-kinetic model was introduced to describe the aerobic biodegradation of feces in the bio-toilet system. This model includes three processes for carbonaceous material degradation and is prepared by using the activated sludge modeling techniques and formulations. Stoichiometric parameters were adopted from literature on activated sludge processes. Kinetic parameters were estimated by conducting batch tests for several organic loadings and by using respirometry, curve-fitting techniques, and sensitivity analysis. Feasibility and applicability of these parameters were assessed by conducting feces intermittent-feeding tests and by simulating the experimental respiration rates. Model, stoichiometric and kinetic parameters proved to be affordable for describing the biodegradation of feces in the bio-toilet system.     

A simulation-aided factorial analysis approach for characterizing interactive effects of system factors on composting processes

A simulation-aided 2-level factorial analysis approach is proposed to characterize the interactive effects of composting factors (i.e. temperature, moisture, oxygen content and initial biomass concentration) on composting processes. To screen the important effect factors when high-order interactions occur, normal probability plot is applied to the result analysis. The results show that the factors have various effects on the composting process in different stages. At the 24th hour, the factors do not show significant effects on the composting process. At the 72nd hour when the composting process reaches active stage, the factors have important effects on the composting process, and their interactive effects are also significant. At the 144th hour, temperature and oxygen content still have effects on the composting process, but not as significant as those at the active stage. These findings could be useful for guiding composting-process operation and management and developing associated control strategies in different composting stages.     

卧式旋转型污泥好氧堆肥装置的研制

利用自行研制的生产性规模的好氧动态堆肥装置地行了污泥稳定化和无害化处理的应用研究，探讨了影响好氧堆肥的主要因素温度、含水率、供氧量和通风方式之间的关系，确定了污泥动态发酵器的最佳运行参数，为城市污水厂污泥的处理和处置提供了一条可行的技术路线。     

济南市污水处理二厂剩余污泥好氧堆肥实践总结

光大水务济南市污水处理二厂将剩余污泥与稻壳、泥炭、粉煤灰等调理剂在优化配比为39∶11∶26∶24的条件下进行好氧堆肥。经30～35 d堆肥,病原菌得到有效杀灭,有机质腐殖化稳定,各类污染物含量均低于农用污泥中污染物控制标准,符合农用要求。该工程可产有机肥为1.2×104t/a,产品供不应求。实践表明,剩余污泥好氧堆肥具有良好的环境效益、社会效益和经济效益。     

Consequences of mass transfer effects on the inetics of nitrifiers

The influence of membrane separation and mass transfer effects on the kinetics of nitrifiers was evaluated by running a membrane bioreactor (MBR) and a conventional activated sludge (CAS) plant in parallel. Both pilot plants were operated at the same sludge age and treated the same domestic wastewater. The half-saturation constants for the substrate were low in both MBR and CAS and did not differ significantly between the two processes (K(NH(4))) and 0.14+/-0.10 g(N)m(-3) and (K(NO(2))) and 0.28+/-0.20 g(N)m(-3) for the MBR and CAS, respectively). However, the half-saturation constants for oxygen exhibited a major difference between the two processes for both the ammonia-oxidizing (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing (NOB) bacteria. The experiments yielded K(O,AOB)=0.18+/-0.04 and 0.79+/-0.08 g(O2) as well as K(O,NOB)=0.13+/-0.06 and 0.47+/-0.04 g(O2) m(-3) (substrate only NO(2)) for the MBR and CAS, respectively. The higher K(0) values of the CAS were attributed to mass transfer effects within the large flocs prevailing in the conventional system. In contrast, the sludge from the MBR consisted of very small flocs for which the diffusion resistance can be neglected. On the basis of these results, the implementation of mass transfer effects in activated sludge models is discussed and consequences for the operation of MBRs are highlighted.     

Composting Sewage Sludge: Basic Principles and Opportunities in the UK

The basic principles of composting are applied to the treatment of sewage sludge. Composting systems are reviewed, and it is demonstrated by reference to international experience that composting is a viable method for sludge treatment. Current attitudes and approaches to the composting option in the UK are discussed and opportunities for further development are identified.     

Diffusion into microbial aggregates

Theoretical work in the biological waste treatment field has been directed at modeling substrate removal processes in fluidized and fixed film microbial systems in terms of the basic rate processes. Much of the research has been directed at delineating the rate limiting steps to simplify the problem. Various researchers have shown that the rate limiting step can be mass transfer through the microbial aggregate to the active sites at the cells. Therefore, any mechanistic model that incorporates mass transfer must be sensitive to variations in the reactant diffusion coefficient through floc material. A direct measure of mass flux has been developed to determine the variations in the diffusion coefficients of glucose and oxygen through microbial aggregates grown under various experimental conditions. A factorial analysis indicated significant changes in the molecular diffusion coefficient with variations in sludge age and carbon-nitrogen ratio in the growth media. Oxygen diffusivity varied from 20 to 100% of its value in water, glucose from 30 to 50%. A simple zero order diffusion-reaction kinetic model for spherical floc was constructed. It indicated that oxygen diffusion limitations are possible in the high rate activated sludge processes with large floc particles.     

堆肥处理对排水污泥中重金属的钝化作用

讨论了城市排水污泥中重金属的含量和形态分布特征，分析了堆肥处理对污泥中重金属结合形态转化的影响。根据不同学者的研究结果，提出堆肥处理可降低污泥中Zn、Cu、Pb、Mn等重金属的活性，并指出堆肥处理是降低污泥在土地利用中重金属污染风险的途径。